restraint under Cromwell, iv. 106; their history, and whence denominated, 145; rise and founder, ibid. 146 and i; anony- mous letter in defence of their foun- der censured, ibid. sub. not. i; tumults and proceedings against them, 147 and k; their first attempts under Cromwell, ibid. strange instances of most extrava- gant fanaticism, 148 and kk; vain at- tempts of Cromwell to suppress them, 149; progress of this sect under Charles 11. ibid. assume a regular form of disci- pline, with their chief members, ibid. and n; their sufferings during this reign, and on what account, ibid. and o; are tolerated under James II. and William III. and whence, 150 and r; attempt to propagate their doctrine in other coun- tries, and success, 151; their settlement in America, and how, ibid. intestine disputes and contests among them, 152; concerning the reality of the history of Christ's life and sufferings, and which denied by them, 152, 153 and y, z; their religion considered in a general point of view, ibid. and digested into the form of a regular system, and by whom, 154; authors to be consulted concerning them, and the account of Barclay's works, particularly his cate- chism, ibid. b; their fundamental doc- trine, and the same with that of the an- cient Mystics, 155 and c; tenets that arise from this fundamental principle, 156; their opinion of the future resur- rection, 157 and d; doctrine concern- ing Christ, ibid. 158; religious disci- pline and worship, 158; reject baptism and the Eucharist, ibid. their moral doctrine comprehended in two pre- cepts, and what they are, 159; distin- guished from all other Christian, sects, and how, with their singular customs,⚫ ibid. relax their former austerity, 160; form of ecclesiastical government, ibid. method of preaching changed, 161
Quakers, Refutation of sundry erroneous statements relative to some of their so- ciety, their doctrine, discipline, &c. Also a Summary of their history, doc- trine, and discipline, iv. 284, &c. Quesnel, Pascasius, his celebrated New Testament, with the condemnation of it by Pope Clement XI. iii. 519 and b, c ; patronises Jansenism, 526; disputes in the Romish church on account of his New Testament, and bad consequence of its condemnation, iv. 192. Quietism, controversies occasioned by its doctrine in xvii cent. iii. 541. Quietists, Hesychasts, their rise in the East in xiv cent. ii. 497; the same with the Mystics, ibid. employ their time chiefly in contemplation, ibid. their no- tions of a celestial light within them,
ibid. and q; branded with opprobrious names, 498 and r.
Quinsextum, council of Constantinople in vii cent. why so called, i. 463 and g; enacts laws about ceremonies, with the nature of its acts, 473; six of its canons rejected by the Romanists, ibid u. Quintin, one of the leaders of the Spiritual Libertines, iii. 314.
Rabanus Maurus, Archbishop of Mentz, his great character, ii. 14; called the Light of France and Germany, 30; his commentaries, 40; Scriptural allegories, ibid. exposes the errors of the Jews, 43; writes against Radbert's doctrine of the Eucharist, 49; opposes Godeschalcus in his notions of Predestination and Grace, 52; the rise of the quarrel be- tween them, 55 and r.
Rabelais, a supposed infidel in xvi cent. iii. 119.
Racow, catechism of, iii. 377 and q; a collection of popular tenets, and not a rule of faith, ibid. a seminary erected there, 378; students of, vent their rage against a Crucifix, whence the downfal of the Socinians in Poland, iv. 170. Radbert, Pascasius, an account of him and his works, ii. 31; his notion of the local presence of Christ's body in the sacra- ment, 49 and k; and this doctrine op- posed by Ratramn, 50; Scotus's pre- cision, with the fluctuating opinions of others, ibid. his dispute with Ratramn, concerning the manner of Christ's birth, 56.
Ramaans, a philosophical sect in xvi cent. iii. 220; oppose the Aristotelians iv. 16. Ramus, Peter, a philosopher in xvi cent. his character, iii. 123; his philosophy preferred to Aristotle, iii. 309. Rance, Bouthelliers de, his conversion and great character, iii. 500 and b. Rasa, Procopius, the head of the Hussites, his character, ii. 552.
Rathier, Bishop of Verona, his works and character, ii. 104.
Rathman, Herman, controversy occasion- ed by his writings, and character, iv. 53; his doctrine misrepresented, 54; real doctrine reduced to four principal points, and what these are, ibid. dies in the height of the controversy, which then gradually decreases, ibid. Ratisbon, Diet, memorial for peace, and the result, iii. 82; new conference held there, 84; the Protestants protest against the Trent decrees, and are pro- scribed, ibid.
Raymond, de Sabunde, his natural theolo- gy, ii. 559.
Earl of Thoulouse, is excom- municated, and why, ii. 425; readmit- ted into the church, and opposes the
pretended Heretics, 426; his kingdom given away by Innocent III. Pope, to Simon earl of Montfort, ib. contest be- tween his son and Simon's son, 427; opposition of the former against the Fope, fruitless, ib. accounts of this war where to be found, 428, q. Realists, why so called, ii. 15, b; School- men chiefly such in xiii cent. ii. 406; their defects, 407; their disputes with the Nominalists in xiv cent. 450. Reformation, its history in xvi cent. iii. 9 and a; its foundation laid in the revi- val of letters, 11; how the people were in some measure prepared to receive it, 15; ardently desired, 23; how far at- tempted, and its dawn rises unexpect- edly, 24, 25; its rise and progress in Sweden, 61, 62; its rise and progress in Denmark, 63; distinction in that of Sweden and Denmark, 65 and w; the measures taken about doctrine and dis- cipline commendable, but not so in re- forming the clergy, 6; how far this observation is just, ibid. w, x; its rise and progress in France, 67; and in other European states, 69; its history from the Augsburg confession till the war subsequent upon the Smalcald league, 70; from the Smalcald war til the peace of religion at Augsburg, 81; a judgment of it, and the means used for producing it, 101; civilized many na- tions, 126.
its rise in England, iii. 79, 80, 81, and p, q, r; the nature and effects of this first dawn of the reformation here, 81; gains ground here, 92; how pro- moted by Edward VI. and his character, ibid. 93.
takes place in Scotland, iii. 94; established by Knox, with his cha- racter, ibid. and g, 95, and h.
its success in Ireland, iii. 96; Queen Mary's design to extinguish it, how prevented, 96, 97, m.
its progress in the United Pro- vinces, iii. 97; conduct of the nobility and people at this time, considered and explained, 98, o; the religion of Swit- zerland established here, and universal toleration, with some distinction, ibid. and q.
in Italy, its progress, iii. 99. in Spain, its dawn soon pre- vented from spreading, iii. 99; execu- tions from the inquisition upon the death of Charles V. 100. Refugees, French, their character, iii. 263. Regale, a right enjoyed by the French Kings, and opposed by Innocent XI. in xvii cent. iii. 480 and notes. Regino, Abbot of Prum, an account of, ii. 32.
Reinboth, singularity of his opinions, iv. 55; severely censured by Danhaver,
56; opposes Lubieniecius's attempts to establish Socinianism in Holstein, iv. 171.
Reineccius, a famous Lutheran historian in xvi cent. iii. 218.
Relics, excessive veneration for them in ix cent. ii. 37; by what arts collected, ib. and 3S.
Religion, early method of teaching it in the Chistian church, i. 98; corrupted by the principles of modern Platonism, 214; its state in iv cent. 281; degene- rates into superstition, ib. pious frauds, whence, 283; method of explaining Scripture on Origen's plan, 284; its doctrines determined with more accu- racy in v cent. i. 356; consequences, 357; the increase of superstition in sup- plicating Saints and worshipping ima- ges, 358; efficacy attributed to the bones of martyrs, and to the figure of the cross, ibid. the purification of departed soule, and benefits hence arising to the Romish church, ibid. 359, and a; prac- tical, how explained in vi cent. and methods used for advancing it, 422; remission of sins purchased by liberality to monks and churches, 455; its de- plorable state and superstitions in vii cent. 457; this exemplified from St. Eloi's life, ibid. and w; placed in puri- fying fire and offerings, 458 and x; its decline in viii cent. 508; the ignorance and superstition of ix cent. and the causes, ii. 32, 33; its state in x cent. 105; a universal opinion of the final dissolution of all things being at hand now prevailed, 107; whence this notion, ibid. u; the preparations thought ne- cessary against this expected change, 108; made to consist in the observance of external rites in xi cent. 195; its me- lancholy state in xii cent. ii. 284, 285; attempts of many to reform abuses, why unsuccessful, 284; a general and de- plorable account of it in xiii cent. 401; two eminent sources of corruption in- troduced, 402; its dignity degraded by the great variety of rites, 416; corrupted in xiv gent. and hence the number of sectaries increased, 489; many defend- ers engage to prevent its total decay in xv cent. 551; reduced to mere external pomp and show, 563. Religions, the variety in the Pagan world produce no dissensions, and whence, i.
Religious errors, their punishment by civil
penaltics, and when introduced, i. 293. Remi, Archbishop of Lyons, defends Go- deschalus, and his doctrine, ii. 53. Remigius, Bishop of Auxerre, his exposi- tions, ii. 40; other works, 41. Remonstrants, Arminians so called, and why, iv. 127.
Reservation, ecclesiastical, stipulated by
Charles V. for the Roman Catholics in Rivius, a moral writer, iii. 221. xvi cent. 215 and k.
Restitution edict, issued out in Germany in xvii cent. iii. 458; how put in execution, ibid. and r. Reuchlinus, John Capnion, restores learn- ing among the Germans in xv cent. ii.
Rheims, William of, his works adapted to
excite pious sentiments, and to promote practical religion, ii. 283. Rhinsberg, solemn assembly of the Colle- giants holden every year, and for what end, iv. 174, 175.
Rhinsbergers. See Collegiants. Rhodes, Alexander of, his mission to Siam, &c. iii. 392; success, and the Pope's re- gulations thwarted by the Jesuits, with the latter's injurious treatment of the Papal misssonaries, 393 and o. Rhodius, Nilus, a warm advocate for the Greeks in xvi cent. ii. 488. Ricci, Matthew, a zealous missionary in xvi cent. iii. 118; obtains a grant from the Emperor to propagate the Gospel in China, ibid. and h, i; founder of the Christian church in China, declares for the innocence of Chinese rites, and how explained, iii. 400; this opinion rejected by some missionaries, ibid. and v; pro- gress of this dispute in favour of the Jesuits, yet turns against them, 401; bustle on both sides at the Pope's ap- pointing a congregation to examine it, ibid. and w, r; this dispute reducible to two great points, and the first of these, 402; the question on it stated, ibid. an- swered by the Jesuits in the affirmative, ibid. by their adversaries in the nega- tive, and why neither side satisfactory, 403; second point, and the question thereon, 404; Jesuits conclusion from it, ibid. whether justifiable, ibid. and y; what their adversaries maintain, with an account of the honours paid to Confu- cius, 405 and z.
Ricker, Edmund, opposes the Pontifical authority over the Gallican church in xvi cent. iii. 161; his character as a com- mentator, ibid.
Richelieu, Cardinal,his attempts to reclaim the Protestants, iii. 469; followed by others of less note, ibid. despotic maxim of, ibid. and r.
Rickel, Dionysius, a mystic in xv cent. ii. 549.
Rigourists, Jansenists so denominated, and why, iii. 535.
Rimini, Gregory de, a scholastic divine in xiv cent. ii. 488. Rites. See Ceremonies.
Rivet, assists Voet in his controversy with Des Cartes, iv. 115.
Rivier, propagates the philososhy of Para- celsus at Paris in xvi cent. iii. 221.
Robert, King of France, his ardent zeal for cultivating letters, and success, ir xi cent. ii. 137.
Abbot of Moleme, founder of the Cistercian monks in xi cent. ii. 186.
of Arbriselles, founder of the Fon- tevraud order of monks in xii cent. ii. 276; his singular discipline and rules, how defended, 277; accused of crimi- nal conversation with his female disci- ples, ibid. and p; some nuns of this or- der brought into England, ibid. sub. fin. not. p.
de Sorbonne founder of a college for the study of divinity in xiii cent. ii. 339 and f.
Robinson, John, founder of the Independ- ents in xvii cent. iv. 100; his writings, ibid. sub. not. p; endeavours to reform the Brownists, and success, 102. Rochelle, city of, granted to the Reformed in France, iv. 66; taken from them by Lewis XIII. and terrible consequences of it to the Reformed, 67. Rochester, Earl of, his character, conver-
sion, and death, iii. 420, 421, and c, d. Roderic, Christopher, a famous Jesuit, and missionary in Egypt, but unsuccessful in xvi cent. iii. 132.
Roell, Herman Alexander, controversy set on foot by him about the use of rea- son in Religion, and account of, iv. 120; his sentiments concerning the genera- tion of the Son of God, ibid. notions about divine decrees, &c. greatly differ- ent from the Dutch church, 121 and t; condemned with his disciples as here- tics, and their ill treatment after his death, with observations on this remark, ibid. and ft.
Roger, Count of Sicily, expels the Sara- cens out of Sicily, in xi cent. ii. 121; obtains from Pope Urban II. a grant of supreme authority in matters of Reli- gion, which is still vested in the kings of Sicily, 122; his successors called Dukes till xii cent. when Sicily became a king- dom, ibid.
Rohas, Christopher de, Bishop of Tinia, his pacificatory attempts in xvii cent, iii. 470.
Rollo, first duke of Normandy, his conver-
sion in x cent. ii. 74; his motives, ibid. the influence of his example on the army, 75.
Romanis, Humbert de, his attempts to re-
form the monks in xiii cent. ii. 401; his spiritual institutes, 411.
Roman empire, its extent advantageous to Christianity, i. 30; subject to four præ- torian prefects in iv cent. 270; its state in v cent. i. 331.
tribunals, ecclesiastical causes how determined by them,i.362; the pernicious
effects of this custom, and whence, the number of spurious writings in v cent. ibid. and 363. Roman Catholic faith, derived from two sources, iii. 154; uncertainty about its real doctrines, ibid. difference of opinion about determining doctrines and contro- versies, 155.
Catholic religion, its principal heads, and whence to be known, iii. 157 and k.
Romans impose the names of their own deities on those of other nations, and hence the perplexities in the history of the ancient superstitions, i. 32 and h; their system of religion different from the Greeks, 37; introduce their rites among the conquered nations, ibid. why they persecuted the Christians, 68, 69; state of learning and philosophical sects among them, 82; introduce letters and philosophy into the conquered nations, 83.
Rome, its Bishops. See Popes.
the decline of this church, and whence dated, iii. 130; its internal con- stitution strengthened by various ways, 136.
attempts to ruin the Protestants, but unsuccessful, iii. 453, 454, 464; con- ferences held on both sides, 467; the interest of this church loses ground in the east, 477; two strong instances of it, 478; the Pope's authority in its de- cline, 481.
rupture between Pope Paul V. and Venice, iii. 482; wise conduct of the latter, 483; peace concluded through Henry IV. of France, ibid. y, z ; the con- sequences, and their separation how prevented, 484, a, b.
its contest with Portugal in xvii cent. iii. 485; the former gains no ground, 486 and c; between it and the French court, with the former's strata- gems defeated and the writers in this contest variously treated, ibid. contests under Lewis XIV. with the reason, 487; peace concluded on inglorious terms for the Pope, 488; a second contest about the Regale, ibid. and g; 489 and h; Lewis summons an assembly of Bi- shops, ibid. and i; which drew up four propositions opposed by the Pope pub- licly and privately, ibid. j; 490, k; third contest on the right of asylum to am- bassadors at Rome, and accommoda- tion, 490 andl; whether the papal au- thority gained ground in this cent. with the complaint in the affirmative ground- less, 491; the manner of terminating differences changed, 492; Gallican li- berties, still maintained, ibid. and q; some cringing flatterers fawn still on the Popes, 493; secret yet vigorous measures used by the French against
the Popes, who are treated by their mo- narchs as the Pagan heroes treated Cer- berus, 495.
Rome, its state of learning in xvii cent. iii. 505; improved by the French, 506; philosophy much changed in France, and those most distinguished in it, ibid. and n; ill treatment of them, 507, 0; the French example followed in Italy, &c. ibid. Jesuits improve learning most, and followed by the Benedictines, 508; decline of learning among the Jesuits ever since, 509; emulation of the Priests of the Oratory, and the most distin- guished among them, ibid. Jansenists of Port Royal the most famous, ibid. rea- son of these improvements, 510; prin- cipal authors of the Romish 'commu- nion, ibid. and q; its doctrine more corrupt than in the former ages through the Jesuits, and its Pontiffs' negligence, 511; whence derived and with what views propagated, 512; Jesuits, why supported by the Popes, 514; they sap the foundations of morality with several pernicious maxims, 513, 514; are con- demned' by Popes Alexander VII. and VIII. yet their moral tenets not sup- pressed, 516 and x; why the great made them their confessors, ibid. their maxims and practices not adopted by all the fraternity, 517; three circum- stances necessary in general censures, which are not observed by their adver- saries, ib. state of exegetic theology in xvii cent. 518; scripture how obscured, ibid. and a; state of didactic, moral, and polemic theology at this time, 519; contest under the pontificate of Clement VIII. between the Jesuits and Domini- cans, about Grace, 520; intimation of the arbiters appointed by the Pope in favour of the Dominicans, 521; who himself examines the controversy, ibid. but dies before the decision, ib. dispute continued under Paul V. and ordered to be suppressed, with liberty to each party to follow their own respective opinions, 522; the Pope how hindered from pro- nouncing a public determination, 523 and f; contests occasioned by the rise and progress of Jansenisin, ibid. and 524; hopes of a union between this and the Greek church, 553; methods used by the Romanists, 553 and d; but in- effectual, 554; a union between this and the Russian church attempted, but in vain, iii. 201.
Romuald, founder of the Camaldolites in xi cent. ii. 186.
Rosary, instituted in honour of the Virgin Mary in x cent. ii. 114 and l. Roscellinus, controversy relative to the Trinity begun by him in xi cent. ii. 235 and; retracts and resumes his error 226; his doctrine concerning the ille-
gality of bastards being ordained, not favourably received in England, ibid. Rosecrucians, their derivation in xvii cent. iii. 436 and f; inveigh against the Peri- patetics, 437; most eminent among them, with their followers, ibid. and g; diversity of opinions, whence, with some common principles, 437, 438; attacked by Gassendi, 438.
Rothman, Bernard, an ecclesiastic of Munster, becomes Anabaptist, iii. 330 and q.
Rufnus, of Aquileia, his character, i. 280, friendship and rupture between him and Jerome, ib. o; his version of the Scrip- *tures, 284.
Ruffus, a chief of the spiritual libertines,
Rugen, Isle of, Christianity established here in xii cent. ii. 228 and b. Raggeri, Cosmo, account of his impiety, iii. 425.
Russians, converted in ix cent. and by what prudent means, ii. 5; their con- version misrepresented by Le Quien, 6, h; adopt the doctrine and discipline of the Greeks, iii. 188; but are independent on them, and the Patriarch of Constan- tinople, ibid. a union between their own and the Romish church attempted, but in vain, 201. Ruysbrockius, an eminent mystic in xiv cent. ii. 488.
Sabellius, his notions of the Trinity, i. 238; in what he differed from Noetus, ibid. propagates his opinion with some suc- cess, ibid.
Sacrament, festival of, its origin in xiii cent. ii. 417 and s.
Sadducees, their tenets, i. 46; deny a fu- ture state, 47; their moral doctrine and bad influence, 49.
Sagarelli, Gerhard, founder of the sect
of Apostles in xii cent. ii. 437; is com- mitted to the flames, and burned, ibid. his successor Dulcinus, and the war he carried on, with his terrible end, ibid. and 438.
Saints, veneration paid to them, its rise, i. 282; their number considerably aug- mented in v cent. and whence, i. 352; sepulchres frequented, 358; their pray- ers thought to be victorious at the throne of God, 412; the lives of some considered, 423, 424; a confidence in their merits thought necessary to sal- vation in viii cent. 508; tutelary, their origin in ix cent. ii. 34; a passionate fondness for their relics, 37; excessive veneration paid to them in x cent. 105; multiplied greatly, 109; this accounted for, ibid. their numerous devotees in xii cent. ii. 285; supposed to be fre- quently present in the places they in- habited upon earth, ibid. and r; the de- fects of those who wrote their lives
in xiii cent. ii. 341; added to the Ro- mish calendar in xvii cent. iii. 549, 550 and z.
Salabert, defends the Nominalists in xi cent. ii. 143, q.
Saladin, his success against the Christians, ii. 237; reduces the city of Jerusalem, after a dreadful carnage, ibid. and r; defeated by the kings of England and France, 234, 239; concludes a truce with Richard I. of England, ibid. Salernum, a famous school there for the study of physie in xi cent. ii. 139 and i. Salisbury, John, of his just and severe
censure of the Nominalists, Realists, and Formalists, ii. 254, 255, s, t; his great character, 283.
Salmasius, his disputes about usury, stage plays, &c. in xvii cent. iv. 114. Salmuth, Henry, his observations on the Bible, an account of, iii. 258. Salvian, his book on Divine government, and the cause of writing it, i. 339; cha- racter, 356 and u; moral writings ex- cellent, 363.
Samaritans, their sad state, i. 52; notions of the Messiah, if juster than those en- tertained by the inhabitants of Jerusa- lem, ibid. and r. Samogela, their conversion to Christianity in xv cent. considered, ii. 508. Samuel, a Jewish convert, writes an elabo- rate treatise against the Jews in xi cent. ii. 202.
Sanches, a famous eclectic and skeptical philosopher in xvii cent. iii. 448 and u Sancroft, archbishop of Canterbury, is deprived, with seven other Bishops, of his ecclesiastical dignity, and why, iii.
Sanction, Pragmatic, instituted for re- trenching papal power, ii. 539; when, and by whom made, ibid. n; abrogated in part by Lewis XI. of France, ibid. its total abrogation obtained from Francis I. of France, iii. 14 and g. Sandius, an eminent writer among the Arians in xvii cent. iv. 173 and w. Sarabaites, an order of, abandoned and profligate monks in iv. cent. i. 292. Saracens, their successful incursions in the East in viii cent. ii. 484; success owing to the divisions of the Greeks, ibid. usurpations in the West, 485; conse- quences of their success to Christianity, ibid. their progress toward universal empire in ix cent. ii. 7; the progress of their arms injurious to the Gospel, but more fatal in the East than in the West, 8; writers against them in this century reported many things which were false and groundless, ii. 43; their ruin accomplished by the Turks in the East in x cent. 83; the Ottoman em- pire established on the ruins of the Saracens' dominions, ibid. state of learning among them, 88; driven out
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