of Sicily in xi cent. 121; the privileges
thereupon granted to the kings of Si-
cily, 122; resident in Palestine, and
expeditions formed against them, ibid.
by Peter the Hermit, with the progress,
and history of this holy war, 124, 125
and s; difficulties and successes, 125
and u; motives of the Pope and Eu-
ropean Princes engaging in this cru-
sade, 127, 128 and y; reasons for and
against these wars, 128 and z; with
their unhappy consequences, 129, 130
and a; of great service to literature in
Spain, 138; they oppress the Eastern
Christians in xii cent. and the justice of
these oppressions examined, ii. 243; the
decline of their affairs in Spain, in xiii
cent. 331; scheme for their expulsion
thence, in xiv cent. ii. 444; subversion
of their kingdom in Spain effected in xv
cent. 507; methods used for their con-
version, and how far effectual, 507. See
Arabians.

Sardis, council of, its fourth canon suppos-

ed the chief step to the Bishop of Rome's
sovereignty, i. 274; the impossibility of
proving by it the necessity of an appeal
to Rome in all cases, with the import of
this canon, ibid. and p.

Saturninus, of Antioch, leader of the sect

of the Elcesaites, i. 174; the heretical
principles he maintained, ibid.
Savanarola, Jerome, his great character, ii.
549; censured with severity the Roman
Pontiffs, and his unhappy fate, ib. and
t; declares that Rome was become the
image of Babylon, 551; labours to re-
form the Schoolmen, in xv cent. 557;
bis polemic work, entitled The Triumph
of the Cross, 559.

Saurin, James, his opinion concerning the
lawfulness of violating the truth, and
controversy thereon, iv. 200.
Saxons, why averse to Christianity in viii
cent. i. 481, h, i; methods used for con-
verting and retaining them, with an ob-
servation on the nature of their conver-
sion, ibid. and sub. fin. not. i.
Saxony, divines of, contend with those of
Weimar in xvi cent. iii. 243; new re-
formation attempted, 250.

Sceptics, their method, and most eminent
among them in xvii cent. iii. 444, 445;
and notes.

Schaal, John Adam, chief of the Jesuit
missionaries in China, an account of,
iii. 396; imprisoned, and condemned
to death, ibid.
Schade, John Caspar, his character, iv. 51;
imprudent zeal excites commotions in
the Lutheran church, ib.
Schism, the great Western, in xiv cent. an
account of, ii. 463; its bad consequen-
ces, 464; injurious to papal power,
465; proposals for terminating it, ibid.
fomented and continued in xv cent. 518;
two Pontiffs condemned by the council

of Pisa, which elects a third, 519; af-
flictions received by the church from it
in this cent. 536; healed by the pru-
dence of Nicholas V. 537; between the
Greeks and Latins, and why not healed,
560.

Schmidt, Erasmus, a learned expositor of
Scripture, iv. 26.

Sebastian, an interpreter of Scrip-
ture, and character, iv. 26.

Laurent, his translation of the
Bible, and whence called the Wertheim
interpreter, iv. 201; character, ibid. is
opposed, and accused of being an ene-
my to the Christian religion, and
whence, ibid. is cast into prison, but
escapes, ibid. charge brought against
him, ibid. m.

Scholastic theology, whence it began, i.

215.

Scholastics, properly so called, in xii cent.
ii. 291; their author, Abelard; 292;
opposed from different quarters, 293
and principally by St. Bernard, 294
are chiefly Realists in xiii cent. 406;
their dangerous tenets, and vicious me-
thods of defending them, 409; fall into
absurd and impious notions of the Tri-
nity, and the consequences, in xiv
cent. 491 and ƒ; hated and opposed in
XV cent. 557; and principally by the
restorers of polite literature, 558; a
philosophical sect in xvi cent. iii. 220;
united with the Aristotelians, but op-
posed by the Ramæans, ibid.
Schoman, George, author of the Cracow
catechism, iii. 366; sub. not. z; his Tes-
tamentum, 368, a; an admirer of Far-
novius, 382.

Schomer, a Lutheran expositor, in xvii
cent. iv. 26.

Schoolmen, whence so called, i. 422;

chiefly employed in collecting the an-
cient interpretations of the Fathers in
xiii cent. ii. 405; contentions among
them in xiv cent. 491.

Schools, established for Christian philoso-
phy in i cent. i. 100; how distinguished
from the academies of the ancient
Christians, ibid. very serviceable to
Christianity, 267; cathedral erected by
Charlemagne, in viii cent. 487; public,
their sad state, in xvi cent. iii. 20.
Schurman, Anna Maria, a follower of the
Labbadists, and great character, iv. 178.
Schwenkfeldt, George, his debates with
Lutber, iii. 233; character, ibid. is ba-
nished, and his death, 234; his doctrine
different from Luther's in three points,
235.

Schyn, Herman, a Mennonite, iii. 320;
character of his writings, ibid. sub. not.
e; 321, sub. f.
Sciences, their sad state in vii cent. i. 451;
a new division of them, and their num-
ber increased, in xii cent. ii. 249, 250.
Science, its limits extended in xiii cent. ii.

344; Bacon's reflection on the learning
of this cent. ibid. d.
Sciences, many professors of, but few very
serviceable to society, in xiv cent. ii.
449; their improvement in general, in
natural philosophy, mathematics, in
astromony, in xvii cent. iii. 430; and
how by Bacon, ibid. and ; the most
eminent for them through Europe,
431; their datinguished promoters, and
advantages bence arising to society and
religion, 432; their state among the
Lutherans; iv. 15.

Scioppius, employed to write against the
Protestants, with an account of his be-
ing caned, iii. 454 and n.
Sclavonians, and Dalmatians, express a
desire to embrace Christianity in ix
cent. ii. 5; the joy this occasioned, and
hereupon missionaries were sent, ibid.
and ƒ.

converted by Waldemar, king
of Denmark, through Absalom, Arch-
bishop of Lunden, in xii cent. ii. 228 and
b; their aversion from Christianity
overruled, and their conversion com-
pleted, by the zeal of Henry the Lion,
through the Ministry of Vicellinus, 231.
Scott, Michael, an Aristotelic, and a Latin
interpreter of his works, in xiii cent. ii.

343.

Scotland, whether Christian, in iii cent. i.
195 and; church of, its founder, iii.
282; how far it adopts the doctrine, &c.
established at Geneva, ibid. opposes
changes of discipline and worship, ibid.
a remarkable declaration of king James
I. concerning the kirk, iv. 90, d.
Scots, Irish, eminent for their learning in
viii cent. i. 513 and m; illustrated Chris-
tian doctrines by the rules of philosophy,
ibid. their sophism about the Trinity, ib.
Scotus, Johannes Erigena, an eminent
philosopher in ix cent. ii. 15 and a; his
great erudition, ibid. his works, ibid.
blends the Mystic Theology with the
Scholastic, and forms them into one
system, ibid, his notions and great mo-
desty, 16; high character, 32; explains
the doctrines of Christianity according
to reason and the principles of true
philosophy, 40; is opposed and perse-
cuted on this account, 41 and s; his
new and elegant translation of the pre-
tended Dionysius's works, 43; his ex-
cellent method of managing the contro-
versy with Pascasius Radbert, concern-
ing the real presence of Christ's Body
and Blood in the Eucharist, 50.

- Marianus, his works, ii. 194.
John Duns, eminent for the acute-
ness and subtilty of his genius, but not
for his candour and ingenuity, ii. 488;
his works, ibid. x; warmly opposes the
several doctrines of Aquinas, and hence
the sect of the Scotists, 491; defends

the immaculate conception of the Vir-
gin Mary, 492 and g.
Scriptures, canon of, supposed to be set-
tled before the middle of ii cent. i. 93;
arguments in confirmation of this sup-
position, ibid. early method of interpret-
ing them, 98; the New Testament
translated into several languages, and
its use, 125; zeal for them in ii cent.
151; interpretations of them defective,
through the double sense used at this
time, 152; the zeal of many for propa-
gating them in iii cent. and advantages
hence arising to Christianity, 194; in-
terpreters of them censured, and why,
218; versions in iv cent. discover a
want of sound judgment in their au-
thors, 284; the most eminent commen-
tators in v cent. i. 359; Origen's method
adopted by many, 360; logical dis-
cussions esteemed better tests of truth
than the Scriptures, 361; expositors in
vii cent. few, and very unlearned, 458;
the study of them much promoted
among the Latins by Charlemagne, in
viii cent. 510; allegorical interpreters
of, in ix cent. and their fundamental
principle, ii. 40; explained in xii cent.
chiefly according to the rules of Mys-
ticism, ii. 290; which prevailed much
in xiii cent. 404; commentators on
them among the Lutherans, in xvi cent.
iii. 224.

Scripture knowledge, its state in xvi cent.
iii. 158; methods taken to obscure it,
ibid. severe law passed as to interpre-
tation, ibid. and 1.

Scylizes, John, a historian among the

Greeks in xi cent. and character, ii. 136.
Scythia, within Imaus, embraces the Gos-
pel in viii cent. i. 477; its division by
the ancients, ibid. a.
Sectarian philosophers, who so called in
xvii cent. iv. 19, t.

Seets, formed in the times of the apostles,
i. 110; grow imperceptibly, ibid. ac-
counts of them imperfect, and whence,
ibid. those which arose from the orien-
tal philosophy, very detrimental to
Christianity, 173; illiterate, which pre-
vailed in ii cent. 188; remains of an-
cient, in iii cent. 230; and in iv cent.
307; Manichæans most prevalent, who
conceal themselves under various
names to avoid the severity of the laws,
308; ancient, flourish in vii cent. i.
464; and recover strength in viii cent.
from the divisions in the Grecian em-
pire, 524; and subsist in xi cent. ii.
219; numerous among the Latins in xii
cent. and the abuses which gave rise to
them, 307; multiplied in xiii cent. and
the cause, 420; unanimous in opposing
superstition, and the papal power,
ibid. among the Dutch in xvii cent. iv.
123; of inferior note in this cent. an ac-

count of them, 174; various in Eng-
land in xviii cent. iv. 207.
Secundians, Valentinian sect in ii cent. i.
185; maintained the doctrine of two
eternal principles, ibid.

Sedulius, his expositions, and their defect,

ii. 40.

Seidel, Martin, his extravagant notions,
iv. 63; whence his followers called
Semi Judaizers, 64 and k.
Seidenbecher, George Lawrence, a propa-
gator of the Millenium in xvii cent. iv.
63; is censured and deposed from his
pastoral charge, ibid. and i.
Semi Arians, their tenets, i. 322.
Semi Judaizers, a Socinian sect, iii. 381;
why obnoxious to Socinus, ibid. y.
Semi Pelagians, author of this sect in v
cent, and their tenets, i. 394; their five
leading principles, 395, h; strongly op-
posed by the disciples of St. Augustin,
yet support themselves, and make a ra-
pid progress, ibid. excite divisions in
the Western churches in vi cent. 432.
Sendomir, synod held there, iii. 296; by
whom, and concerning what, ibid. and
f.

Sens, Benardine of, a celebrated mystic
writer, in xv cent. ii. 549; his works
must be read with caution, 358.
Serapion, Bishop of Antioch, writes a trea-
tise against the Jews, and his motives
for it, i. 203.

his successful mission in Arme-
nia, iii. 133; maintains with success the
cause of Rome, ibid.
Servetus, Michael, Servede, his character
and writings, iii. 355 and c; circum-
stances concurring to favour his designs,
356; is scized, and accused by Calvin
of blasphemy, ibid. and d; condemned
to the flames, ibid. his life by whom
written, ibid. e; strange doctrine of
the Trinity, 357; Calvin's severity
against him how alleviated, ibid. sub.
not. e; strange tenets of other Antitri-
nitarians after him, 358.

Servites, convent of, founded in xiii cent.

ii. 366; wear a black habit with the
reason, and observe several rules pecu-
liar to themselves, and unknown to
other societies, ibid. and k.

Sethites, an account of this sect in ii cent.
i. 185; consider Seth as the same per-
son with Christ, 186.

Severian, character of his moral writings,
i. 363.

Severinus, promotes the philosophy of
Paracelsus in Denmark, in xvi cent. iii.
221.

Severus, his character, i. 123; persecution
under him, 134; Martyrs who suffered
under him, 196.

Alexander, shows favour to the
Christians, i. 196; is assassinated by
the order of Maximin, ibid.

Severus, Sulpitius, an eminent historian in
iii cent. i. 481 and p.

the Monophosite, made Patriarch
of Constantinople by Anastasius, the
Emperor, i. 434; is deposed and suc-
ceeded by one of his own sect, ibid.
his doctrine concerning the body of
Christ, 436; names given to his follow-
ers, ibid.

Sfondrati, Coelestine, his innovated doc-
trine of predestination, iii. 548; is ac-
cused of erroneous notions before Inno-
cent XII. with the Pope's conduct, ibid.
and x.

Shaftesbury, Earl of, his character and
writings, iii. 421; how dangerous to
Christianity, ibid. and e.

Sharrock, the great advantages derived to
religion from his moral works, iv. 77.
Sheppard, a Puritan missionary in Ame-
rica, iii. 416.

Siam, the first mission there by the Jes-

uits, under the direction of Alexander
of Rhodes, and its success, iii. 392;
embassy sent by Lewis XIV. to convert
the King and people, 393 and p; this
was fruitless, and remarkable observa-
tion by the King on this occasion, 394
and q

Siculus, Peter, an account of, ii. 29.
Sidonius, Apollinaris, his writings tumid,
but not destitute of eloquence, i. 356.
Senino, Jacobus a, protects the Socinians,
iii. 371; embraces their communion,
and erects a public seminary for them,
ibid.

Siganfu, famous Chinese monument found
there in vii cent. i. 439 and a.
Sigismund, John, Elector of Branden-
burg, renounces Lutheranism, and em-
braces the communion of the Reformed
church, iv. 4; adopts not all their te-
nets, and leaves his subjects free as to
their religious sentiments, 5; the bad
effects of this liberty, and Lutherans
disgusted at it, ibid. controversy and
civil commotions that ensued, ibid. the
form of concord hereupon suppressed,
and other edicts made by the Elector
and his successors, 6 and d.
Simeon, Bishop of Jerusalem, crucified by
Trajan's law, i. 130.

head of the Stylites, makes many
converts, i. 365; his extravagant tenets,
ibid. attracts the veneration of many
persons, ibid. and p; followed by many
persons, though not with the same aus-
terity, ibid. and q; his superstitious
practice continued till xii cent. ib, and r.

of Constantinople, translates the
lives of the Saints in x cent. and hence
styled the Metaphrast, ii. 103 and i.
Sin, original, doctrine of, disputed by La
Place, iv. 85; denied by Le Cene, 90.
Smalcald, league, how formed by the con-
federate princes, iii. 75; the substance

his tenets in refutation of Osiander,
ibid. occasional commotions in Poland,
and dies there, 249 and n.
Stephen I. Bishop of Rome, his insolent
behaviour to the Asiatic Christians, on
account of the baptism of heretics in
iii cent. i. 224; is vigorously opposed
by Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage, ibid.

II. Bishop of Rome, anoints and
crowns the usurper Pepin, King of
France, in viii cent. i. 496; hence he
is made a temporal prince, and this do-
nation of Pepin to the see of Rome
assumed by his successors, 497, 498
and t.

establishes Christianity among the
Hungarians in x cent. ii. 77.

de Murat founds the monastic or-
der of Gradmontains in xi cent. ii. 188;
enjoins great austerity, ibid. contentions
for superiority among some of his order,
and consequences, 189; rigorous disci-
pline enjoined by him gradually miti-
gated, ibid. the origin of this order, by
whom written, ibid. f.

Stercorianism, what so called, and origin
of, ii. 51.

Stereoma, a celebrated work published by
the Crypto Calvinists, and on what ac-
count, iii. 251 and s, t.

Stiefel, Isaiah, his impious absurdities, iv.

61.

Stockius, Simon, the monstrous fiction re-
lative to him, and the credit it has gain-
ed even among the Popes, ii. 377 and
f,g.

Stoics, their explication of the divine na-
ture and the human soul, i. 40, 41;
their notions of fate unjustly represent-
ed, 41 and g.

Storchius, a leader of the fanatics, iii. 230,
325.

Strabo, Walafridus, his works and charac-
ter, ii. 31.

Strasburg, Thomas of, a scholastic divine

in xiv cent. ii. 488.

-, controversy there concerning pre-
destination in xvi cent. iii. 271.
Strauchius, defends the creed against Sy-
nergism in xvii cent. iv. 34.
Strigellius, Victor, his commentaries, iii.
224; defends the opinions of Melanc-
thon, 324; his contest with Flacius,
244; is cast into prison, but released,
ib. spends his days at Heidelberg, ibid.
Struchtmeyer, of Harderwyk, an account
of his absurd system about Paganism
and Christianity, i. 261, m.
Stubner, a leader of the fanatics, iii. 230.
Stylites, a superstitious sect of pillar saints
in v cent. i. 365; their singular and ex-
travagant fancies, ibid. not suppressed

till xii cent. ibid.

Subdeacons, the nature of their office,i.210.
Sublapsarians, their doctrine, and why so
called, iv. 78.

Subschal Jesu, his conversions in Hyrca-
nia in viii cent. i. 477.
Sueno, of Denmark, apostatizes and em-
braces Christianity anew in x cent. ii.

79.

Suidas, supposed to live in x cent. ii. 104.
Sulpitius, Severus, of Gaul, the most emi-
nent historian in iv cent. i. 281 and p.
Supererogation, doctrine of, invented in xii
cent. ii. 288; taught in xiii cent. 402.
Superstition, its great increase in vi cent.
i. 419; this accounted for, and exem-
plified by the doctrines then taught,
419; and by introducing a variety of
new rites into the church, 429; the oc-
casion of them, 430; insinuates itself
into the transactions of civil life in ix
cent. and whence, ii. 68; evident from
the several trials in proof of innocence,
ibid. how nourished by many idle opi-
nions in x cent. 107; particularly that
of an immediate and final judgment,
ibid. the effects of this opinion benefi-
cial to the church, 108 and w; reigns
among the people in xii cent. 235; a
proof of this appears in the confidence
placed in relics, ibid. connexion be-
tween it and fanaticism considered, 104,
105 and c.

Supralapsarians, who so called, and why,
iv. 78.

Supremacy of Rome. See Popes.
Susneius, Seltam Segued, Emperor of the

East, protects the Jesuit missionaries,
in Abyssinia, iii. 478; his intentions of
propagating the doctrines and worship
of the Church of Rome, how frustrated,
479.

Swedes, embrace Christianity in ix cent.
ii. 3; convert many in Finland in xii
cent. and by what means, ii. 289; Re-
formation established among them in
xvi cent. by Gustavus Vasa Ericson,
iii. 61.
Switzerland, origin of the reformation by
Zuingle, iii. 38; progress of it, 39; re-
ceives the doctrine of Carolstadt in xvi
cent. 233; adopts the doctrine of Zuin-
gle, 265; doctrine of Claudius propa-
gated there, 355; disputes about the
form of concord in xvii cent. iv. 125;
and continue in xviii cent. iv. 209. See
Zuingle.

Sylvester II. Pope, his letter, by which he
gave the signal for the first crusade, in
x cent. i. 82 and z; restores learning,
ibid. chiefly inclines to the study of the
mathematics, ibid. the success of his
zeal for literature, ibid. derives his
knowledge from the Arabians settled in
Spain, 92; his promotion to the Ponti-
ficate universally approved, ii. 99; his
high character, 104.