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monks, 27; orders a translation of the
works of Dionysius, the Areopagite, and
thus encourages Mysticism, 42 and w.
Lewis IX. of France, afterward sainted,
his two Crusades and their success, ii.
328, 329 and q ; the last of the Euro-
pean monarchs who undertook Cru-
sades, 330; his famous edict, called the
Pragmatic Sanction, by which the rights
of the Gallican church are secured
against the Pope, 349 and q.

Duke of Bavaria, his contest and
war with Pope John XXII. ii. 458; de-
poses the Pope, and patronises the Fran-
ciscans, 480.

Elector Palatine, restores Luther-
anism in Germany, which his father had
removed, iii. 280.

XIV. of France, his solemn em-
bassy to the king of Siam, iii. 393 and
p; a great patron of the arts and sci-
ences, 432; contest with Popes Alexan-
der VII. and Innocent XI. about what,
488; persecutes the Jansenists, 533;
demolishes the convent of Port Royal,
540; revokes the edict of Nantes, iv.

68.

Liberatus, his compendious history of the
Nestorian and Eutychian controversies,
and character, i. 418.

Libertines, spiritual brethren and sisters,
their tenets, iii. 314; resemble the Beg-
hards, ibid.

of Geneva, oppose Calvin, and
of what composed, iii. 215.
Licinius, persecution of the Christians
under him in iv cent. i. 253; his turbu-
lence, defeat, and death, 254; this per-
secution mentioned by Aurelius Victor,
254 b.

Light, children or confessors of, a name
assumed by the Quakers, iv. 146.
L'Isle, Alain de, an eminent logician in xiii
cent. ii. 340; his character 401 and e;
polemic work against the Jews, 413.
Lithuanians, partly converted by the Teu-
tonic knights in xiii cent. ii. 331; their
conversion completed in xiv cent. 443.
Liturgy of the church of England, a plan
designed for introducing it in Hanover
and Prussia, iv. 406.

Livonians, converted to Christianity in xii
cent. ii. 229; compelled to embrace the
gospel by the greatest cruelty and op-
pression, 230; being converted, are vio-
lently oppressed, ibid.

Locke, John, a great promoter of natural
knowledge, iii. 445.

Logic, the study of, much admired and fol-
lowed in xii cent. ii. 139, 140; the most
eminent logicians, 140, 141.
Logicians, disputes among them in xi cent.

and hence the Nominalists and Realists,
ii. 142, 143 and q.

Lollard, Walter, an account of, ii. 501;
mistakes of the learned, in supposing

him the founder of the Lollards, and
whence, ibid. e.

Lollards, account of them in xiv cent. ii.
482; and u; by whom favoured and
persecuted, 487.

Lombard, Peter, his works, ii. 283; lucu-
brations defective, ii. 289; book of the
sentences universally admired in xii
cent. 291; is called Master of the Sen-
tences, ibid. and g; his followers called
Sententiarii, ibid. his book of sentences
in greater repute than the Bible, 293, l.
London, the Royal Society founded at, iii.
432.

Loquis, Martin, his chimerical notion, ii.
554; the cruelties of the Hussites to be
imputed to him and his followers, ibid.
Lord's Supper, its celebration in ii cent. i.
189; its symbols adored, and whence,
307; administration burdened with
pompous rites by Gregory the Great,
i. 430.

Lothaire, his zealous, but fruitless at-
tempts to revive learning in Italy in ix
cent. ii. 13.

Love, Family, Anabaptist sect founded by
Henry Nicholas in Holland, in xvi cent.
iii. 351.

virgins of, a female order in the Ro-
mish church, their institution in xvii
cent. and office, iii. 502.

Low churchmen, in xvii cent. iv. 112. See
Dodwell.

Lubieniecius, Stanislaus, a Polish knight,
a patron of Socinianism, his character,
iv. 171; his zeal for its success, ibid. by
whom opposed, and his hopes frustrated,
ibid.

Lucar, Cyrillus, opposes the union of the
Greek and Latin churches in xvii cent.
iii. 553; his character and persecution
by the Jesuits, ibid. is accused of trea-
son, and put to death, ibid. and e.
Lucas, a follower of Spinoza, his works,
iii. 429 and x.

Lucifer, Bishop of Cagliari, his character,
and sect in iv cent. i. 296, 297.
Lucopetrus, founder of a fanatical sect in
xii cent. ii. 305; his chief disciple, and
tenets, ibid.

Ludolph, his learned labours, iii. 561.
Luitprand, a monkish historian in x cent.
ii. 89.

Lulty, his new philosophy in xiv cent. ii.

452; character, and different opinions
about it, ibid. and c.

Lupus, Servatus, ii. 14; his great abilities
and works, 17 and i; character, 31.
Luther, Martin, obnoxious to the Domi-
nicans, iii. 20; few able to oppose his
doctrine from Scripture, 21; his great
character, iii. 25; warmly opposes Tet-
zel's preaching of Indulgences, and
hence the rise of the Reformation is to
be dated, 26, 27; his motives for oppo-
sing the doctrine of Indulgences vindi-

cated from unreasonable calumnies,
ibid. P; debate with Tetzel clearly
stated, 28; is violently opposed, and of-
fers to abjure any erroneous sentiments
that can be proved against him, 36; his
fruitless conference with Cajetan at
Augsburg, 30, 31 and r; conference
with Miltitz, and the issue, 31; pro-
mises silence, on the condition of silence
being observed by his adversaries, 32;
his generous behaviour to Tetzel, 33
and y; dispute with Eckius on papal
power, at Leipsic, 35; is excommuni-
cated by Leo X. 40; separates himself
from the church of Rome, 41; offers
submission to the determination of a
general council lawfully assembled, and
consequently of the universal church,
42 and o; unjustly banished at the diet of
Worms, 44, 45 and r; translates a great
part of the New Testament into the
German language, 45 and s; censures
the rash proceedings of Carolostadt, 47
and; his doctrine of the Eucharist,
49 and 2; draws up the Articles of Tor-
gaw, 60; refuses to admit the friends
of Zuingle to the diet at Smalcald, 75
h; his catechisms, 209; form of con-
cord, ibid. explications of the Scripture,
224; Golden rule of interpretation, 226
and a; prevents the divisions which the
disciples of Munzer attempted to ex-
cite, 231; his debates with Carolos-
tadt, 392 and g; ibid. and h; 233 i;
appeases the tumult at Wittemberg,
232; suppresses the Antinomians, 235;
publishes his Confession of Faith, oppo-
site to the doctrine of Zuingle, 268;
indulges the Bohemian brethren, 297;
his plan of Reformation disliked by the
Anabaptists, 324.

Lutherans, esteemed by the Spaniards as
better subjects than the Calvinists, iii.
296; progress of learning among them
in xvii cent. iv. 15; their ecclesiastical
law and polity, 23; adopt the maxim of
the Arminians, 25; the state of the
ology and moral science among them,
26, 27.

Lutkeman, Joachim, his singular opinions,
and character, iv. 55.

Lyons, a council at, in xiii cent. ii. 360; a
famous decree concerning the Cardi-
nals, during the vacancy of the Pontifi-
cate, ibid.
Lyranus, Nicholas, his exposition of the
Scriptures, and great character, ii.
M.

488.

Macarius, i. 278; his character as a mo-
ralist, 288 and 1.

of Ireland, his enormous error,
ii. 16; refuted by Ratram, ibid.
Maccovius, introduces subtleties into theo-
logy, iii. 311 n; followed by others,
ibid. sub n.

Macedonius, his heresy in iv cent. i. 325 ;
tenets opposed and crushed by the
council of Constantinople, ibid. the de-
crees that passed in this council, 326.
Madura, account of that successful mis-
sion, and its author, iii. 390 and i; the
singular method used, ibid. that king-
dom described, 391; sub m; this and
the like missions, why suspended by
the Pope, ibid.
Magnus, Albertus, an eminent philosophi-
cal divine in xii cent. ii. 400 and g;
his didactic writings, 406.

Magus, Simon, not properly termed an
heretic, and why, i. 116; blasphemous-
ly assumes to himself the title of the
supreme power of God, ibid. his history,
ibid. his fate, and the doctrines he held,
117 and ; 118 and a, b.

Mahomet, appears in vii cent. i. 443; his
character, and report of his total igno-
rance of learning examined, ibid. m;
444 n; his public declarations al out
religion, ibid. delivers the law called
Koran, ibid. and o; his project of form-
ing an empire, ibid. the judgment we
are to form of him, ibid. his success in
propagating his doctrine accounted for,
445; dies, 447; testament in favour of
the Christians, with arguments for and
against its authenticity examined, 465
and k; his successors employ the Nes-
torians in the most important matters,
466; dispute in xii cent. concerning
his God, ii. 300.

II. takes Constantinople in xv
cent. ii. 509, 510 and k.
Mahometans, their behaviour towards the
Christians in vii cent. i. 447; their divi-
sion into two sects, and others subordi-
nate, ibid.

Maieul, St. See Regular Clerks.
Maigrot, Charles, acts as Delegate from
the Pope, his decision against the Je-
suits, concerning the observance of
Chinese rites, iii. 401.

Major, George, controversy about the
necessity of good works with Amsdorf,
iii. 241.

Maitre, le, a celebrated lawyer, retires
into the convent of Fort Royal, iii. 538

sub e.

Maldonat, John, his commentary on St.
Paul's epistles, iii. 160.

Malebranche, Father, charged with Athe-
ism by Hardouin, and the justice of the
charge examined, iii. 444; sub not. p;
his philosphy, 445 and r.
Mandeville, his impious Deism, and hypo-
thesis, iv. 188 and c.
Manes, Manichæus, account of him, i.
230;
his doctrine of two principles,
232; various reports about his death,
ibid. e; summary concerning Man,
Christ, and the Holy Ghost, 232, 233;
concerning Christ's office, and the Com-

forter, 233; concerning the state of pu-
rified and unpurified souls, 234; his
opinions of the Old and New Testament,
ibid. his rule of life austere, 236; di-
vides his disciples into two classes,
ibid.

Manicheans, their general assembly, and
president who represented Christ, i.
236; his assistants, &c. ibid. and f;
conceal themselves under various
names, through fear of persecution, in
iv cent. 308; their state vi cent. i. 431;
continue in xv cent. and where, ii.
563.

Mapes, Walter, his character, ii. 340 and k.
Marca, Petrus de, writes against, the papal
claims in xvii cent. iii. 486.
Marcellinus, Tribune, sent into Africa by
Honorius, to decide the affair of the
Donatists, and declares in favour of the
Catholics, i. 372; if this was not more
properly a judicial trial than a confer-
ence, ibid. e; the consequences to the
Donatists, who were upon the decline
till relieved by Genseric on his invading
Africa, 373.

Marcellus, of Ancyra, his erroneous no-
tions of the Trinity, i. 324, 325 and e.

his pacific attempt to reconcile

the Protestants, iii. 469.
Marchia, Jacobus a, opposes the worship
of Christ's blood, and is accused of he-
resy, in xv cent. ii. 561.

Marcion, founder of a heretical sect in
Asia, i. 175; the principles he niaintain-
ed, ibid.

Marculf, the monk, his works useful in
describing the state of literature in vii
cent. i. 456.

Mardaites. See Maronites.
Margaret, of Navarre, favourable to the
Reformation in France, iii. 67; her
example encouraged many pious and
learned men to promote it, ibid. who
are put to death, with the contradictory
behaviour of Francis I. towards the Pro-
testants, 68 and z.

Maria, Ave, added to the prayers of the
Romish church in xiv cent. ii. 497.
Marino, Robert of, a historian in xiii cent.
ii. 340.

Mark, the Hermit, his works and charac-
ter, i. 363.

Maronites, whence so called, 472 and
s; retain the opinions of the Monothe-
lites till xii cent. ibid. the fruitless at-
tempts of their learned to confute this
accusation, ibid. t; their subjection to
Rome in xvi cent. iii. 204 and r; and
upon what condition, 205; expensive
to the Popes, and wherefore, ibid. and
206.

Marpurg, a conference held by the Re-
formers to terminate their disputes
about the Eucharist, iii. 58; a tolera-
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Martin, Bishop of Tours, converts the
Gauls in iv cent. i. 263; erects the first
monasteries in Gaul, 291; hence the
great progress of Monkery, ib. the dif-
ference between an Eastern and Wes-
tern monk in austerity, as described by
Sulpitius Severus, 292 s; his arrogant
assertion of the ministerial dignity,
i. 352.

Bishop of Braga, his summary of a
virtuous life, i. 423.

Pope, condemns the Ecthesis of
Heraclius, and the Type of Constans,
in vii cent. i. 469; anathematizes the
Monothelites and their patrons, ibid.
is banished for one year by Constans,
and the consequence of this rigorous
proceeding, ibid.

of Poland, a historian xiii cent.
ii. 340.

Raymond, character of his Pugio
Fidei Christianæ, ii. 341, 401, 412; well
acquainted with the Hebrew and Arabic
languages, ibid.

IV. Pope, his character and inso
lence, ii. 361.

V. Pope, chosen at the council of
Constance in the room of Benedict XIII.
deposed, ii. 521, 522; assembles a coun-
cil at Basil which attempts the Reforma
tion of the church, but in vain, 532.
Martyr, Peter, zealous in propagating Cal-

vinism in England, iii. 283; a writer of
common place divinity, 311.

Martyrs, who entitled to this name, i. 71 ;
veneration paid to them perverted, ibid.
their number, ibid. lives and actions
why recorded, 72; and how lost and re
trieved, ibid. and t.

Mary, Queen, restores Popery, iii. 93;
puts Cranmer to death, ibid. her cruel
designs against the Protestants in Ire
land, how prevented, iii. 96 m.

Virgin, when first worshipped, i.
330; her image introduced into church-
es in v cent. 370; the innocence of her
title as mother of God examined, 380 r;
veneration for her increased in x cent.
ii. 114; institution of the Rosary and
Crown in honour of her, what, ibid.
controversy concerning her immaculate
conception in xii cent. ii. 302; and fes-
tival instituted in honour of it, 304; this
controversy renewed in xvii cent. be
tween the Franciscans and Dominicans,
iii. 540; the Pope's declaration to both

parties, and a festival appointed, iii. 540
and g.
Masenius, a German Jesuit, his reconci-
ling attempt, iii. 469 and p.

Masses, solitary, what, and when suppo-
sed to be introduced, i. 523 and d.
Mathematical sect, their rise in xvii cent.
iii. 442; follow the principles of Gas-
sendi, an account of, 443; its progress,
445, 446.

Mathematics, their improvement in xvii
cent. iii. 431.

Mathilda, Dutchess of Tuscany, her dona-
tion to the see of Rome in xi cent. ii.
164, 165, and n, o.
Matthiæ, John, bishop of Strengnes in
Sweden, his pacific attempts in xvii
cent. and works entitled Olive Branches,
iv. 13, and m, n; his writings suppress-
ed, and he himself obliged to resign
his bishopric, and retire, ibid.
Matthias, chosen to be an apostle, and
how, i. 60.

Matthison, John, ringleader of the fana-
tics of Munster, iii. 329.
Maty, Paul, his notion of the Trinity, and
controversy hereupon in xviii cent. iv.
209; unsatisfactory hypothesis, which
amounts to two propositions, and is
only a repetition of Dr. Thomas Bur-
net's sentiments on the same subject,
ibid. and y.

Maur, St. congregation of, iii. 497 and
w; select number of learned members,
and their adversaries, 498 and x; many
and admirable productions, 499 and
y; their reformation falls short of the
perfection of austerity, which had been
idly imagined by some, ibid. this severe
plan adopted by the Jansenists, 500 and
z; by Bouthelier de Rance and the oc-
casion, ibid. and b; his order de la
Trappe gradually degenerates, 501.
Maurice, Elector of Saxony, obtains the
electorate by perfidious measures, and
what these are, iii. 85; consents to a
council being called at Trent on certain
conditions, 88 and c; how the cause of
the famous treaty at Passau, 91 and d.

Landgrave of Hesse, deserts the
Lutheran church, and embraces Calvin-
ism in xvii cent. iv. 3 and b; the change
thereon in his dominions, ibid. his con-
duct towards the Lutherans, and defence
of it by the doctors of the Reformed
Church, 4 and c.

Stadtholder, seemingly inclined to
favour the Arminians in xvii cent. iv.
129; declares against them, with his
ambitious views, 132, 133, and i; his
violent proceedings against them, and
consequence, 133, 134, and notes.
Mauritius, Peter, refutes the Jews in xii
cent. ii. 298.
Maxentius, his works, i. 416.

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Maxims, two very dangerous, universally
adopted in iv cent. i. 293; the greatest
men infected with the first for some
ages past, ibid. the second had its rise
in the reign of Constantine, and ap-
proved by succeeding ages, 294.
Maximus, Julian's master, a Platonist, and
being accused of magic, is put to death
by the order of Valentinian in iv sent.
i. 267.

Maximus of Turin, an account of his homi-
lies, i. 355.

the Greek monk, account of him
and his works, i. 455; expositions, 458.
Mayer, Michael, a leader of the Rosecru-
cians in xvii cent. iii. 437.

Mayhew, a Puritan missionary in America,
iii. 416.

Mayronius, Francis, a scholastic divine in
in xiv cent. ii. 488.

Mazen, Nicholas de, very zealous in re-
forming the monks of Germany in xv
cent. ii. 542.

Medicis, the zeal of this family in cultiva-
ting learning in xv cent. ii. 511, 518.

Cosmo de, zealous patron of the Pla-
tonic philosophy, ii. 514.
Meier, an account of this follower of Spi-
noza and his works, iii. 428 and w.
Melancthon, Philip, his great character, iii.
37, 38, and g, h; prepares the famous
confession of Augsburg, 61; answers
and confutes Faber's objections to it,
72; his dispute with Eckius at Worms,
82; his sentiments of the famous edict
called Interim, what, 88, and b; and
the cause of a melancholy schism
among the Lutherans, ibid. the method
of philosophy adopted by him, 122; his
unsuccessful attempt to unite the Greeks
with the Protestants, and the Greek
translation of the Augsburg Confession,
which he sent to Constantinople, but
receives no answer, 185; eminent for
his knowledge of history, 218; his
character, 219; is considered as the
great doctor of the Lutheran church, ib.
his writings in philosophy, and of the
sect of the eclectics, 220; his abridge-
ments, ib. commentaries on St. Paul's
epistles, 224; explanations of the Scrip-
tures, 229; Loci Communes, ib. en-
larges them, 226; destitute of the ran-
cour too frequently met with in the
polemic writings of the Lutheran di-
vines, 229; placed at the head of the
Lutheran church, 237; compared with
Luther, and different sentiments from
him, ib. and p, 239 and r; is accused
of apostacy by the Lutherans, and the
reasons, 240; justifies himself, ib. de-
sirous of an union between the Re-
formed and Lutherans, 268; which is

facilitated by Calvin, ib. 269, and g;
but meets with obstacles, ib.
Melancthonians, a philosophical sect in xvi
cent. iii. 220.

Melchites, who, 466. i. m.

Meletian controversy, the true causes of, i.

295; continued until v cent 296; con-
demned by the first Council of Nice,
318 and t.
Meliteniota, his pacificatory attempt be-
tween the Greeks and Latins in xiii
cent. ii. 399.

Melito, bishop of Sardis, his works, i. 153;
gives the first catalogue of the books of
the Old Testament, ib. u.

Menander, his wild and frantic notions, i.

118.

Mendæans, or Christians of St. John, a
sect in the Eastern churches, an account
of, iii. 197 and d.

Mendez, Patriach of Ethiopia, his im-
prudent zeal and arrogance, iii. 478; is
banished from the country, 480.
Mendicants, their institution in xiii cent. ii.
367; principles or tenets, 368; con.
fined to four societies only, 369 and n;
their universal fame, ib. pride and arro-
gance, 376; impious wiles, with a spe-
cimen, 377 and g; contest between the
Dominicans and Franciscans, ib. ad-
dicted to the opinions of the scholastic
divines 408; in high esteem in xvi
cent. 466; through their enormous vices
they fall under a general odium, ib.
but are supported by the Pope, 467 and
c; charged with arrogance and a vi-
cious spirit of novelty, 542; offensive
to the Bishops in xv cent. for the refuge
given to the Beguins in their order, 543;
their great aversion to learning, 17,

20.

Menno, Simon, account of, 330; his tra-
vels into different countries, and re-
markable success in gaining proselytes,
331; eloquence and writings, ib. 332
and t; his doctrine, ib. discipline, 333;
imprudent conduct towards two sects
which arose, 336; his singular tenets,
343; his rigorous laws mitigated by the
Anabaptists in xvii cent. iv. 163; disci-
pline and singular opinions abandoned
by the Waterlandians, 166.
Mennonites, their various forms in xvii
cent. iv. 162 and e; different sects of
them, 163. See Anabaptists.
Messalians, Euchites, their antiquity, i.
329; when formed into a religious
body, ib. their tenets, ib. borrowed
many of their notions from the Eastern
philosophy, ib. a general name for
Eastern Heretics and Enthusiasts in xii
cent. ii. 305 and m.

Mentz, Felix, his detestable character, iii.
326.

Mercator, Marius, a warm opposer of Pe-
lagius, i. 356.

Metaphysical sect, their rise, and account
of, iii. 442, 443; improvement and pro-
pagation, 445; falls into contempt, iv.
20.

Meth, Ezekiel, account of that fanatic, iv.
61.

Methodists, Popish, most eminent in
France, iii. 473; dispute with the Hu-
guenots, ib. divided into two classses, ib.
most eminent among the first, ib. those
of the second, with their manner of
controversy, 474 and g, h; Bossuet
among the latter, with a character of
his history, 475, 476 and k; remarkable
instance retorted upon himself, ib. sub.

not.

Methodius, eminent for his piety in iii
cent. i. 213; his exposition on Genesis
and Solomon's song lost, 219.

the Confessor, his zeal for image
worship in ix cent. ii. 29; his panegyric
on Dionysius, 42.

with Cyril converts the Mosians
and other nations in ix cent. ii. 4, 5 and
h.

Metochita, George, his pacificatory at-
tempt to unite the Greek and Latin
churches in xiii cent. ii. 399.
Metropolitans, whether any in; cent. i.
92; whence their rights, 146; the ex-
tent of their power in iv cent. 271.
Mezzabarba, is sent into China as legate
from Pope Clement XI. with his second
edict against the lawfulness of the Chi-
nese rites, and bad success, iv. 185, 186
and b.

Michael, St. superstition about him in x
cent. ii. 117.

Micislaus, Duke of Poland, converted to
Christianity in x cent. ii. 75; his zeal
for the conversion of his subjects, and
methods used by him to obtain it, ibid.
76.

Middleton, Richard, a metaphysical divine

in xiii cent. ii. 400.

Millennium, controversy concerning it in
iii cent. i. 222; violently opposed by
Origen, 223, and supported by Nepos,
ibid. stopped by Dionysius of Alexan-
dria, ibid.

Milletiere, his pacific attempt to recon-
cile the Protestants and Roman Catho-
lics in xvii cent. iii. 471.

Miltitz, holds a conference with Luther,
iii. 32; his character, ibid. prudent and
candid behaviour in the conference, 33;
unhappy fate, 35 and a.

Mingrelians, in Asia, their deplorable state,
iii. 189.

Ministry, necessity of a public one, i.

84.

Minucius, Felix, character and use of his
dialogue, i. 213.
Miracles, advantageous to Christianity, i.
64; of the Thundering Legion, 127 and
n; which is more than dubious, 128; of

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