restraint under Cromwell, iv. 106; their
history, and whence denominated, 145;
rise and founder, ibid. 146 and i; anony-
mous letter in defence of their foun-
der censured, ibid. sub. not. i; tumults
and proceedings against them, 147 and
k; their first attempts under Cromwell,
ibid. strange instances of most extrava-
gant fanaticism, 148 and kk; vain at-
tempts of Cromwell to suppress them,
149; progress of this sect under Charles
11. ibid. assume a regular form of disci-
pline, with their chief members, ibid.
and n; their sufferings during this reign,
and on what account, ibid. and o; are
tolerated under James II. and William
III. and whence, 150 and r; attempt to
propagate their doctrine in other coun-
tries, and success, 151; their settlement
in America, and how, ibid. intestine
disputes and contests among them, 152;
concerning the reality of the history of
Christ's life and sufferings, and which
denied by them, 152, 153 and y, z;
their religion considered in a general
point of view, ibid. and digested into
the form of a regular system, and by
whom, 154; authors to be consulted
concerning them, and the account of
Barclay's works, particularly his cate-
chism, ibid. b; their fundamental doc-
trine, and the same with that of the an-
cient Mystics, 155 and c; tenets that
arise from this fundamental principle,
156; their opinion of the future resur-
rection, 157 and d; doctrine concern-
ing Christ, ibid. 158; religious disci-
pline and worship, 158; reject baptism
and the Eucharist, ibid. their moral
doctrine comprehended in two pre-
cepts, and what they are, 159; distin-
guished from all other Christian, sects,
and how, with their singular customs,⚫
ibid. relax their former austerity, 160;
form of ecclesiastical government, ibid.
method of preaching changed, 161

and d.

Quakers, Refutation of sundry erroneous
statements relative to some of their so-
ciety, their doctrine, discipline, &c.
Also a Summary of their history, doc-
trine, and discipline, iv. 284, &c.
Quesnel, Pascasius, his celebrated New
Testament, with the condemnation of it
by Pope Clement XI. iii. 519 and b, c ;
patronises Jansenism, 526; disputes in
the Romish church on account of his
New Testament, and bad consequence
of its condemnation, iv. 192.
Quietism, controversies occasioned by its
doctrine in xvii cent. iii. 541.
Quietists, Hesychasts, their rise in the
East in xiv cent. ii. 497; the same with
the Mystics, ibid. employ their time
chiefly in contemplation, ibid. their no-
tions of a celestial light within them,

ibid. and q; branded with opprobrious
names, 498 and r.

Quinsextum, council of Constantinople in
vii cent. why so called, i. 463 and g;
enacts laws about ceremonies, with the
nature of its acts, 473; six of its canons
rejected by the Romanists, ibid u.
Quintin, one of the leaders of the Spiritual
Libertines, iii. 314.

R.

Rabanus Maurus, Archbishop of Mentz,
his great character, ii. 14; called the
Light of France and Germany, 30; his
commentaries, 40; Scriptural allegories,
ibid. exposes the errors of the Jews, 43;
writes against Radbert's doctrine of the
Eucharist, 49; opposes Godeschalcus
in his notions of Predestination and
Grace, 52; the rise of the quarrel be-
tween them, 55 and r.

Rabelais, a supposed infidel in xvi cent.
iii. 119.

Racow, catechism of, iii. 377 and q; a
collection of popular tenets, and not a
rule of faith, ibid. a seminary erected
there, 378; students of, vent their rage
against a Crucifix, whence the downfal
of the Socinians in Poland, iv. 170.
Radbert, Pascasius, an account of him and
his works, ii. 31; his notion of the local
presence of Christ's body in the sacra-
ment, 49 and k; and this doctrine op-
posed by Ratramn, 50; Scotus's pre-
cision, with the fluctuating opinions of
others, ibid. his dispute with Ratramn,
concerning the manner of Christ's birth,
56.

Ramaans, a philosophical sect in xvi cent.
iii. 220; oppose the Aristotelians iv. 16.
Ramus, Peter, a philosopher in xvi cent.
his character, iii. 123; his philosophy
preferred to Aristotle, iii. 309.
Rance, Bouthelliers de, his conversion
and great character, iii. 500 and b.
Rasa, Procopius, the head of the Hussites,
his character, ii. 552.

Rathier, Bishop of Verona, his works and
character, ii. 104.

Rathman, Herman, controversy occasion-
ed by his writings, and character, iv. 53;
his doctrine misrepresented, 54; real
doctrine reduced to four principal
points, and what these are, ibid. dies in
the height of the controversy, which
then gradually decreases, ibid.
Ratisbon, Diet, memorial for peace, and
the result, iii. 82; new conference held
there, 84; the Protestants protest
against the Trent decrees, and are pro-
scribed, ibid.

Raymond, de Sabunde, his natural theolo-
gy, ii. 559.

Earl of Thoulouse, is excom-
municated, and why, ii. 425; readmit-
ted into the church, and opposes the

pretended Heretics, 426; his kingdom
given away by Innocent III. Pope, to
Simon earl of Montfort, ib. contest be-
tween his son and Simon's son, 427;
opposition of the former against the
Fope, fruitless, ib. accounts of this war
where to be found, 428, q.
Realists, why so called, ii. 15, b; School-
men chiefly such in xiii cent. ii. 406;
their defects, 407; their disputes with
the Nominalists in xiv cent. 450.
Reformation, its history in xvi cent. iii. 9
and a; its foundation laid in the revi-
val of letters, 11; how the people were
in some measure prepared to receive it,
15; ardently desired, 23; how far at-
tempted, and its dawn rises unexpect-
edly, 24, 25; its rise and progress in
Sweden, 61, 62; its rise and progress
in Denmark, 63; distinction in that of
Sweden and Denmark, 65 and w; the
measures taken about doctrine and dis-
cipline commendable, but not so in re-
forming the clergy, 6; how far this
observation is just, ibid. w, x; its rise
and progress in France, 67; and in
other European states, 69; its history
from the Augsburg confession till the war
subsequent upon the Smalcald league,
70; from the Smalcald war til the
peace of religion at Augsburg, 81; a
judgment of it, and the means used for
producing it, 101; civilized many na-
tions, 126.

its rise in England, iii. 79, 80,
81, and p, q, r; the nature and effects of
this first dawn of the reformation here,
81; gains ground here, 92; how pro-
moted by Edward VI. and his character,
ibid. 93.

takes place in Scotland, iii.
94; established by Knox, with his cha-
racter, ibid. and g, 95, and h.

its success in Ireland, iii. 96;
Queen Mary's design to extinguish it,
how prevented, 96, 97, m.

its progress in the United Pro-
vinces, iii. 97; conduct of the nobility
and people at this time, considered and
explained, 98, o; the religion of Swit-
zerland established here, and universal
toleration, with some distinction, ibid.
and q.

in Italy, its progress, iii. 99.
in Spain, its dawn soon pre-
vented from spreading, iii. 99; execu-
tions from the inquisition upon the death
of Charles V. 100.
Refugees, French, their character, iii. 263.
Regale, a right enjoyed by the French
Kings, and opposed by Innocent XI. in
xvii cent. iii. 480 and notes.
Regino, Abbot of Prum, an account of, ii.
32.

Reinboth, singularity of his opinions, iv.
55; severely censured by Danhaver,

VOL. IV:

58

56; opposes Lubieniecius's attempts to
establish Socinianism in Holstein, iv.
171.

Reineccius, a famous Lutheran historian
in xvi cent. iii. 218.

Relics, excessive veneration for them in ix
cent. ii. 37; by what arts collected, ib.
and 3S.

Religion, early method of teaching it in
the Chistian church, i. 98; corrupted by
the principles of modern Platonism,
214; its state in iv cent. 281; degene-
rates into superstition, ib. pious frauds,
whence, 283; method of explaining
Scripture on Origen's plan, 284; its
doctrines determined with more accu-
racy in v cent. i. 356; consequences,
357; the increase of superstition in sup-
plicating Saints and worshipping ima-
ges, 358; efficacy attributed to the
bones of martyrs, and to the figure of the
cross, ibid. the purification of departed
soule, and benefits hence arising to the
Romish church, ibid. 359, and a; prac-
tical, how explained in vi cent. and
methods used for advancing it, 422;
remission of sins purchased by liberality
to monks and churches, 455; its de-
plorable state and superstitions in vii
cent. 457; this exemplified from St.
Eloi's life, ibid. and w; placed in puri-
fying fire and offerings, 458 and x; its
decline in viii cent. 508; the ignorance
and superstition of ix cent. and the
causes, ii. 32, 33; its state in x cent.
105; a universal opinion of the final
dissolution of all things being at hand
now prevailed, 107; whence this notion,
ibid. u; the preparations thought ne-
cessary against this expected change,
108; made to consist in the observance
of external rites in xi cent. 195; its me-
lancholy state in xii cent. ii. 284, 285;
attempts of many to reform abuses, why
unsuccessful, 284; a general and de-
plorable account of it in xiii cent. 401;
two eminent sources of corruption in-
troduced, 402; its dignity degraded by
the great variety of rites, 416; corrupted
in xiv gent. and hence the number of
sectaries increased, 489; many defend-
ers engage to prevent its total decay in
xv cent. 551; reduced to mere external
pomp and show, 563.
Religions, the variety in the Pagan world
produce no dissensions, and whence, i.

33.

Religious errors, their punishment by civil

penaltics, and when introduced, i. 293.
Remi, Archbishop of Lyons, defends Go-
deschalus, and his doctrine, ii. 53.
Remigius, Bishop of Auxerre, his exposi-
tions, ii. 40; other works, 41.
Remonstrants, Arminians so called, and
why, iv. 127.

Reservation, ecclesiastical, stipulated by

effects of this custom, and whence, the
number of spurious writings in v cent.
ibid. and 363.
Roman Catholic faith, derived from two
sources, iii. 154; uncertainty about its
real doctrines, ibid. difference of opinion
about determining doctrines and contro-
versies, 155.

Catholic religion, its principal
heads, and whence to be known, iii. 157
and k.

Romans impose the names of their own
deities on those of other nations, and
hence the perplexities in the history of
the ancient superstitions, i. 32 and h;
their system of religion different from
the Greeks, 37; introduce their rites
among the conquered nations, ibid. why
they persecuted the Christians, 68, 69;
state of learning and philosophical sects
among them, 82; introduce letters and
philosophy into the conquered nations,
83.

Rome, its Bishops. See Popes.

the decline of this church, and
whence dated, iii. 130; its internal con-
stitution strengthened by various ways,
136.

attempts to ruin the Protestants,
but unsuccessful, iii. 453, 454, 464; con-
ferences held on both sides, 467; the
interest of this church loses ground in
the east, 477; two strong instances of
it, 478; the Pope's authority in its de-
cline, 481.

rupture between Pope Paul V. and
Venice, iii. 482; wise conduct of the
latter, 483; peace concluded through
Henry IV. of France, ibid. y, z ; the con-
sequences, and their separation how
prevented, 484, a, b.

its contest with Portugal in xvii
cent. iii. 485; the former gains no
ground, 486 and c; between it and the
French court, with the former's strata-
gems defeated and the writers in this
contest variously treated, ibid. contests
under Lewis XIV. with the reason, 487;
peace concluded on inglorious terms
for the Pope, 488; a second contest
about the Regale, ibid. and g; 489 and
h; Lewis summons an assembly of Bi-
shops, ibid. and i; which drew up four
propositions opposed by the Pope pub-
licly and privately, ibid. j; 490, k; third
contest on the right of asylum to am-
bassadors at Rome, and accommoda-
tion, 490 andl; whether the papal au-
thority gained ground in this cent. with
the complaint in the affirmative ground-
less, 491; the manner of terminating
differences changed, 492; Gallican li-
berties, still maintained, ibid. and q;
some cringing flatterers fawn still on
the Popes, 493; secret yet vigorous
measures used by the French against

the Popes, who are treated by their mo-
narchs as the Pagan heroes treated Cer-
berus, 495.

Rome, its state of learning in xvii cent. iii.
505; improved by the French, 506;
philosophy much changed in France,
and those most distinguished in it, ibid.
and n; ill treatment of them, 507, 0;
the French example followed in Italy,
&c. ibid. Jesuits improve learning most,
and followed by the Benedictines, 508;
decline of learning among the Jesuits
ever since, 509; emulation of the Priests
of the Oratory, and the most distin-
guished among them, ibid. Jansenists of
Port Royal the most famous, ibid. rea-
son of these improvements, 510; prin-
cipal authors of the Romish 'commu-
nion, ibid. and q; its doctrine more
corrupt than in the former ages through
the Jesuits, and its Pontiffs' negligence,
511; whence derived and with what
views propagated, 512; Jesuits, why
supported by the Popes, 514; they sap
the foundations of morality with several
pernicious maxims, 513, 514; are con-
demned' by Popes Alexander VII. and
VIII. yet their moral tenets not sup-
pressed, 516 and x; why the great
made them their confessors, ibid. their
maxims and practices not adopted by
all the fraternity, 517; three circum-
stances necessary in general censures,
which are not observed by their adver-
saries, ib. state of exegetic theology in
xvii cent. 518; scripture how obscured,
ibid. and a; state of didactic, moral,
and polemic theology at this time, 519;
contest under the pontificate of Clement
VIII. between the Jesuits and Domini-
cans, about Grace, 520; intimation of
the arbiters appointed by the Pope in
favour of the Dominicans, 521; who
himself examines the controversy, ibid.
but dies before the decision, ib. dispute
continued under Paul V. and ordered to
be suppressed, with liberty to each party
to follow their own respective opinions,
522; the Pope how hindered from pro-
nouncing a public determination, 523
and f; contests occasioned by the rise
and progress of Jansenisin, ibid. and
524; hopes of a union between this and
the Greek church, 553; methods used
by the Romanists, 553 and d; but in-
effectual, 554; a union between this
and the Russian church attempted, but
in vain, iii. 201.

Romuald, founder of the Camaldolites in
xi cent. ii. 186.

Rosary, instituted in honour of the Virgin
Mary in x cent. ii. 114 and l.
Roscellinus, controversy relative to the
Trinity begun by him in xi cent. ii. 235
and; retracts and resumes his error
226; his doctrine concerning the ille-

gality of bastards being ordained, not
favourably received in England, ibid.
Rosecrucians, their derivation in xvii cent.
iii. 436 and f; inveigh against the Peri-
patetics, 437; most eminent among
them, with their followers, ibid. and g;
diversity of opinions, whence, with some
common principles, 437, 438; attacked
by Gassendi, 438.

Rothman, Bernard, an ecclesiastic of
Munster, becomes Anabaptist, iii. 330
and q.

Rufnus, of Aquileia, his character, i. 280,
friendship and rupture between him and
Jerome, ib. o; his version of the Scrip-
*tures, 284.

Ruffus, a chief of the spiritual libertines,

iii. 314.

Rugen, Isle of, Christianity established
here in xii cent. ii. 228 and b.
Raggeri, Cosmo, account of his impiety,
iii. 425.

Russians, converted in ix cent. and by
what prudent means, ii. 5; their con-
version misrepresented by Le Quien, 6,
h; adopt the doctrine and discipline of
the Greeks, iii. 188; but are independent
on them, and the Patriarch of Constan-
tinople, ibid. a union between their own
and the Romish church attempted, but
in vain, 201.
Ruysbrockius, an eminent mystic in xiv
cent. ii. 488.

S

Sabellius, his notions of the Trinity, i. 238;
in what he differed from Noetus, ibid.
propagates his opinion with some suc-
cess, ibid.

Sacrament, festival of, its origin in xiii
cent. ii. 417 and s.

Sadducees, their tenets, i. 46; deny a fu-
ture state, 47; their moral doctrine and
bad influence, 49.

Sagarelli, Gerhard, founder of the sect

of Apostles in xii cent. ii. 437; is com-
mitted to the flames, and burned, ibid.
his successor Dulcinus, and the war he
carried on, with his terrible end, ibid.
and 438.

Saints, veneration paid to them, its rise,
i. 282; their number considerably aug-
mented in v cent. and whence, i. 352;
sepulchres frequented, 358; their pray-
ers thought to be victorious at the
throne of God, 412; the lives of some
considered, 423, 424; a confidence in
their merits thought necessary to sal-
vation in viii cent. 508; tutelary, their
origin in ix cent. ii. 34; a passionate
fondness for their relics, 37; excessive
veneration paid to them in x cent. 105;
multiplied greatly, 109; this accounted
for, ibid. their numerous devotees in
xii cent. ii. 285; supposed to be fre-
quently present in the places they in-
habited upon earth, ibid. and r; the de-
fects of those who wrote their lives

in xiii cent. ii. 341; added to the Ro-
mish calendar in xvii cent. iii. 549, 550
and z.

Salabert, defends the Nominalists in xi
cent. ii. 143, q.

Saladin, his success against the Christians,
ii. 237; reduces the city of Jerusalem,
after a dreadful carnage, ibid. and r;
defeated by the kings of England and
France, 234, 239; concludes a truce
with Richard I. of England, ibid.
Salernum, a famous school there for the
study of physie in xi cent. ii. 139 and i.
Salisbury, John, of his just and severe

censure of the Nominalists, Realists,
and Formalists, ii. 254, 255, s, t; his
great character, 283.

Salmasius, his disputes about usury, stage
plays, &c. in xvii cent. iv. 114.
Salmuth, Henry, his observations on the
Bible, an account of, iii. 258.
Salvian, his book on Divine government,
and the cause of writing it, i. 339; cha-
racter, 356 and u; moral writings ex-
cellent, 363.

Samaritans, their sad state, i. 52; notions
of the Messiah, if juster than those en-
tertained by the inhabitants of Jerusa-
lem, ibid. and r.
Samogela, their conversion to Christianity
in xv cent. considered, ii. 508.
Samuel, a Jewish convert, writes an elabo-
rate treatise against the Jews in xi cent.
ii. 202.

Sanches, a famous eclectic and skeptical
philosopher in xvii cent. iii. 448 and u
Sancroft, archbishop of Canterbury, is
deprived, with seven other Bishops, of
his ecclesiastical dignity, and why, iii.

111 and ii.

Sanction, Pragmatic, instituted for re-
trenching papal power, ii. 539; when,
and by whom made, ibid. n; abrogated
in part by Lewis XI. of France, ibid. its
total abrogation obtained from Francis
I. of France, iii. 14 and g.
Sandius, an eminent writer among the
Arians in xvii cent. iv. 173 and w.
Sarabaites, an order of, abandoned and
profligate monks in iv. cent. i. 292.
Saracens, their successful incursions in the
East in viii cent. ii. 484; success owing
to the divisions of the Greeks, ibid.
usurpations in the West, 485; conse-
quences of their success to Christianity,
ibid. their progress toward universal
empire in ix cent. ii. 7; the progress
of their arms injurious to the Gospel,
but more fatal in the East than in the
West, 8; writers against them in this
century reported many things which
were false and groundless, ii. 43; their
ruin accomplished by the Turks in the
East in x cent. 83; the Ottoman em-
pire established on the ruins of the
Saracens' dominions, ibid. state of
learning among them, 88; driven out