tion in xvii cent. iii. 434. Grotius led
the way, with the advantages to Chris-
tian morality, 435.

Naylor, James, a most extravagant Qua-
ker, account of him, and the blasphe-
mous encomiums bestowed upon him by
the Quakers, iv. 148, sub. not. kk.
Nazarenes, the rise of this sect properly
dated from i cent. i. 121, 171; its divi-
sion into two sects, ib. ranked among
heretics by Epiphanius, and if justly, ib.
and e; their gospel, ib. and f; that term
what originally, ib. their tenets, and
why gently treated by most Christians,
ib. and g.

Neercassel, John, assists Arnaud in propa-
gating Jansenism among the Romish
churches in Holland and the Nether-
lands, iii. 533.

Neri, Philip, founds the priests of the ora-
tory in xvi cent. iii. 151; by whom as-
sisted, ib. y; is sainted by Urban VIII.
iii. 549.

Nero, persecutes the Christians, and why,
i. 67, 73.

Nestorianism, its rise and author, i. 376,
377; impartial judgment concerning
this controversy, 379; progress after
the council of Ephesus, 381; its success
in the East, ib. is propagated by Barsu-
mas of Nisibis through Persia, 382;
taught in a school at Nisibis erected for
this purpose, ibid. encouraged in Persia,
408; its state in vi cent. 433.
Nestorians, their divisions cease, i. 382,
doctrine what, ib. hold their founder in
the highest veneration, 383; but main-
tain the doctrine taught by him to be
older than himself, ib. Eastern, diligent
in exploring the true sense of Scripture,
420; spread their doctrines with suc-
cess; in vi cent. 433; introduce Chris-
tianity among the Chinese in vii cent.
439; flourish under the Saracens, 465;
plant the gospel in Tartary, and beyond
Mount Imaus, in x cent. ii. 73; frequent-
ly solicited by Romish missionaries to
submit to the papal yoke in xiii cent.
but in vain, ii. 420; two factions among
them, and how occasioned, in xvi cent.
iii. 134; violent methods used by Me-
nezes, bishop of Goa, &c. to reduce
them to the Romish yoke, 135; are call-
ed Chaldeans, 190; distinguished from
other societies of Christians by peculiar
doctrines and rites, iii. 194; their no-
tions of the two natures and two per-
sons in Christ explained, 195, and u;
careful in avoiding superstitious opi-
nions and practices, ib. and x; their pa-
triarchs, ib. and 196; their state in xvii
cent. iii. 562, offers of reconciliation
with Rome, why not accepted, ibid.
those on the coast of Malabar persecu-
ted by the Romish priests, 563; but tole-
rated by the Dutch, ibid. refuse to en-

ter into the Romish communion, though
repeatedly solicited by the most earnest
entreaties and alluring offers in xviii
cent. ii. 195.
Nestorius, founder of a sect in v cent. i.
376; occasion of his controversy, 377;
anathematized by Cyril, Bishop of Al-
exandria, 378; his charge against Cyril,
ibid. is condemned to banishment by a
general council at Ephesus, 379; the
justice of this sentence examined, ibid.
faults to be found in this controversy,
380 and r.

Neuser, Adam, introduces Socinianism
into Germany, iii. 373.

Newton, Sir Isaac, his great character, ii.
446, and s; the excellence of his philo-
sophy how proved, 447; his works and
life by whom written, ibid. t; liberty of
thinking restored by him and Des
Cartes, and in what the admirers of the
former were superior to those of the
latter, ibid.

Nice, the first general council at, i. 317;
the account of it imperfect, ibid. Arius
is condemned, 318: determines the time
for observing Easter, ibid. and s; termi-
nates the Novatian troubles, ibid. con-
demns the Meletian schism, ibid. and
t, u, second council in viii cent. i. 520;
superstitious decrees in favour of image
worship, ibid. its authority and this de-
cision acknowledged by the church of
Rome, ibid.

Nicephorus, patriarch of Constantinople,
an account of his defence of image wor-
ship, ii. 29.

Callistus, his ecclesiastical his-
tory, an account of, ii. 447.

Gregoras, his character, ii. 447 ;
works, 488.
Nicetas, Choniates, a Greek historian in
xiii cent. ii. 335.

David, an account of, ii. 29.

Pectoratus, a zealous advocate for
the Greeks in xi cent. ii. 193; his chain
of commentaries on Job, 198.
Nicholas, patriarch of Constantinople,
suspends the Emperor Leo the Philoso-
pher, for marrying a fourth wife, ii. 111,
112; deprived by the Emperor, ibid. is
restored to his dignity by his son, ibid.

II. Pope, his character, ii. 149
and c; his famous decree concerning
the election of the Pope, 150 and e.

III. Pope, his famous constitu-
tion, confirming the rule of St. Francis,
ii. 384, and z; forbids all private expli-
cations of this law, ibid. and a,

IV. Pope, refuses to crown the
Emperor Rodolphus, till he acknow-
ledged the papal pretensions, ii. 350;
his character, 362.

V. Pope, his great character, ii.
537; a great patron of letters, ibid.
Henry, founder of the Family of

Ogilby, his remarkable embassy to the
king of Spain, from James I. of Eng-
land, iv. 94, sub. not. i.

Olaus, King of Norway, converted to
Christianity, ii. 80; is sainted, ibid. es-
tablishes the Gospel, and by what me-
thods, ibid. u.

Olive, Jean Pierre de, famous Franciscan
in xiii cent. excites new dissensions in
the order, ii. 385 and b; the corrup-
tions of the church of Rome, the chief
object of his censure, ibid. his fanati-
cism, ibid. warmth against the Popes
for maintaining the renunication of
popery. 386 and ƒ.

Olympia, Donna, her illicit commerce with
Pope Innocent X. iii. 451 and e.
Olympiodorus, a Platonic philosopher in iv
cent. i. 267.

Ophites, a sect of ridiculous Heretics in ii
cent. i. 186; divided into Christian and
Antichristian, ibid. their tenets, whence
they had their name, ibid.
Optatus, his work against the Donatists,
and character, i. 280 and m.
Oratory, priests of the, founded in xvi
cent. iii. 151; their name whence,
ibid.

Order, its meaning when applied to Monks,
ii. 103 h.

Orders, ecclesiastical, their great vices in
xii cent. ii. 273 and d.

religious, new in xiv cent. what,
ii. 485; new in xv cent. what, 545.

monastic, their state in xvii cent.
iii. 494; reformations made, and hence
two classes, 497, t, u; new, founded in
xvii cent. 501.

Oresme, Nicholas, his French translation
of Aristotle in xiv cent. 450 and w.
Origen, his zeal in spreading copies of
the Gospel, i. 194; character, 212 and
x; erroneous method of explaining
Christian truths by the Platonic philo-
sophy, 215; the abuse of it by his fol-
lowers, ibid. his Hexapla, fragments of
it, 217 and f; allegorical method of in-
terpreting Scripture, censured, ibid.
neglects the outward letter of it, and
confines his study to the hidden sense of
it, ibid, and g, h; his subdivisions of
this mystical world, 218; method fol-
lowed by other interpreters, ibid. his
Stromata and principles, 219; moral
works, ibid. rigorous measures by De-
metrius, Bishop of Alexandria, in two
councils against him, 224; his book of
Principles contains dangerous opinions,
225 and t; his deprivation and degra-
dation variously received, ibid. and u;
confutes the Arabian philosophers, 240;
controversies concerning him in iv
cent. 299; troubles in the East, on ac-
count of his writings, 300; his method
of interpreting Scripture followed by

many, i. 360, 421; controversies con
cerning him renewed in vi cent. 425;
condemned by Justinian, and his doc-
trine ordered to be suppressed, ibid.
and k, l; condemned with his followers
in the fifth general council at Constan-
tinople, 427 and r; his doctrine adopt-
ed by the Quakers, iv. 153, 154.
Origenism, disputes about in v cent. ì.
367, 368; melancholy effects of them to
Chrysostom, 368.
Origenists, who, i. 381.

Orkneys, Christianity first propagated
there in x cent. ii. 80.
Orosius, obviates many objections against
Christianity in his history, i. 339; his
character, 355 and p.

Osiander, Andrew, his Harmony of the
Evangelists, iii. 224; disputes excited
by him in xvi cent. 247; his character
and doctrine, ibid. opposed by Stanca-
rus, 248.

Osnaburg, peace of Westphalia concluded
at, iii. 460.

Ostorod, Christopher, attempts to propa-
gate Socinianism in Holland, iii. 373;
is banished, and his books condemned
to be burned, but not executed, ibid.

n.

Ostrogoths, kingdom in Italy in v cent. and
its duration, i. 332.

Otho the Great, his zeal for Christianity,
ii. 81; excessive liberality to the cler-
gy, and its unhappy effects, 82; obtains
the Purple, and saluted with the title of
Emperor by Pope John XII. 96; calls
a council, and degrades the perjured
Pope, ibid. his death and miserable
consequences, ibid. his edict, by which
he and his successors maintained their
supremacy over the Bishop and Church
of Rome. 99.

Bishop of Bamberg, converts the Po-
meranians in xiii cent. ii. 226, 227 and

a.

IV. Emperor, deposed and excom-
municated by Pope Innocent III. ii.
352.

P.

Pachymeres, George, his works, ii. 399;
a mystic writer in xiii cent. and his
treatise on Dionysius, 411.

Pacific age, that time so denominated
when Christ came into the world, i.
31.

Padua, Anthony of, an expositor of Scrip-
ture in xiii cent. ii. 405.
Paganism, remains of it in iv cent. al-

though zealously opposed by the Chris-
tian Emperors, i. 259; some remains
in vi cent. even among the learned, i.
401.

Pagans, their deities were ancient heroes,
&c. i. 33; pay worship to material and

patriarchal government, 349; contests
with each other, and melancholy ef
fects, 350.

Patrick, converts the Irish in v cent. ii.
336; founds the Archbishopric of Ar-
magh, ibid. called the Apostle of the
Irish, from the success of his ministry,

337.

Patronage, the right of, its origin, i. 302.
Patropassians, who, and why so called, i.
187.

Paul, called to be an Apostle by Christ
himself, i. 61; his extraordinary charac-
ter, ibid.

-the first hermit, i. 216; if properly
styled the founder of the Mystics, ibid.
of Samosata, founder of a sect of
heretics, i. 239; his errors about the
Trinity, ibid.

the Deacon, his fame and works in
viii cent. i. 507.

II. Pope, his mixed character, ii.
540 and p.

Paul III. Pope, proposes to call a general
council at Mantua, iii. 77; the place
objected against, and why, 78 and i, m;
his proposals for a reformation more
specious than real, 83 and w; dispute
about his character, 142 e.

IV. Caraffa, Pope, his character and
arrogance, iii, 143 and e; founder of
the Theatins, 149.

V. Borghese, Pope, his character,
iii. 449; contest with the Venetians,
450; the occasion and important pieces
on both sides, ibid. b.

Vincent de, founder of the priests
of the missions in xvii cent. iii. 502; is
sainted, ibid.

Paulicians, controversy of the Greeks

with them in vii cent. i. 464; a sect in
ix cent. ii. 66; persecuted by the Greek
Emperors, and consequences, 56; their
deplorable state under the Empress
Theodora, ibid. meet with protection
from the Saracens, and under the com-
mand of Carbeas carry on a bloody war
against the Greeks, ibid. 68 and p;
their doctrine propagated with success
among the Bulgarians, ibid. and q;
whether Manichæans or not, consider-
ed, ibid. their opinions in six articles,
69, 70, 71, and x, y, z; miserable state
under the Greeks in xi cent. 219; take
refuge in Europe, 220; their reforma-
tion attempted, and warmly pursued by
the Emperor Alexius, ibid. where first
settled, ibid. and o; different names,
221 and p, q, r; their first assembly at
Orleans, with their abettors, 222; hav-
ing rejected lenient methods used for
their conviction, are condemned to be
burned alive, ibid. their principles seem
to be mystic, ibid. and u; another
branch converted by Gerhard, and par-

ticular tenets, 223; and why adopted by
some, 225.

Paulinus, of Aquileia, his character and
works, i. 507.

280.

Bishop of Nola, his works, i,

Peasants, their horrid war in xvi cent. and
the occasion, iii. 50, 51, and b; their
claims made religious by Munzer, with
their different demands, ibid. their out-
rages not chargeable on Luther's doc-
trine, 52; defeated at Mulhausen, and
their ringleader Munzer put to death,
ibid.

Peckham, John de, a metaphysical divine
in xiii cent. ii. 400.
Pelagianism, its rise in v cent. i. 391.
Pelagians, their tenets, i. 392 and a; sup-
pressed by Augustin's writings, ibid.
progress of their opinions in the East,
ibid. condemned in Gaul, England, and
Africa, 393.

Pelagius, account of him, i. 391; his cha-
racter unfairly represented by Jerome,
ibid. z; and impartially stated by Au-
gustin, ibid. appeals to the court of
Rome, 393 and d; condemned there by
Zosimus, ibid.

Pellican, a writer in xvi cent. iii. 319.
Penance, which had been long neglected,
is restored in vii cent. by Theodore of
Tarsus, i. 461 and c.

Penitents, first allowed private confession
by Leo the Great, i. 371.
Penn, William, procures a toleration for
the Quakers under James II. and ac-
count of, iv. 150 and r; settles the
Quakers in Pennsylvania, which was
granted him by Charles II. and so na-
med from him, 151; his character, ibid.
and t; flourishing state of Pennsylva-
nia, ibid. endeavours to digest Quaker
ism into a regular form, 154; his wri-
tings, ibid. sub. not. b.

Pennafort, Raymond de, his decretals, and
the fame acquired by them in xiii cent.
ii. 346; his polemic works against the
Jews and Saracens, 412; is sainted in
xvii cent. iii. 549.
Pennsylvania, province of America, Qua-
kers established there, and whence its
name, iv. 151.

People, their right of choosing their rulers
and teachers in the primitive church, i.
87; seem to have purchased this right
by their oblations, ibid.
Pepin usurps the crown of France in viii
cent. i. 495; is supported by Pope Za-
chary, 496 and q; anointed and crown-
ed by Stephen, ibid. and r; his donation
to the see of Rome, 497.
Peraldus, William, his works, and the
fame he acquired, ii. 401 and m.
Perezius, attacks and refutes the Jews in
V cent. ii. 559.