monks, 27; orders a translation of the works of Dionysius, the Areopagite, and thus encourages Mysticism, 42 and w. Lewis IX. of France, afterward sainted, his two Crusades and their success, ii. 328, 329 and q ; the last of the Euro- pean monarchs who undertook Cru- sades, 330; his famous edict, called the Pragmatic Sanction, by which the rights of the Gallican church are secured against the Pope, 349 and q.
Duke of Bavaria, his contest and war with Pope John XXII. ii. 458; de- poses the Pope, and patronises the Fran- ciscans, 480.
Elector Palatine, restores Luther- anism in Germany, which his father had removed, iii. 280.
XIV. of France, his solemn em- bassy to the king of Siam, iii. 393 and p; a great patron of the arts and sci- ences, 432; contest with Popes Alexan- der VII. and Innocent XI. about what, 488; persecutes the Jansenists, 533; demolishes the convent of Port Royal, 540; revokes the edict of Nantes, iv.
Liberatus, his compendious history of the Nestorian and Eutychian controversies, and character, i. 418.
Libertines, spiritual brethren and sisters, their tenets, iii. 314; resemble the Beg- hards, ibid.
of Geneva, oppose Calvin, and of what composed, iii. 215. Licinius, persecution of the Christians under him in iv cent. i. 253; his turbu- lence, defeat, and death, 254; this per- secution mentioned by Aurelius Victor, 254 b.
Light, children or confessors of, a name assumed by the Quakers, iv. 146. L'Isle, Alain de, an eminent logician in xiii cent. ii. 340; his character 401 and e; polemic work against the Jews, 413. Lithuanians, partly converted by the Teu- tonic knights in xiii cent. ii. 331; their conversion completed in xiv cent. 443. Liturgy of the church of England, a plan designed for introducing it in Hanover and Prussia, iv. 406.
Livonians, converted to Christianity in xii cent. ii. 229; compelled to embrace the gospel by the greatest cruelty and op- pression, 230; being converted, are vio- lently oppressed, ibid.
Locke, John, a great promoter of natural knowledge, iii. 445.
Logic, the study of, much admired and fol- lowed in xii cent. ii. 139, 140; the most eminent logicians, 140, 141. Logicians, disputes among them in xi cent.
and hence the Nominalists and Realists, ii. 142, 143 and q.
Lollard, Walter, an account of, ii. 501; mistakes of the learned, in supposing
him the founder of the Lollards, and whence, ibid. e.
Lollards, account of them in xiv cent. ii. 482; and u; by whom favoured and persecuted, 487.
Lombard, Peter, his works, ii. 283; lucu- brations defective, ii. 289; book of the sentences universally admired in xii cent. 291; is called Master of the Sen- tences, ibid. and g; his followers called Sententiarii, ibid. his book of sentences in greater repute than the Bible, 293, l. London, the Royal Society founded at, iii. 432.
Loquis, Martin, his chimerical notion, ii. 554; the cruelties of the Hussites to be imputed to him and his followers, ibid. Lord's Supper, its celebration in ii cent. i. 189; its symbols adored, and whence, 307; administration burdened with pompous rites by Gregory the Great, i. 430.
Lothaire, his zealous, but fruitless at- tempts to revive learning in Italy in ix cent. ii. 13.
Love, Family, Anabaptist sect founded by Henry Nicholas in Holland, in xvi cent. iii. 351.
virgins of, a female order in the Ro- mish church, their institution in xvii cent. and office, iii. 502.
Low churchmen, in xvii cent. iv. 112. See Dodwell.
Lubieniecius, Stanislaus, a Polish knight, a patron of Socinianism, his character, iv. 171; his zeal for its success, ibid. by whom opposed, and his hopes frustrated, ibid.
Lucar, Cyrillus, opposes the union of the Greek and Latin churches in xvii cent. iii. 553; his character and persecution by the Jesuits, ibid. is accused of trea- son, and put to death, ibid. and e. Lucas, a follower of Spinoza, his works, iii. 429 and x.
Lucifer, Bishop of Cagliari, his character, and sect in iv cent. i. 296, 297. Lucopetrus, founder of a fanatical sect in xii cent. ii. 305; his chief disciple, and tenets, ibid.
Ludolph, his learned labours, iii. 561. Luitprand, a monkish historian in x cent. ii. 89.
Lulty, his new philosophy in xiv cent. ii.
452; character, and different opinions about it, ibid. and c.
Lupus, Servatus, ii. 14; his great abilities and works, 17 and i; character, 31. Luther, Martin, obnoxious to the Domi- nicans, iii. 20; few able to oppose his doctrine from Scripture, 21; his great character, iii. 25; warmly opposes Tet- zel's preaching of Indulgences, and hence the rise of the Reformation is to be dated, 26, 27; his motives for oppo- sing the doctrine of Indulgences vindi-
cated from unreasonable calumnies, ibid. P; debate with Tetzel clearly stated, 28; is violently opposed, and of- fers to abjure any erroneous sentiments that can be proved against him, 36; his fruitless conference with Cajetan at Augsburg, 30, 31 and r; conference with Miltitz, and the issue, 31; pro- mises silence, on the condition of silence being observed by his adversaries, 32; his generous behaviour to Tetzel, 33 and y; dispute with Eckius on papal power, at Leipsic, 35; is excommuni- cated by Leo X. 40; separates himself from the church of Rome, 41; offers submission to the determination of a general council lawfully assembled, and consequently of the universal church, 42 and o; unjustly banished at the diet of Worms, 44, 45 and r; translates a great part of the New Testament into the German language, 45 and s; censures the rash proceedings of Carolostadt, 47 and; his doctrine of the Eucharist, 49 and 2; draws up the Articles of Tor- gaw, 60; refuses to admit the friends of Zuingle to the diet at Smalcald, 75 h; his catechisms, 209; form of con- cord, ibid. explications of the Scripture, 224; Golden rule of interpretation, 226 and a; prevents the divisions which the disciples of Munzer attempted to ex- cite, 231; his debates with Carolos- tadt, 392 and g; ibid. and h; 233 i; appeases the tumult at Wittemberg, 232; suppresses the Antinomians, 235; publishes his Confession of Faith, oppo- site to the doctrine of Zuingle, 268; indulges the Bohemian brethren, 297; his plan of Reformation disliked by the Anabaptists, 324.
Lutherans, esteemed by the Spaniards as better subjects than the Calvinists, iii. 296; progress of learning among them in xvii cent. iv. 15; their ecclesiastical law and polity, 23; adopt the maxim of the Arminians, 25; the state of the ology and moral science among them, 26, 27.
Lutkeman, Joachim, his singular opinions, and character, iv. 55.
Lyons, a council at, in xiii cent. ii. 360; a famous decree concerning the Cardi- nals, during the vacancy of the Pontifi- cate, ibid. Lyranus, Nicholas, his exposition of the Scriptures, and great character, ii. M.
Macarius, i. 278; his character as a mo- ralist, 288 and 1.
of Ireland, his enormous error, ii. 16; refuted by Ratram, ibid. Maccovius, introduces subtleties into theo- logy, iii. 311 n; followed by others, ibid. sub n.
Macedonius, his heresy in iv cent. i. 325 ; tenets opposed and crushed by the council of Constantinople, ibid. the de- crees that passed in this council, 326. Madura, account of that successful mis- sion, and its author, iii. 390 and i; the singular method used, ibid. that king- dom described, 391; sub m; this and the like missions, why suspended by the Pope, ibid. Magnus, Albertus, an eminent philosophi- cal divine in xii cent. ii. 400 and g; his didactic writings, 406.
Magus, Simon, not properly termed an heretic, and why, i. 116; blasphemous- ly assumes to himself the title of the supreme power of God, ibid. his history, ibid. his fate, and the doctrines he held, 117 and ; 118 and a, b.
Mahomet, appears in vii cent. i. 443; his character, and report of his total igno- rance of learning examined, ibid. m; 444 n; his public declarations al out religion, ibid. delivers the law called Koran, ibid. and o; his project of form- ing an empire, ibid. the judgment we are to form of him, ibid. his success in propagating his doctrine accounted for, 445; dies, 447; testament in favour of the Christians, with arguments for and against its authenticity examined, 465 and k; his successors employ the Nes- torians in the most important matters, 466; dispute in xii cent. concerning his God, ii. 300.
II. takes Constantinople in xv cent. ii. 509, 510 and k. Mahometans, their behaviour towards the Christians in vii cent. i. 447; their divi- sion into two sects, and others subordi- nate, ibid.
Maieul, St. See Regular Clerks. Maigrot, Charles, acts as Delegate from the Pope, his decision against the Je- suits, concerning the observance of Chinese rites, iii. 401.
Major, George, controversy about the necessity of good works with Amsdorf, iii. 241.
Maitre, le, a celebrated lawyer, retires into the convent of Fort Royal, iii. 538
Maldonat, John, his commentary on St. Paul's epistles, iii. 160.
Malebranche, Father, charged with Athe- ism by Hardouin, and the justice of the charge examined, iii. 444; sub not. p; his philosphy, 445 and r. Mandeville, his impious Deism, and hypo- thesis, iv. 188 and c. Manes, Manichæus, account of him, i. 230; his doctrine of two principles, 232; various reports about his death, ibid. e; summary concerning Man, Christ, and the Holy Ghost, 232, 233; concerning Christ's office, and the Com-
forter, 233; concerning the state of pu- rified and unpurified souls, 234; his opinions of the Old and New Testament, ibid. his rule of life austere, 236; di- vides his disciples into two classes, ibid.
Manicheans, their general assembly, and president who represented Christ, i. 236; his assistants, &c. ibid. and f; conceal themselves under various names, through fear of persecution, in iv cent. 308; their state vi cent. i. 431; continue in xv cent. and where, ii. 563.
Mapes, Walter, his character, ii. 340 and k. Marca, Petrus de, writes against, the papal claims in xvii cent. iii. 486. Marcellinus, Tribune, sent into Africa by Honorius, to decide the affair of the Donatists, and declares in favour of the Catholics, i. 372; if this was not more properly a judicial trial than a confer- ence, ibid. e; the consequences to the Donatists, who were upon the decline till relieved by Genseric on his invading Africa, 373.
Marcellus, of Ancyra, his erroneous no- tions of the Trinity, i. 324, 325 and e.
his pacific attempt to reconcile
the Protestants, iii. 469. Marchia, Jacobus a, opposes the worship of Christ's blood, and is accused of he- resy, in xv cent. ii. 561.
Marcion, founder of a heretical sect in Asia, i. 175; the principles he niaintain- ed, ibid.
Marculf, the monk, his works useful in describing the state of literature in vii cent. i. 456.
Mardaites. See Maronites. Margaret, of Navarre, favourable to the Reformation in France, iii. 67; her example encouraged many pious and learned men to promote it, ibid. who are put to death, with the contradictory behaviour of Francis I. towards the Pro- testants, 68 and z.
Maria, Ave, added to the prayers of the Romish church in xiv cent. ii. 497. Marino, Robert of, a historian in xiii cent. ii. 340.
Mark, the Hermit, his works and charac- ter, i. 363.
Maronites, whence so called, 472 and s; retain the opinions of the Monothe- lites till xii cent. ibid. the fruitless at- tempts of their learned to confute this accusation, ibid. t; their subjection to Rome in xvi cent. iii. 204 and r; and upon what condition, 205; expensive to the Popes, and wherefore, ibid. and 206.
Marpurg, a conference held by the Re- formers to terminate their disputes about the Eucharist, iii. 58; a tolera- VOL. IV.
Martin, Bishop of Tours, converts the Gauls in iv cent. i. 263; erects the first monasteries in Gaul, 291; hence the great progress of Monkery, ib. the dif- ference between an Eastern and Wes- tern monk in austerity, as described by Sulpitius Severus, 292 s; his arrogant assertion of the ministerial dignity, i. 352.
Bishop of Braga, his summary of a virtuous life, i. 423.
Pope, condemns the Ecthesis of Heraclius, and the Type of Constans, in vii cent. i. 469; anathematizes the Monothelites and their patrons, ibid. is banished for one year by Constans, and the consequence of this rigorous proceeding, ibid.
of Poland, a historian xiii cent. ii. 340.
Raymond, character of his Pugio Fidei Christianæ, ii. 341, 401, 412; well acquainted with the Hebrew and Arabic languages, ibid.
IV. Pope, his character and inso lence, ii. 361.
V. Pope, chosen at the council of Constance in the room of Benedict XIII. deposed, ii. 521, 522; assembles a coun- cil at Basil which attempts the Reforma tion of the church, but in vain, 532. Martyr, Peter, zealous in propagating Cal-
vinism in England, iii. 283; a writer of common place divinity, 311.
Martyrs, who entitled to this name, i. 71 ; veneration paid to them perverted, ibid. their number, ibid. lives and actions why recorded, 72; and how lost and re trieved, ibid. and t.
Mary, Queen, restores Popery, iii. 93; puts Cranmer to death, ibid. her cruel designs against the Protestants in Ire land, how prevented, iii. 96 m.
Virgin, when first worshipped, i. 330; her image introduced into church- es in v cent. 370; the innocence of her title as mother of God examined, 380 r; veneration for her increased in x cent. ii. 114; institution of the Rosary and Crown in honour of her, what, ibid. controversy concerning her immaculate conception in xii cent. ii. 302; and fes- tival instituted in honour of it, 304; this controversy renewed in xvii cent. be tween the Franciscans and Dominicans, iii. 540; the Pope's declaration to both
parties, and a festival appointed, iii. 540 and g. Masenius, a German Jesuit, his reconci- ling attempt, iii. 469 and p.
Masses, solitary, what, and when suppo- sed to be introduced, i. 523 and d. Mathematical sect, their rise in xvii cent. iii. 442; follow the principles of Gas- sendi, an account of, 443; its progress, 445, 446.
Mathematics, their improvement in xvii cent. iii. 431.
Mathilda, Dutchess of Tuscany, her dona- tion to the see of Rome in xi cent. ii. 164, 165, and n, o. Matthiæ, John, bishop of Strengnes in Sweden, his pacific attempts in xvii cent. and works entitled Olive Branches, iv. 13, and m, n; his writings suppress- ed, and he himself obliged to resign his bishopric, and retire, ibid. Matthias, chosen to be an apostle, and how, i. 60.
Matthison, John, ringleader of the fana- tics of Munster, iii. 329. Maty, Paul, his notion of the Trinity, and controversy hereupon in xviii cent. iv. 209; unsatisfactory hypothesis, which amounts to two propositions, and is only a repetition of Dr. Thomas Bur- net's sentiments on the same subject, ibid. and y.
Maur, St. congregation of, iii. 497 and w; select number of learned members, and their adversaries, 498 and x; many and admirable productions, 499 and y; their reformation falls short of the perfection of austerity, which had been idly imagined by some, ibid. this severe plan adopted by the Jansenists, 500 and z; by Bouthelier de Rance and the oc- casion, ibid. and b; his order de la Trappe gradually degenerates, 501. Maurice, Elector of Saxony, obtains the electorate by perfidious measures, and what these are, iii. 85; consents to a council being called at Trent on certain conditions, 88 and c; how the cause of the famous treaty at Passau, 91 and d.
Landgrave of Hesse, deserts the Lutheran church, and embraces Calvin- ism in xvii cent. iv. 3 and b; the change thereon in his dominions, ibid. his con- duct towards the Lutherans, and defence of it by the doctors of the Reformed Church, 4 and c.
Stadtholder, seemingly inclined to favour the Arminians in xvii cent. iv. 129; declares against them, with his ambitious views, 132, 133, and i; his violent proceedings against them, and consequence, 133, 134, and notes. Mauritius, Peter, refutes the Jews in xii cent. ii. 298. Maxentius, his works, i. 416.
Maxims, two very dangerous, universally adopted in iv cent. i. 293; the greatest men infected with the first for some ages past, ibid. the second had its rise in the reign of Constantine, and ap- proved by succeeding ages, 294. Maximus, Julian's master, a Platonist, and being accused of magic, is put to death by the order of Valentinian in iv sent. i. 267.
Maximus of Turin, an account of his homi- lies, i. 355.
the Greek monk, account of him and his works, i. 455; expositions, 458. Mayer, Michael, a leader of the Rosecru- cians in xvii cent. iii. 437.
Mayhew, a Puritan missionary in America, iii. 416.
Mayronius, Francis, a scholastic divine in in xiv cent. ii. 488.
Mazen, Nicholas de, very zealous in re- forming the monks of Germany in xv cent. ii. 542.
Medicis, the zeal of this family in cultiva- ting learning in xv cent. ii. 511, 518.
Cosmo de, zealous patron of the Pla- tonic philosophy, ii. 514. Meier, an account of this follower of Spi- noza and his works, iii. 428 and w. Melancthon, Philip, his great character, iii. 37, 38, and g, h; prepares the famous confession of Augsburg, 61; answers and confutes Faber's objections to it, 72; his dispute with Eckius at Worms, 82; his sentiments of the famous edict called Interim, what, 88, and b; and the cause of a melancholy schism among the Lutherans, ibid. the method of philosophy adopted by him, 122; his unsuccessful attempt to unite the Greeks with the Protestants, and the Greek translation of the Augsburg Confession, which he sent to Constantinople, but receives no answer, 185; eminent for his knowledge of history, 218; his character, 219; is considered as the great doctor of the Lutheran church, ib. his writings in philosophy, and of the sect of the eclectics, 220; his abridge- ments, ib. commentaries on St. Paul's epistles, 224; explanations of the Scrip- tures, 229; Loci Communes, ib. en- larges them, 226; destitute of the ran- cour too frequently met with in the polemic writings of the Lutheran di- vines, 229; placed at the head of the Lutheran church, 237; compared with Luther, and different sentiments from him, ib. and p, 239 and r; is accused of apostacy by the Lutherans, and the reasons, 240; justifies himself, ib. de- sirous of an union between the Re- formed and Lutherans, 268; which is
facilitated by Calvin, ib. 269, and g; but meets with obstacles, ib. Melancthonians, a philosophical sect in xvi cent. iii. 220.
Melchites, who, 466. i. m.
Meletian controversy, the true causes of, i.
295; continued until v cent 296; con- demned by the first Council of Nice, 318 and t. Meliteniota, his pacificatory attempt be- tween the Greeks and Latins in xiii cent. ii. 399.
Melito, bishop of Sardis, his works, i. 153; gives the first catalogue of the books of the Old Testament, ib. u.
Menander, his wild and frantic notions, i.
Mendæans, or Christians of St. John, a sect in the Eastern churches, an account of, iii. 197 and d.
Mendez, Patriach of Ethiopia, his im- prudent zeal and arrogance, iii. 478; is banished from the country, 480. Mendicants, their institution in xiii cent. ii. 367; principles or tenets, 368; con. fined to four societies only, 369 and n; their universal fame, ib. pride and arro- gance, 376; impious wiles, with a spe- cimen, 377 and g; contest between the Dominicans and Franciscans, ib. ad- dicted to the opinions of the scholastic divines 408; in high esteem in xvi cent. 466; through their enormous vices they fall under a general odium, ib. but are supported by the Pope, 467 and c; charged with arrogance and a vi- cious spirit of novelty, 542; offensive to the Bishops in xv cent. for the refuge given to the Beguins in their order, 543; their great aversion to learning, 17,
Menno, Simon, account of, 330; his tra- vels into different countries, and re- markable success in gaining proselytes, 331; eloquence and writings, ib. 332 and t; his doctrine, ib. discipline, 333; imprudent conduct towards two sects which arose, 336; his singular tenets, 343; his rigorous laws mitigated by the Anabaptists in xvii cent. iv. 163; disci- pline and singular opinions abandoned by the Waterlandians, 166. Mennonites, their various forms in xvii cent. iv. 162 and e; different sects of them, 163. See Anabaptists. Messalians, Euchites, their antiquity, i. 329; when formed into a religious body, ib. their tenets, ib. borrowed many of their notions from the Eastern philosophy, ib. a general name for Eastern Heretics and Enthusiasts in xii cent. ii. 305 and m.
Mentz, Felix, his detestable character, iii. 326.
Mercator, Marius, a warm opposer of Pe- lagius, i. 356.
Metaphysical sect, their rise, and account of, iii. 442, 443; improvement and pro- pagation, 445; falls into contempt, iv. 20.
Meth, Ezekiel, account of that fanatic, iv. 61.
Methodists, Popish, most eminent in France, iii. 473; dispute with the Hu- guenots, ib. divided into two classses, ib. most eminent among the first, ib. those of the second, with their manner of controversy, 474 and g, h; Bossuet among the latter, with a character of his history, 475, 476 and k; remarkable instance retorted upon himself, ib. sub.
Methodius, eminent for his piety in iii cent. i. 213; his exposition on Genesis and Solomon's song lost, 219.
the Confessor, his zeal for image worship in ix cent. ii. 29; his panegyric on Dionysius, 42.
with Cyril converts the Mosians and other nations in ix cent. ii. 4, 5 and h.
Metochita, George, his pacificatory at- tempt to unite the Greek and Latin churches in xiii cent. ii. 399. Metropolitans, whether any in; cent. i. 92; whence their rights, 146; the ex- tent of their power in iv cent. 271. Mezzabarba, is sent into China as legate from Pope Clement XI. with his second edict against the lawfulness of the Chi- nese rites, and bad success, iv. 185, 186 and b.
Michael, St. superstition about him in x cent. ii. 117.
Micislaus, Duke of Poland, converted to Christianity in x cent. ii. 75; his zeal for the conversion of his subjects, and methods used by him to obtain it, ibid. 76.
Middleton, Richard, a metaphysical divine
Millennium, controversy concerning it in iii cent. i. 222; violently opposed by Origen, 223, and supported by Nepos, ibid. stopped by Dionysius of Alexan- dria, ibid.
Milletiere, his pacific attempt to recon- cile the Protestants and Roman Catho- lics in xvii cent. iii. 471.
Miltitz, holds a conference with Luther, iii. 32; his character, ibid. prudent and candid behaviour in the conference, 33; unhappy fate, 35 and a.
Mingrelians, in Asia, their deplorable state, iii. 189.
Ministry, necessity of a public one, i.
Minucius, Felix, character and use of his dialogue, i. 213. Miracles, advantageous to Christianity, i. 64; of the Thundering Legion, 127 and n; which is more than dubious, 128; of
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