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率之舊乃王

武先

乃治典惟若于之王 祖亂時由日前光對 乃者 在式先君人命揚

义。昭

辟之兹民正牙○追文

the example of my immediate predecessors, to respond to and display the bright decree conferred on Wăn and Woo:-so shall you be the mate of your by-gone fathers."

The king spoke thus: "Keun-ya, do you take for your rule the lessons afforded by the former courses of your excellent fathers. The good order or the bad of the people depends on this. You will thus follow the practice of your grandfather and father, and make the good government of your prince illustrious."

Woo;命, what was conferred on them. 追 | administration of Shang, while here we can 配于前人,−this clause must have refer- only understand it of Keun-ya's father and

ence to Keun-ya, and not, as Gan-kwǒ supposed,

grandfather.

-'on this;' i.e., your

both to the king and the ministers. 前人 thus following your fathers. 率乃云 are the grandfather and father of Keun-ya, 云,the Daily Explanation' has for this:一 already referred to. Literally the clause is—

Going back, you will match your former men: 爾亦惟率由乃祖之行 P. 7. The king finally urges Keum-ya to follow 事以正民之德厚民之生

the example of his father and grandfather in the 伸安養遂教化行以顯乃 君牙至時(-)式 辟政治之美不亦休哉

same office.

(=法),一先正,comp. the same phrase in

IV., Bk. VIII., Pt. iii., p. 10. There, however,

it denotes 'the former premier,' or chief of the

[The whole of this Charge appears forced and exaggerated.]

THE BOOKS OF CHOW.

BOOK XXVI. THE CHARGE TO KEUNG.

1

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The king spoke thus:--“Pih-keung, I come short in virtue, and have now succeeded to the former kings, to occupy the great throne. I am fearful and conscious of the peril of my position.

I rise at midnight, and think how I can avoid falling into faults.

THE NAME OF THE BOOK ; AND DATE.冏|太正. He is no doubt included among the 命‘The Charge to Keung' The prefatory of p. 6, and we must admit, therefore, the note says that ⚫king Muh appointed Pih-keung designation in the preface as correct. Now to be the E, and thereupon was made

the ‘Charge to Keung.' From par. 1 we learn

that Pih-keung (伯冏) was the name of the

is used first for 'servant,' without reference to

the nature of the service. The dict. gives the

definition of the 說文一

事者

individual to whom the charge was given; the one who renders services,' and illustrates this

title therefore might have been 伯冏之 命 or simply 伯冏, after the analogy of the title of the last Book. No reason can be given for the form of the name as we have it, but that it was the fancy of the compiler to call it so. As Lin Che-k'e says, 此篇與君 牙皆是命體君牙之命篇 則但以其名此則去伯而 加以命字是亦各其史官 ·時之意也

As to the office which Pih-keung was appoint

by a passage from the Le Ke, 禮運一仕 于公曰臣仕于家日僕 a public officer is called ; an officer in the family is called But the character also means ‘a charioteer’(御車日僕). The meaning of the special be supposed to predominate in the case before us.

difft. views depend on whether the general

When we refer to the Chow Le, we find many

officers in the dept. of the minister of War

denominated as In Bk. XXXI., we have

the 太僕祭僕僕 and 僕;

ed to fill, there are two opinions. In the preface | and in Bk. XXXII., we have the 太馭(馭

it is called 太僕正; and in the Book, p. 4,

is taken here to僕),戎僕齊僕道

584

從御其忠咸之小齊聰文 罔僕待良懷臣大

明武

2 Formerly, Wan and Woo were endowed with all intelligence, august and sage, while their ministers, small and great, all cherished loyalty and goodness. Their servants, charioteers, attendanst,

and The student naturally, and I think correctly, supposes that he has in the of Bk. XXXI. the office of Pih-keung; but Gan-kwo and Ying-tă, whose views Lin Che-k'e approved of, were of opinion rather that he should be identified with the of Bk. XXXII. The duties of the

are de

scribed in many parr. He, or they-for there were two officers so denominated-regulated the

dress of the emperor on difft. occasions, and the

positions where he should stand or sit. He received the great commands of the emperor, and delivered them to those for whom they were intended; and conveyed on the other hand to the emperor memorials from without. He went before the emp. to and from andiences. These details are sufficient to show how close were his relations with the emperor, and how intimate were the services which he rendered.

The, under whom (though this point is not so clear) appear to have been the

, &c., mentioned above, had charge of the grand carriage of the emperor, and drove him in it to sacrifices. So far they were close enough together, but their relations were by no means so numerous and intimate as those of the emp.

and the Why should we suppose that

Pih-keung was appointed 太馭 and not 太 僕?

The only reason is that the

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mestique.' High Chamberlain' is the nearest I can come to it in English.

[This long investigation of the office of Pihkeung may be wearisome to some readers. I thought it worth while to enter on it, because many Chinese critics have professed themselves unable to determine the point. M. de Guignes, who had certainly read the Shoo with care, at least in Gaubil's version, strangely says, in his summary of the Book, that Keung was one of the great officers of king Muh. He is named

Pih-keung (1), because he was chief of several vassal princes!' So difficult is it, without prolonged and close study, to interpret correctly documents in this language.]

The Book is only found in the 'old text.'

CONTENTS. King Muh represents himself as conscious of his own incompetencies, and oppressed with a sense of the important duties devolving on him. His predecessors, much superior to himself, were yet greatly indebted to the aid of the officers about them;-how much more must this be the case with himself!

He proceeds to appoint Keung to be the High Chamberlain, that he may guide correctly all the other servants about the imperial person, and so promote his virtue; telling him the manner of men whom he should employ, and the care which he should exercise in the selection of them.

Pp. 1-3. Preliminary to the appointment.

1.

The king's great anxiety in the thought of his own incompetency and his high position. 子弗 克于德-'I am not competent in the were point of virtue.' Compare Kaou-tsung's

great officers of the second degree (in The Charge to Yue,' Pt.

夫) while the太僕 were only of the third i., p. 2. 嗣先人宅丕后-宅

There would be force in this, -- Ts'ae gives for the whole.

if the one offce had been under the other, 繼前入居大君之位

But there is no evidence to show that this

was the case. The two Kungs erroneously supposed it was, and hence they were led to a wrong conclusion about the office of Pih-keung.

There were two, under whom were 4 petty servants(), 6 servants for sacrifices(), 12 special servants(), 2 treasurers (府), 4 clerks(史),2 helps (胥),

-see Mencius, II., Pt., I., vi. 3. Ying-tă says here, that the phrase denotes the commotion of the heart (心動之名厲 f 'perilousness.' 中夜以興一

perhaps has an adverbial force,' thereupon.' 2. Wan and Woo, sage as they were, were yet greatly aided by the servants about them. 侍

20 waiters (E), with perhaps others. Pih- or grave,' ‘august.'

keung must have been the senior or chief of the

two. Biot translates the term by, Grand Do

僕從待一時左右

who were about them, on the right and left, miu

[graphic]

汝克愆位良成不不厥匪 作紹紐之實休臧 辟正

大先謬士 下發出人 正烈格匡左惟民號入以 正○ ◎ 其 右予祗施起且 若合居名

心、及,不 人萬罔

僕命俾繩有無邦有有弼

and followers, were all men of correctness, morning and evening waiting on their sovereign's wishes or supplying his deficiencies. Those kings, going out and coming in, rising up and sitting down, were thus made reverent. Their every warning and command was good. The people yielded a reverent obedience, and the 3 myriad regions were all happy. But I, the one man, am destitute of goodness, and really depend on the officers who have places about me to help my deficiencies, applying the line to my faults, and exhibiting my errors, thus correcting my bad heart, and enabling me to be the successor of my meritorious predecessors.

4

"Now I appoint you to be High Chamberlain, to see that all belonging to your department and my personal attendants are correct,

istering and waiting; 御御車者,chari

oteers;'僕=太僕羣僕‘the chamber

lains and all their subordinates; 從一凡 從王者, all in close attendance on the

Sovereign's person.' Choo He remarks that anciently and in the Han dyn., 'all who were even

in mean offices about the sovereign were officers 承順

of some rank'(士大夫)

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kfe understands by 繩 the thread which is

used in mending rents;' and he takes in the

sense of 察, to examine." 先烈 (the

'to accord with,' 'to obey.' 弼=匡正,former ardent and meritorious ones’are Wăn

'to support and correct.' 出入至不

and Woo.

欽-this is to be understood of the sovereigns. His duties, and rules for their discharge. Pp. 4-8. The appointment of Pih-keung.

發號施令,Wang Gan-shih| 大正=太僕正;

observes that intimations of the imperial will to serve as warnings were called, while such as were to have the force of laws were

令(發之以為警戒之謂號 施之以爲法守之謂令

3. The king declares how much more he must be dependent on the good services of those about him.

VOL. III.

4. ;-see the note on the

name of the Book. 正于至之臣 ―the于 need not be translated. It merely carries on the action of 正 to 臣 羣 僕侍御 are all the officers of the High

Chamberlain's department mentioned in the said

as

note. Ts'ae taking E a8 =太僕

71

臣厥厥惟 合簡 德侍 不后后 色乃

交修不逮 侍御之臣楙

[graphic]
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官于德克士。
士便僚1
迪檢惟正 ◎ 辟

上人臣后僕僕側

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逮懋

以充◎德臣臣媚巧〇乃 非耳爾諛正其 正其言慎后

that you may strive to promote the virtue of your sovereign, and 5 together supply my deficiencies. Be careful in choosing your officers. Do not employ men of artful speech and insinuating looks, men whose likes and dislikes are ruled by mine, one-sided 6 men and flatterers; but employ good men. When these household officers are correct, their sovereign will be correct; when they are flatterers, the sovereign will consider himself a sage. The sovereign's virtue and his want of it depend equally on those officers. 7 Cultivate no intimacy with flatterers, nor get them to fill the offices of my ears and eyes;-they will lead their sovereign to

would yet include among them the various of- | here:一便者,順人之所欲 ficers of the carriages who were under the 者避人之所 吉士 太馭, which, I said, we saw to be wrong. in Bk. XIX, p. 9, 一善士。君子.

The here can have nothing to do with the

carriages. I have my doubts, indeed, whether it should be translated ‘charioteers' in p. 2. 交修,‘cultivate together. 交 is used as

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其惟吉士-所用者惟吉士 而已. 6. The importance of having correct men about the sovereign. 僕臣,we may

in ETJ, Mencius, I., Pt. I., i., translate this here by 'household officers.'

1

3. Wang Tsëaou says on it: 言左右 后德惟臣,不德惟臣,Gan-kwǒ 前後非一人交以修君之 says for this: 君之有德惟臣成 所不逮爲事也 5. How Keung 之君之無德惟臣誤之言 should be careful in selecting his officers. 慎 簡乃僚朋, friends,' compan君所行善惡專在左右 ions,''brother officers. But we must take the 自聖‘sages himself,' =自以為聖

6

term here as meaning the subordinate officers of the Chamberlain's dept. It would appear from this that, under the Chow dyn., it was the business of every head of a dept. to select all the members of it. There were, no doubt,

general principles for his guidance, but it was his to choose the men.

7. The king warns Keung again against 昵

having anything to do with flatterers.

see Pt. IV., Bk. VIII., Pt. ii., 5.

–see Bk. XIX., p. 20.

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充耳目之

——' to get them to fill the offices of the ears

官一

and eyes.' The king must in a great measure

巧言令色

hear with the cars and see with the eyes of those

辟一

sce 'The Counsels of Kaou-yaou,’p. 2.

暗-see Ana, XVI, iv. Tsue defines them | about him. Sce the phrase 耳目之官

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