effects of this custom, and whence, the number of spurious writings in v cent. ibid. and 363.
Roman Catholic faith, derived from two sources, iii. 154; uncertainty about its real doctrines, ibid. difference of opinion about determining doctrines and contro- versies, 155.
Catholic religion, its principal heads, and whence to be known, iii. 157 and k.
Romans impose the names of their own deities on those of other nations, and hence the perplexities in the history of the ancient superstitions, i. 32 and h; . their system of religion different from the Greeks, 37; introduce their rites among the conquered nations, ibid. why they persecuted the Christians, 68, 69; state of learning and philosophical sects among them, 82; introduce letters and philosophy into the conquered nations, 83.
Rome, its Bishops. See Popes.
the decline of this church, and whence dated, iii. 130; its internal con- stitution strengthened by various ways,
attempts to ruin the Protestants, but unsuccessful, iii. 453, 454, 464; con- ferences held on both sides, 467; the interest of this church loses ground in the East, 477; two strong instances of it, 478; the Popes' authority in its de- cline, 481.
- rupture between Pope Paul V. and Venice, iii. 482; wise conduct of the latter, 483; peace concluded through Henry IV. of France, ibid. y, z; the con- sequences, and their separation how pre- vented, 484, a, b.
its contest with Portugal in xvii cent. iii. 485; the former gains no ground, 486 and c; between it and the French court, with the former's strata- gems defeated and the writers in this contest variously treated, ibid. contests under Lewis XIV. with the reason, 487; peace concluded on inglorious terms for the Pope, 488; a second contest about the Regale, ibid. and g; 489 and h; Lewis summons an assembly of Bi- shops, ibid. and i; which drew up four propositions opposed by the Pope pub- licly and privately, ibid. j; 490 k; third contest on the right of asylum to am- bassadors at Rome, and accommoda- tion, 490 and ; whether the papal au- thority gained ground in this cent. with the complaint in the affirmative ground- less, 491; the manner of terminating differences changed, 492; Gallican li- berties, still maintained, ibid. and q; some cringing flatterers fawn still on the Popes, 493; secret yet vigorous measures used by the French against
the Popes, who are treated by their mo. narchs as the Pagan heroes treated Cer- berus, 495.
Rome, its state of learning in xvii cent. iii. 505; improved by the French, 506; philosophy much changed in France, and those most distinguished in it, ibid. and n; ill treatment of them, 507 o; the French example followed in Italy, &c. ibid. Jesuits improve learning most, and followed by the Benedictines, 508; decline of learning among the Jesuits ever since, 509; emulation of the Priests of the Oratory, and the most distin- guished among them, ibid. Jansenists of Port Royal the most famous, ibid. rea- son of these improvements, 510; prin- cipal authors of the Romish commu- nion, ibid. and q; its doctrine more corrupt than in the former ages, through the Jesuits, and its Pontiffs' negligence, 511; whence derived and with what views propagated, 512; Jesuits, why supported by the Popes, 514; they sap the foundations of morality with several pernicious maxims, 513, 514; are con- demned by Popes Alexander VII. and VIII. yet their moral tenets not sup- pressed, 516 and x; why the great made them their confessors, ibid. their maxims and practices not adopted by all the fraternity, 517; three circum- stances necessary in general censures, which are not observed by their adver- saries, ibid. state of exegetic theology in xvii cent. 518; scripture how obscured, ibid. and a; state of didactic, moral, and polemic theology at this time, 519 contest under the pontificate of Clement VIII. between the Jesuits and Domini- cans, about Grace, 520; intimation of the arbiters appointed by the Pope in favour of the Dominicans, 521; who himself examines the controversy, ibid. but dies before the decision, ibid. dispute continued under Paul V. and ordered to be suppressed, with liberty to each par- ty to follow their own respective opinions 522; the Pope how hindered from pro- nouncing a public determination, 523 and f; contests occasioned by the rise and progress of Jansenism, ibid. and 524; hopes of a union between this and the Greek church, 553; methods used by the Romanists, 553 and d; but ineffec- tual, 554; a union between this, and the Russian church attempted, but in vain, iii. 201.
Romuald, founder of the Camaldolites in xi cent. ii. 186.
Rosary, instituted in honour of the Virgin Mary in x cent. ii. 114 and l. Roscellinus, controversy relative to the Trinity begun by him in xi cent. ii. 225 and z; retracts and resumes his error 226; his doctrine concerning the ille
gality of bastards being ordained, not favourably received in England, ibid. Rosecrucians, their derivation in' xvii cent. iii. 436 and ƒ; inveigh against the Peri- patetics, 437; most eminent among them, with their followers, ibid. and g; diversity of opinions, whence, with some common principles, 437, 438; attacked by Gassendi, 438.
Rothman, Bernard, an ecclesiastic of Munster, becomes Anabaptist, iii. 330 and 4.
Rufinus, of Aquileia, his character, i. 280, friendship and rupture between him and Jerome, ibid. o; his version of the Scrip. tures, 284.
Ruffus, a chief of the spiritual libertines, iii. 314.
Rugen, Isle of, Christianity established here in xii cent. ii. 228 and b.
Raggeri, Cosmo, account of his impiety, iii. 425.
Russians, converted in ix cent. and by what prudent means, ii. 5; their con- version misrepresented by Le Quien, 6, h; adopt the doctrine and discipline of the Greeks, iii. 188; but are independent on them, and the Patriarch of Constan- tinople, ibid. a union between their own and the Romish church attempted, but in vain, 201.
Ruysbrockius, an eminent mystic in xiv cent. ii. 488,
Sabellius, his notions of the Trinity, i. 238; in what he differed from Noetus, ibid. propagates his opinion with some suc- cess, ibid.
Sacrament, festival of, its origin in xiii cent. ii. 417 and s.
Sadducees, their tenets, i. 46; deny a fu- ture state, 47; their moral doctrine and bad influence, 49. Sagarelli, Gerhard, founder of the sect of Apostles in xii cent. ii. 437; is com- mitted to the flames, and burned, ibid. his successor Dulcinus, and the war he carried on, with his terrible end, ibid. and 438.
Saints, veneration paid to them, its rise, i. 282; their number considerably aug- mented in v cent. and whence, i. 352; sepulchres frequented. 358; their pray- ers thought to be victorious at the throne of God, 412; the lives of some considered, 423, 424; a confidence in their merits thought necessary to sal- vation in viii cent. 508; tutelary, their origin in ix cent. ii. 34; a passionate fondness for their relics, 37; excessive veneration paid to them in x cent. 105; multiplied greatly, 109; this accounted for, ibid. their numerous devotees in xii cent. ii. 285; supposed to be fre- quently present in the places they in- habited upon earth, ibid. and r; the de- fects of those who wrote their lives
in xiii cent. ii. 341; added to the Ro- mish calendar in xvii cent. iii. 549, 550 and z.
Salabert,defends the Nominalists in xi cent ii. 143,q.
Saladin, his success against the Christians, ii. 237; reduces the city of Jerusalem, after a dreadful carnage, ibid. and r; defeated by the kings of England and France, 234, 239; concludes a truce with Richard I. of England, ibid. Salernum, a famous school there for the study of physic in xi cent. ii. 139 and i. Salisbury, John,of his just and severe cen- sure of the Nominalists, Realists, and Formalists, ii. 254, 255, s, t; his great character, 283.
Salmasius, his disputes about usury, stage plays, &c. in xvii cent. iv. 114. Salmuth, Henry, his observations on the Bible, an account of, iii. 258. Salvian, his book on Divine government, and the cause of writing it, i. 339; cha- racter, 356 and u; moral writings ex- cellent, 363.
Samaritans, their sad state, i. 52; notions of the Messiah, if juster than those en- tertained by the inhabitants of Jerusa- lem, ibid. and x.
Samogetæ, their conversion to Christianity in xv cent. considered, ii. 508. Samuel, a Jewish convert, writes an elabo- rate treatise against the Jews in xi cent. ii. 202.
Sanches, a famous eclectic and skeptical philosopher in xvii cent. iii. 448 and u Sancroft, archbishop of Canterbury, is de- prived, with seven other Bishops, of his ecclesiastical dignity, and why, iii. 111
Sanction, Pragmatic, instituted for re- trenching papal power, ii. 539; when, and by whom made, ibid. n; abrogated in part by Lewis XI. of France, ibid. its total abrogation obtained from Francis I. of France,ii. 14 and g. Sandius, an eminent writer among the Arians in xvii cent. iv. 173 and w. Sarabaites, an order of abandoned and profligate monks in iv. cent. i. 292. Saracens, their successful incursions in the
East in viii cent. ii. 484; success owing. to the divisions of the Greeks, ibid. usurpations in the West, 485; conse- quences of their success to Christian- ity, ibid. their progress toward univer- sal empire in ix cent. ii. 7; the progress of their arms injurious to the Gospel, but more fatal in the East than in the West, 8; writers against them in this century reported many things which were false and groundless, ii. 43; their ruin accomplished by the Turks in the East in x cent. 83; the Ottoman em- pire established on the ruins of the Saracens' dominions, ibid. state of learning among them, 88; driven out
of Sicily in xi cent. 121, the privileges thereupon granted to the kings of Si- cily, 122; resident in Palestine, and expeditions formed against them, ibid. by Peter the Hermit, with the progress, and history of this holy war, 124, 125 and s; difficulties and successes, 125 and u; motives of the Popes and Eu- ropean Princes engaging in this cru- sade, 127, 128 and y; reasons for and against these wars, 128 and z; with their unhappy consequences, 129, 130 and a; of great service to literature in Spain, 138; they oppress the Eastern Christians in xii cent. and the justice of these oppressions examined, ii. 243; the decline of their affairs in Spain, in xiii cent. 331; scheme for their expulsion thence in xiv cent. ii. 444; subversion of their kingdom in Spain effected in xv cent. 507; methods used for their con- version, and how far effectual, 507. See Arabians.
Sardis, council of, its fourth canon suppo-
sed the chief step to the Bishop of Rome's sovereignty, i. 274; the impossibility of proving by it the necessity of an appeal to Rome in all cases, with the import of this canon, ibid. and p. Saturninus, of Antioch, leader of the sect
of the Elcesaites, i. 174; the heretical principles he maintained, ibid. Savanarola, Jerome, his great character, ii. 549; censured with severity the Roman Pontiffs, and his unhappy fate, ib. and t; declares that Rome was become the image of Babylon, 551; labours to re- form the Schoolmen, in xv cent. 557; his polemic work, entitled The Triumph of the Cross, 559. Saurin, James, his opinion concerning the lawfulness of violating the truth, and controversy thereon, iv. 200. Saxons, why averse to Christianity in viii cent. i. 481, h, i; methods used for con- verting and retaining them, with an ob- servation on the nature of their conver- sion, ibid. and sub. fin. not. i. Saxony, divines of, contend with those of Weimar in xvi cent. iii. 243; new refor- mation attempted, 250.
Sceptics, their method, and most eminent among them in xvii cent. iii. 444, 445, and notes.
Schaal, John Adam, chief of the Jesuit missionaries in China, an account of, iii. 396; imprisoned, and condemned to death, ibid.
Schade, John Caspar, his character, iv. 51; imprudent zeal excites commotions in the Lutheran church, ib.
Schism, the great Western in xiv cent. an account of, ii. 463; its bad consequen- ces, 464; injurious to papal power, 465; proposals for terminating it, ibid. fomented and continued in xv cent. 518; two Pontiffs condemned by the council
of Pisa, which elects a third, 519; af- flictions received by the church from it in this cent. 536; healed by the pru- dence of Nicholas V. 537; between the Greeks and Latins, and why not healed, 560.
Schmidt, Erasmus, a learned expositor of Scripture, iv. 26.
Sebastian, an interpreter of Scrip- ture, and character, iv. 26.
Laurent, his translation of the Bible, and whence called the Wertheim interpreter, iv. 201, character, ibid. is opposed, and accused of being an enc- my to the Christian religion, and whence, ibid. is cast into prison, but escapes, ibid. charge brought against him, ibid. m.
Scholastic theology, whence it began, i. 215.
Scholastics, properly so called, in xii cent. ii. 291; their author, Abelard, 292 ; opposed from different quarters, 293 and principally by St. Bernard, 294 are chiefly Realists in xiii cent. 406 ; their dangerous tenets, and vicious me- thods of defending them, 409; fall into absurd and impious notions of the Tri- nity, and the consequences, in xiv. cent. 491 and f; hated and opposed in XV cent. 557; and principally by the restorers of polite literature, 55; a philosophical sect in xvi cent. iii. 220, united with the Aristotelians, but oppo- sed by the Ramæans, ibid. Schoman, George, author of the Cracow catechism, iii. 366, sub. not. z; his Tes- tamentum, 368 a; an admirer of Far- novius, 382.
Schomer, a Lutheran expositor in xvii cent. iv. 26.
Schoolmen, whence so called, i. 422; chiefly employed in collecting the ancient in- terpretations of the Fathers in xiii cent. ii. 405; contentions among them in xiv cent. 491.
Schools, established for Christian philoso- phy in i cent. i. 100; how distinguished from the academies of the ancient Christians, ibid. very serviceable to Christianity, 267; cathedral erected by Charlemagne in viii cent. 487; public, their sad state in xvi cent. iii. 20. Schurman, Anna Maria, a follower of the Labbadists, and great character, iv. 178. Schwenkfeldt, George, his debates with Luther, iii. 233; character, ibid. is ba- nished, and his death, 234; his doctrine different from Luther's in three points, 235.
Schyn, Herman, a Mennonite, iii. 320; character of his writings, ibid. sub. not. e; 321, sub. f. Sciences, their sad state in vii cent. i. 451; a new division of them, and their num- ber increased in xii cent. ii. 249, 250. Science, its limits extended in xiii cent. ii.
344; Bacon's reflection on the learning of this cent. ibid. d. Sciences, many professors of, but few very serviceable to society in xiv cent. ii. 449; their improvement in general, in natural philosophy, mathematics, in astronomy, in xvii cent. iii. 430; and how by Bacon, ibid. and z; the most eminent for them through Europe, 431; their distinguished promoters, and advantages hence arising to society and religion, 432; their state among the Lutherans, iv. 15.
Scioppius, employed to write against the Protestants, with an account of his be- ing caned, iii. 454 and n.
Sclavonians, and Dalmatians, express a desire to embrace Christianity in ix cent. ii. 5; the joy this occasioned, and hereupon missionaries were sent, ibid. and f.
converted by Waldemar, king of Denmark, through Absalom, Arch- bishop of Lunden, in xii cent. ii. 228 and b; their aversion from Christianity ⚫ overruled, and their conversion com- pleted, by the zeal of Henry the Lion, through the Ministry of Vicellinus, 231. Scot, Michael, an Aristotelic, and a Latin interpreter of his works in xiii cent. ii. 343.
Scotland, whether Christian in iii cent. i. 195 and m; church of, its founder, iii. 282; how far it adopts the doctrine, &c. established at Geneva, ibid. opposes changes of discipline and worship, ibid. a remarkable declaration of king James I. concerning the kirk, iv. 90 d. Scots, Irish, eminent for their learning in viii cent. i. 513 and m; illustrated Chris- tian doctrines by the rules of philosophy, ibid. their sophism about the Trinity, ib. Scotus, Johannes Erigena, an eminent philosopher in ix cent. ii. 15 and a; his great erudition, ibid. his works, ibid. blends the Mystic Theology with the Scholastic, and forms them into one system, ibid. his notions and great mo- desty, 16; high character, 32; explains the doctrines of Christianity according to reason and the principles of true philosophy, 40; is opposed and perse- cuted on this account, 41 and s; his new and elegant translation of the pre- tended Dionysius's works, 43; his ex- cellent method of managing the contro- versy with Pascasius Radbert, concern- ing the real presence of Christ's Body and Blood in the Eucharist, 50.^
Marianus, his works, ii. 194. John Duns, eminent for the acute- ness and subtilty of his genius, but not for his candour and ingenuity, ii. 488; his works, ibid. a; warmly opposes the several doctrines of Aquinas, and hence the sect of the Scotists, 491; defends
the immaculate conception of the Vir- gin Mary, 492 and g. Scriptures, canon of, supposed to be set- tled before the middle of ii cent. i. 93 ; arguments in confirmation of this sup- position, ibid. early method of interpret- ing them, 98; the New Testament translated into several languages, and its use, 125; zeal for them in ii cent. 151; interpretations of them defective, through the double sense used at this time, 152; the zeal of many for propa- gating them in iii cent. and advantages hence arising to Christianity, 194; in- terpreters of them censured, and why, 218; versions in iv cent. discover a want of sound judgment in their au- thors, 284; the most eminent commen- tators in v cent. i. 359; Origen's method adopted by many, 360; logical dis- cussions esteemed better tests of truth than the Scriptures, 361; expositors in vii cent. few, and very unlearned, 458; the study of them much promoted' among the Latins by Charlemagne in viii cent. 510; allegorical interpreters of, in ix cent. and their fundamental principle, ii. 40; explained in xii cent. chiefly according to the rules of Mys- ticism, ii. 290; which prevailed much in xiii cent. 404; commentators on them among the Lutherans in xvi cent. iii. 224.
Scripture knowledge, its state in xvi cent. iii. 158; methods taken to obscure it, ibid. severe law passed as to interpreta- tion, ibid. and l.
Scylizes, John, a historian among the Greeks in xi cent. and character, ii, 136. Scythia, within Imaus, embraces the Gos- pel in viii cent. i. 477; its division by the ancients, ibid. a. Sectarian philosophers, who so called in xvii cent. iv. 19, t.
Sects, formed in the times of the apostles, i. 110; grow imperceptibly, ibid. ae- counts of them imperfect, and whence, ibid. those which arose from the orien- tal philosophy very detrimental to Christianity, 173; illiterate, which pre- vailed in i cent. 188; remains of an- cient in iii cent. 230; and in iv cent. 307; Manichæans most prevalent, who conceal themselves under various names to avoid the severity of the laws, 308; ancient, flourish in vii cent. i. 464; and recover strength in viii cent. from the divisions in the Grecian em- pire, 524; and, subsist in xi cent. ii. 219; numerous among the Latins in xii cent. and the abuses which gave rise to them, 307; multiplied in xiii cent. and the cause, 420; unanimous in opposing superstition and the papal power, ibid. among the Dutch in xvii cent. iv. 123; of inferior note in this cent. an ac-
count of them, 174; various in Eng- land in xviii cent. iv. 207. Secundians, Valentinian sect in i cent. i. 155; maintained the doctrine of two eternal principles, ibid.
Sedulius, his expositions, and their defect,
Seidel, Martin, his extravagant notions, iv. 63; whence his followers called Semi Judaizers, 64 and k. Seidenbecher, George Lawrence, a propa- gator of the Millennium in xvii cent. iv. 63; is censured, and deposed from his pastoral charge, ibid. and i. Semi Arians, their tenets, i. 322. Semi Judaizers, a Socinian sect, iii. 381; why obnoxious to Socinus, ibid. y. Semi Pelagians, author of this sect in v cent. and their tenets, i. 394; their five leading principles, 395, h; strongly op- posed by the disciples of St. Augustin, yet support themselves, and make a ra- pid progress, ibid. excite divisions in the Western churches in vi cent. 432. Sendomir, synod held there, iii. 296; by whom, and concerning what, ibid. and f.
Sens, Bernardine of, a celebrated mystic writer, in xv cent. ii. 549; his works must be read with caution, 358. Serapion, Bishop of Antioch, writes a trea- tise against the Jews, and his motives for it, i. 203.
his successful mission in Arme- nia, iii. 133; maintains with success the cause of Rome, ibid. Servetus, Michael, Servede, his character and writings, iii, 355 and c; circum- stances concurring to favour his designs, 356; is seized, and accused by Calvin of blasphemy, ibid. and d; condemned to the flames, ibid. his life by whom written, ibid. e; strange doctrine of the Trinity, 357; Calvin's severity against him how alleviated, ibid. sub. not. e; strange tenets of other Antitri- nitarians after him, 358. Servites, convent of, founded in xiii cent.
ii. 366; wear a black habit, with the reason, and observe several rules pecu- liar to themselves, and unknown to other societies, ibid. and k.
Sethites, an account of this sect in ii cent.
i. 185; consider Seth as the same per- son with Christ, 186.
Severian, character of his moral writings, i. 363.
Severinus, promotes the philosophy of Paracelsus in Denmark, in xvi cent. iii. 221.
Severus, his character, i. 123; persecution under him, 134; Martyrs who suffered under him, 196.
Alexander, shows favour to the Christians, i. 196; is assassinated by the order of Maximin, ibid.
Severus, Sulpitius, an eminent historian in iii cent. i. 481 and p.
the Monophysite, made Patriarch of Constantinople by Anastasius, the Emperor, i. 434; is deposed and suc- ceeded by one of his own sect, ibid. his doctrine concerning the body of Christ, 436; names given to his follow- ers, ibid.
Sfondrati, Coelestine, his innovated doc- trine of predestination, iii. 548; is ac- cused of erroneous notions before Inno- cent XII. with the Pope's conduct, ibid. and x.
Shaftesbury, Earl of, his character and writings, iii. 421; how dangerous to Christianity, ibid. and e.
Sharrock, the great advantages derived to religion from his moral works, iv. 77. Sheppard, a Puritan missionary in Ame- rica, iii. 416.
Siam, the first mission there by the Jesuits, under the direction of Alexander of Rhodes, and its success, iii. 392; em- bassy sent by Lewis XIV. to convert the King and people, 393 and p; this was fruitless, and remarkable observa- tion by the King on this occasion, 394 and q.
Siculus, Peter, an account of, ii. 29. Sidonius, Apollinaris, his writings tumid, but not destitute of eloquence, i. 356. Sienno, Jacobus a, protects the Socinians, iii. 371; embraces their communion, and erects a public seminary for them, ibid.
Siganfu, famous Chinese monument found there in vii cent. i. 439 and a. Sigismund, John, Elector of Branden- burg, renounces Lutheranism, and em- braces the communion of the Reformed church, iv. 4; adopts not all their te- nets, and leaves his subjects free as to their religious sentiments, 5; the bad effects of this liberty, and Lutherans disgusted at it, ibid. controversy and civil commotions that ensued, ibid. the form of concord hereupon suppressed, and other edicts made by the Elector and his successors, 6 and d. Simeon, Bishop of Jerusalem, crucified by Trajan's law, i. 130.
head of the Stylites, makes many converts, i. 365; his extravagant tenets, ibid. attracts the veneration of many persons, ibid. and p; followed by many persons, though not with the same aus- terity, ibid. and q; his superstitious practice continued till xii cent. ib. and r.
of Constantinople, translates the lives of the Saints in x cent. and hence styled the Metaphrast, ii. 103 and i. Sin, original, doctrine of, disputed by La Place, iv. 85; denied by Le Cene, 90. Smalcald, league, how formed by the con- federate princes, iii. 75; the substance
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