ject were kept an entire secret from him. After his accession, he desired to identify himself with his people; but, in his situation, this was impossible; and therefore his reign, although he respected the public opinion of the nation, and earnestly endeavored to improve every branch of the administration, had, on the whole, neither freedom nor dignity. He often took steps which offended the feelings of the nation; for instance, his attempted levy of orphans for the military service. Other plans of his, such as the removal of the seat of government from the Hague to Utrecht, and subsequently to Amsterdam, were not merely without advantage, but detrimental. But he made a noble, though vain resistance, to what was termed the haute politique of France, in as far as Holland was concerned. On one occasion, he generously declared, "Qu'en acceptant le trône de Hollande, il s'était fait Hollandais." The supplies demanded by France on the one side, and the strict measures against British commerce, which he was compelled to adopt, on the other, rendered the restoration of the prosperity of Holland impossible. Louis was, however, successful in preserving Holland from a general bankruptcy. Though the foreign relations of the country demanded unceasing attention, the completion of a new criminal and civil code was accomplished, and a uniform system of weights and measures, on the model of the French, was adopted. In his personal character, the king displayed moderation, modesty, active humanity (for example, on occasion of the explosion of powder in Leyden, and of the inundations in the winter of 1808), and placability in regard to the affronts which he received. But as he would not enforce the continental system in Holland with severity, and defended his people against the ever-increasing encroachments of his brother, a dispute ensued between them; Louis was ordered to Paris, where it was with the greatest sacrifices that he effected a prolongation of the existence of the Dutch state. This, however, was of short duration. Having been advised that French troops were on their way, under Oudinot, to occupy Amsterdam and the sea-board, he abdicated the sovereignty, July 1, 1810, created his absent wife, agreeably to the constitution, regent, in the name of his minor son (whom the emperor, without the knowledge of the father, had appointed, March 3, 1809, grand-duke of Berg and Cleves, reserving to himself the guardianship of him), left Holland, accompanied by two friends,

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and, under the name of count of St. Leu, repaired, by way of Teplitz, to Gratz, where he devoted himself to literature, and wrote several works. The struggle of interests which necessarily ensued between Napoleon and his brothers, whom he recognised as kings, is strikingly exhibited in the letters written by Napoleon's own hand to Louis, and preserved in Bourrienne's Memoirs. They show that it was nearly impossible that the interest of the emperor of France should agree with that of the king of Holland. Louis had not enriched himself in Holland. The income of the civil list, for the month of June, he returned to his son. And when Holland was incorporated with France, he forbade the institution of any appanage for himself, the queen and his children; he resigned to his wife his estate at St. Leu, near Paris, his palace in Paris, and several houses in Holland. In October, 1817, he ceded St. Leu to the duke of Leuchtenberg, Eugene Beauharnais. In the years 1813 and 1814, Louis repeatedly offered the emperor his services, with a view, however, to the replacing of Holland under a French dynasty, which, however, Napoleon decidedly refused. After the reinstatement of the house of Orange, he thought himself freed from all obligations to Holland, and went to Paris, Jan. 1, 1814. His meeting with Napoleon, concerted by the empress Maria Louisa, was cold. He earnestly exhorted his brother to peace. March 30, he accompanied the empress to Blois. In April, he retired to Lausanne, and thence, in November, 1814, to Rome. In 1815, he remained in Rome. Having separated from his wife, he demanded that she should give up to him his son (formerly grand-duke of Berg, under Napoleon's guardianship), with whose education he has occupied himself at Rome. The letter to M. Bonald, on the education of his son, bears favorable testimony to the qualities of his mind and his heart. His romance Marie, ou les Peines d'Amour, ou les Hollandaises (3 vols., 1814), contains a picture of Dutch manners. He has given a detailed history of the circumstances of himself and his family, especially of his administration of Holland, in his Documens historiques et Réflexions sur le Gouvernement de la Hollande, par Louis Bonaparte, Ex-Roi de Hollande (3 vols., London, 1821), which is entirely his own, even to the preface. Against the participation ascribed to him, in a work on the British parliament (Histoire du Parlement d'Angleterre, with notes,

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pretended to be by Napoleon), Louis has protested, in the Paris Constitutionnel. His Réponse à Sir Walter Scott appeared in 1829. In this work, he acknowledges himself as author of the following works only: 1. and 2., Marie, and the Documens historiques already mentioned; 3. Mémoire sur la Versification, contenant un Recueil d'Odes publiées précédemment en Brochure et des Essais de Vers sans Rime; 4. Essai sur la Versification (2 vols., in 8vo.), contenant l'Opera de Ruth, la Tragédie de Lucrèce; ces deux Pièces écrites en Vers sans Rime, et la Comédie de l'Avare de Molière reduite en Vers de la même Espèce; 5. Nouveau Recueil de Poésies publiées à Florence l'Année dernière, et contenant la Suite du Lutrin Poëme, en 5 Chants, &c.; 6. Réponse à Sir Walter Scott.

LUCIEN BONAPARTE, third son of Charles Bonaparte, since 1814 prince of Canino (an estate in the papal territory, which he purchased in 1808, and which the pope afterwards made a principality), was born at Ajaccio, in 1772. The effective assistance which he rendered to Napoleon on some of the most important occasions in the earlier period of his career, and the misunderstanding which, at a later period, took place between these two brothers, render Lucien an object of much interest. We cannot enter minutely into these particulars, which will form subjects of study for the future historian, but must confine ourselves to a short biographical notice, Lucien Bonaparte received his education at the college of Autun, in Burgundy. At the commencement of the revolution, he embraced with enthusiasm the party of the people. He became engaged to mademoiselle Boyer, whose brother was a land-owner and innkeeper at St. Maximin, in the department of the Var. The marriage took place in 1795. In the same year, he was appointed to a place in the commissariat of war. In March, 1797, he was chosen deputy of the department of Liamone to the council of the five hundred. July 18, 1797, he appeared, for the first time, in the tribune. He opposed the regulation for shutting up the shops on the 10th day of each décade, as arbitrary; attacked with energy those who had wasted the public money; and, on the anniversary of the establishment of the republic, exhorted his colleagues to bind themselves by an oath to die for the constitution of the year III; though he soon after coöperated in overthrowing its supporters, Merlin, La Réveillère, and Treilhard. His influence soon increased, and he formed a party, which afterwards promoted the

views of his brother. Not long before the memorable 18th Brumaire, he became president of the council, and prepared the proceedings of that day. Being unable to appease the agitation caused by general Bonaparte's entrance into the assembly, he abandoned his seat, laid aside the badges of his dignity, mounted his horse, rode at full speed through the ranks of assembled troops, and exhorted them to save their general, whose life was in great danger. (See Napoleon, and Sieyes.) After the consular government was established, Lucien was made minister of the interior. While in this station, in 1799, he encouraged, with great zeal, the arts, sciences, and public instruction. He established a second prytaneum at St. Cyr, and organized the prefectures. In October, 1800, he went, as ambassador, to Madrid, where, by his address and captivating demeanor, he soon gained the entire confidence of king Charles IV, of the queen, and the prince of peace, and supplanted the British influence at the court of Madrid. He was also active in the creation of the kingdom of Etruria, and in the cession of Parma to France. September 29, 1801, Lucien, with the prince of peace, signed, at Badajoz, the treaty of peace between Spain and Portugal; and, by virtue of a secret preliminary treaty, the prince-regent paid 30 millions of francs, which were equally divided between Spain and France. On his return to Paris, he became a tribune (May 9, 1802). He advocated the plan of the establishment of the legion of honor, of which he was appointed grand-officer. February 3, 1803, the institute chose him member of the class of political and moral sciences, and shortly after he received the senatorship of Treves; after which he took possession of the donations made to the legion of honor in the departments of the Rhine, and in Belgium. Lucien, whose first wife died in 1802, having married, at the end of the year 1803, the beautiful widow of the banker Joubertou, against the will of Napoleon, withdrew to Italy, in 1804, and purchased the villa de' Nemori, in the neighborhood of Rome, where he devoted himself to his family, and to the arts and sciences. Whether this marriage alone, or, as has been asserted by many, his disapprobation of Napoleon's policy, was the cause of the misunderstanding between the two brothers, we have not the means of determining. Ata meeting of the two brothers at Mantua, in November, 1807, the emperor proposed to him the marriage of Lucien's eldest daughter, then 12 years of age, with the

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1819, 2 vols.), of which Alfonse de Beauchamp is mentioned by some as the author, was first printed in London, in 1815, but immediately suppressed. It was published, for the second time in London, by Colburn, in 1819, and, on the whole, contains valuable contributions to the history of the day. Lucien has made important excavations on his estate near Montalto, in the ancient Etruria (see the article Etruria), and has published an account of the collection of antiquities obtained, under the title Muséum Etrusque de Lucien Bonaparte, fouillés de 1828-1829 (with 40 plates of the inscriptions), and has also begun a splendid work, in folio, which will contain a hundred colored plates, representing the paintings on the excavated Etruscan vases, &c. The latter appears in monthly numbers, of five plates each, sold by Piatti in Florence. According to the latest accounts, his family had arrived in England, where he was expected soon to follow them.

MADISON, James; a bishop of the Protestant Episcopal church in Virginia, was born August 27, 1749, near Port Republic, in the county of Rockingham, Virginia. His father was for a long time clerk of the extensive district known as West Augusta, of which Rockingham county formed a part. At an early age, the son was sent to an academy in Maryland, where he remained for several years, and received instruction in the classics. He then entered the college of William and Mary, where he was matriculated in 1768, and from which he obtained several honorable testimonials of his proficiency. One was the gold medal assigned by lord Botetourt for the encouragement of classical learning, which was awarded to him in 1772. He studied law under Mr. Wythe, and was admitted to the bar; but he never relished the profession, so that, after one successful effort in an admiralty case, he abandoned it, and devoted himself to the church. In 1773, he was chosen professor of mathematics in William and Mary's college, and, in 1777, was made president of that institution, being then but 28 years of age. The statutes of the college required that the president should be 30, but the rule was suspended in his favor. In the same year, he visited England, in order to qualify himself still more for the duties of his station. He continued abroad, principally in London, until the latter part of 1778, and during his absence enjoyed the advantage of the aid and instruction of Cavallo in natural philosophy, and of other

distinguished men in various branches of science. On his return home, he took charge of the college, and commenced that long career of usefulness, which entitles him to be considered as one of the greatest benefactors of Virginia. Throughout the whole revolutionary war, he was unceasing in his exertions to sustain the college; and it was only for a short period during the struggle, that its exercises were intermitted, viz. the autumn preceding and the winter and spring succeeding the siege of Yorktown. Until 1784, he was not only president, but professor of mathematics and natural philosophy. In that year, he gave up the mathematical department, and became professor of natural and moral philosophy, of the laws of nature and nations, &c., and continued in this office until the period of his death. In 1788, he was chosen bishop of the Protestant Episcopal church, and in the following year again went to England for the purpose of consecration. Whilst there, he formed an extensive acquaintance amongst the most distinguished literati, with many of whom he kept up an uninterrupted correspondence during the subsequent part of his life. At the end of eight months, he returned to the U. States. Various universities and literary societies subsequently conferred their honors on him. Under the care of bishop Madison, the college of William and Mary advanced steadily in reputation, and became the alma mater of many eminent men. He was indefatigable in his lectures, and, when in good health, is known to have been engaged in the lecture-room from four to six hours every day throughout each week. He first introduced a course of systematic lectures on political economy into the college. In the department of natural philosophy, he excelled; his enthusiasm there throwing a peculiar charm over his lectures. As a bishop, also, he was ardent in the performance of his duties, and his sermons caused him to be ranked among the first pulpit orators of this country. This excellent man died March 6, 1812, in his 63d year, after a painful illness of many months. His remains were deposited, by vote of the faculty of William and Mary's college, in the chapel hall, and a marble monument was erected over them. In person, bishop Madison was tall and slender, of a delicate constitution; and nothing but the most temperate and abstemious habits could have prolonged his life to threescore years. In disposition, he was mild and benevolent; and few men have equally deserved