by bishops during the middle ages, and called mantelletum; which was a sort of cope, with apertures for the arms to pass through. (See Du Cange's Glossary.) The name of chimere is probably derived from the Italian zimarra, which is described as "vesta talare de' sacerdoti et de' chierici." Ortografia Enciclopedica Italiana, Venezia, 1826. Fig. VIII. represents a bishop dressed in a chimere, No. 2; and rochette, No. 3. SECTION VIII. THE PASTORAL STAFF. The pastoral staff, called baculus pastoralis, cambutta, &c. was spoken of in the fourth council of Toledo, held near 1200 years ago, as being used by bishops. In the western church it was frequently given to bishops at their ordination. Fig. III, No. 4, represents a pastoral staff of an ancient form, such as is depicted on the curious font in the cathedral of Winchester, and in a manuscript of the Barberini library, copied by Gerbert, Liturg. Aleman. Tabula VIII. No. 2. p. 251. In later times it was curved into the form of a shepherd's crook. The eastern bishops use a pastoral staff of another form, which may be seen in Goar's Greek Ritual, p. 115. For additional information on this subject, see Bona, Rerum Liturgicarum lib. i. cap. xxiv. §. 15, and Gerbertus de Liturgia Alemannica, tom. i. p. 256, 257. SECTION IX. THE SURPLICE. It is by no means improbable that the surplice was, in very ancient times, not different from the albe. In fact, it only varies from that garment, even now, in having wider sleeves. The inferior clergy were accustomed to wear the albe at divine service, as we find by the council of Narbonne, A. D. 589, which forbid them to take it off, until the liturgy was ended. Probably in after-ages it was thought advisable to make a distinction between the dresses which the superior and the inferior orders of clergy wore at the liturgy; and then a difference was made in the sleeves. And from about the twelfth century the name of surplice was introduced. In Latin, it was superpelliceum, or cotta; see Bona, Rerum Liturg. lib. i. cap. 24. §. 20. Fig. III. No. 2. Fig. IV. No. 3. represent surplices. During the middle ages, bishops very frequently wore the surplice with a cope, and above the rochette, as is represented in Fig. III. SECTION X. THE HOOD, AND SQUARE CAP. The hood, in Latin caputium, almucium, amicia, &c. is perhaps as ancient a garment as any of which I have spoken, and was formerly not intended merely for distinction and ornament, but for use. It was generally fastened to the back of the cope, casula, or other vesture, and in case of rain or cold was drawn over the head. It was formerly used by the laity as well as the clergy, and by the monastic orders. In universities, the hoods of graduates were made to signify their degrees by varying the colours and materials. In cathedral and collegiate churches, the hoods of the canons and prebendaries were frequently lined with fur or wool, and always worn in the choir. The term almutium, or amice, was par ticularly applied to these last. See Du Cange, Glossary, Paris 1733, vocibus Capucium and Almucium. Du Cange supposes that the square cap was formerly that part of the amice which covered the head, but afterwards separated from the remainder. See his Glossary, voce Amicia. If this conjecture be right, the square caps used in the universities, and by the clergy, derive their origin from the customs of the canons regular during the middle ages. All our clergy are permitted to wear the hood at the daily service, and on other proper occasions. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Figure I. From a figure of Gregory Nazianzen, in a manuscript of Basil's Works, written near a thousand years ago. See Du Cange, Historia Byzantina, lib. iii. p. 125. No. 1. The archiepiscopal or episcopal pall, or omophorion. 2. The vestment, or casula. 3. The albe. See Figure II. A bishop, from a mosaic in the church of Ravenna, constructed in the reign of Justinian, about A. D. 540. Ferrarius de Re Vestiaria, lib. i. c. 38. p. 108. No. 1. The pall. 2. The casula. 3. The albe. Figure III. A bishop in a cope. No. 1. An ancient cope, from the picture of one in Gerbert. Liturgia Aleman. tom. i. p. 250. 2. A surplice. 3. A rochette. 4. A pastoral staff. Figure IV. A bishop, from an illuminated manuscript representing the chief events of the New Testament, written in the thirteenth century, now in the British Museum. No. 1. The cope. 2. The hood or cowl, at the back of the cope. 3. The surplice. 4. The albe. Figure V. A picture of Laurence the deacon, from an ancient vestment found in the tomb of St. Cuthbert, at Durham, and given by queen Ælfleda to Frithestanus, bishop of Winchester, A. D. 905. See Raine's Saint Cuthbert, p. 207. 2. The albe. No. 1. The tunicle, or dalmatic. Figure VI. A deacon of the eastern church, from an ancient Greek painting representing St. Stephen, copied by Du Cange, Historia Byzantina, lib. iv. p. 137. Also a MS. of the library of Casano, of the ninth century. Gerbert. Liturgia Aleman. tom. i. plate 7. p. 247. No. 1. The σroixápiov, or tunicle. 2. An under 3. The deacon's stole. Figure VII. A priest, from old manuscripts. garment. No. 1. The stole, as worn by priests. 2. The albe girded. Figure VIII. A bishop, partly from a portrait of bishop Fox. No. 1. Scarf, or stole. 2. Chimere. 3. Rochette. 4. Cassock, or under garment. |