writers against them in xii cent. i. 228; the crimes charged upon them, and their forced conversion in xiv cent. 444; these crimes most probably charged out of hatred to that people, and without sufficient evidence, vi. 171. Ignatius, Bishop of Antioch, his epistle, i. 96; that to Polycarp very doubtful, ibid. and c; exposed by Trajan to wild beasts, 130.
Patriarch of Constantinople, de- posed by the Emperor Michael, ii. 57; appeals to Pope Nicholas I. and restored by him, ibid. reinstated by Basilius the Macedonian, 53; refuses to give up any provinces to the see of Rome, ibid. his death, 60.
Loyola, founder of the order of Jesuits in xvi cent. iii. 116; subjects them to the will of the Pope, and his dexterity herein, ibid. and b; if a man of any learning, 138 and u, ibid. and w; is sainted by Urban VIII. iii. 549.
XXIV. Patriarch of Antioch, causes the Monophysites to embrace the doctrines of the church of Rome, in xvii cent. v. 247 and s; his death and successor, who, being an usurper, is de- posed by the Turks, ibid. Ildefonse, Archbishop of Toledo, his cha- racter, i. 456; his treatise De Cogni- nitione Baptismi, i. 459; hence appears the novelty of several doctrines now held by the church of Rome, ibid. and
Images, worship of, its rise, i. 281; great progress in v cent. i. 357; dispute con- cerning it in the Eastern and Western churches, and consequences, 516; the cause of a civil war in the reign of the Emperor Leo, 517; zealously defended by Gregory II. and III. 518; contro- versies concerning it in ix cent. in the East, ii. 44; where it is established, 45; disputes among the Latins concerning it, and a middle course taken by the European Christians between the Ido- laters and Iconoclasts, 46; the use of them in churches allowed, but their worship prohibited, 46, 47; controver- sy concerning their sanctity in xi cent. 205.
Impanation, consubstantiation, iii. 277
and q. Impostors, the three, a book with this
title, and the supposed author, ii. 335 and e.
Independents, claim the honour of carry- ing the Gospel into America, iii. 415 and p; charged with promoting dissen- sions in England, and this charge im- partially considered, iv. 99 and p; Ra- pin's account of them examined and corrected, 100 sub not. whether charge able with King Charles's death, 101; remarks on Dr. Mosheim's defence of
Indians, the nature of their pretended con- version at the end of xv cent. consider- ed, ii. 508.
Indulgences, the power of granting them first assumed by the Bishops in the xii cent. ii. 286; monopolized by the Popes, 287; their nature and extent explained, ibid. destroy the credit of the ancient penitential discipline, 288; supererogation invented and taught by St. Thomas to justify them, ibid. and z; this doctrine refuted, and by whom, ibid. a.
Innocent II. Pope, exempts the Cistercians from paying tithes, ii. 275.
III. Pope, his works, ii. 282; de- spotic tyranny over several princes and kingdoms, 351; augments the wealth and power of the Pope, ibid his inso- lent behaviour to John, king of Eng- land, 352; lays England under an in- terdict, and why, 353; excommuni- cates and deposes John, and encoura- ges Augustus of France to unite Eng- land to his kingdom, ibid. introduces Transubstantiation and Auricular Con- fession in xiii cent. 403; opposed by many in his innovated doctrine of Tran- substantiation, 415.
VII. Antipope, his character, ii.
-X. Pamfili, Pope, condemns the indulgence showed by the Jesuits to- wards the Chinese superstitions in xvi cent. iii. 400; his vile character and illicit commerce with Donna Olymnia, 451 and e; endeavours to prevent the peace of Westphalia, issues his bull against this pacific treaty, which was made at Munster, 461 and y. Innocent XI. Odeschalchi, Pope, his en- deavours to decide the controversy be- tween the Jesuits and their adversaries concerning Chinese rites, iii. 401; his high character, 452 and i; contest with Lewis XIV, and reason, 488.
XII. Pignatelli, Pope, his high character, iii. 453 and 1.
XIII. Pope, iv. 189. Inquisition, its origin in Narbonne, Gaul, in xiii cent. ii. 421; the first delegates for this purpose, ibid. and a, b; its form
settled, and on what plan, 422, 423, and g; the absurd and iniquitous proceed- ings of this court accounted for; 424; privileges granted to it by Frederic II. Emperor, and Lewis IX. of France, ibid. and i; violently opposed by the public, 425; and hence severer methods are employed against Heretics, ibid. meets with a fruitless opposition from Ray- mond, Earl of Thoulouse, and the con- sequences, 426'; its severity in xiv. cent. toward the Beghards, 500; congrega- tion of, instituted by Paul III. Pope, iii. 128 c.
Instruction, form of, adopted by the Cal- vinists, by whom composed, and for what use, iii. 280.
Interim, edict of Charles V. Emperor, so called, iii. 86, 87 and a; troubles exci- ted by it, 87; Melancthon's opinion about it, and things indifferent, 88 and b; produces new divisions, dangerous to the Reformation, ibid. assembly of doctors held concerning it, 239. Investitures, tumults in xi cent. through
the law about them, ii. 169 and u; cus- tom by the ring and crosier, 170; me- thods used by the clergy to deprive the emperors of their right, 172; and by the emperors to retain it, ibid. origin of this custom, 175; the offence given to the pontiffs, what, 174, 175 and h; war declared thereon, 176; Rodolph revolts against Henry III. 177; and is chosen Emperor, 179; the terrible war that follows upon his election, continues till the death of Gregory VI. Pope, 180; the tumults continue under Urban II. 181; disputes concerning them renew- ed in xii cent. ii. 257; and their progress, 258; peace concluded between the Pope and the Emperor on certain conditions, which is broken by Pascal 11. and his death, 258,259; the pacific inclinations of Calixtus II. and to what these dis- putes were owing, 261; peace between the Emperor and Pope at Worms, with the conditions, 262; contest between Barbarossa and Adrian IV. 264; and, on the latter's death, a dispute in electing a new Pope, 265; after various success, a peace is concluded by the Emperor, ibid.
Joachim, Abbot of Flora, account of the everlasting Gospel attributed to him, ii. 381 and s; his prophecies, ibid. Ger- hard's explication of this Gospel con- démned, and mistakes about it cor- rected, 382 and w; his character and works, 399 and c; his predictions the cause of many sects, 436; heretical notions of the Trinity, 438. Joan, Pope, in ix cent. ii. 20; contest
about the truth of this story, ibid. and r, s; a middle course held by some, 21 and f.
Johannes, Johannellus, a mystic in xi cent. his works, ii. 201 and h.
-a Monte Corvino, translates the New Testament into the language of the Tartars, ii. 324.
John, the forerunner of the Messiah, his character, and success of his ministry, i. 54, 55, and f.
Bishop of Jerusalem, a zealous advo- cate for Origen, and success in this cause, i. 299.
of Constantinople, or the Faster, as- sumes the title Universal Bishop, in vi cent. i. 410 and s; his works, 416.
IV. Pope, rejects the Exthesis of Heraclius, and condemns the Mono- physites, i. 469.
surnamed Carpathius, his character, i. 515.
of Capua, a monkish historian in x cent. ii. 89.
X. Pope, his infamous character, ii. 94; is imprisoned and put to death, 95.
XI. Pope, an account of him, and his death, and character of his mother Ma- rozia, ii. 95, and s.
XII. Pope, changes his former name, and imitated in this by all succeeding Popes, ii. 96: implores the assistance of Otho the Great, with a promise of the Purple, ibid. breaks his oath of alle- giance to Otho--is summoned before a council--degraded-reassumes the Pon- tificate, and dies miserably, ibid.
XIII. Pope, raised to this seat by Otho the great, an account of him, ii. 97. XIV. Pope, an account of, ii. 98.
XV. Pope, his administration peace- able, and whence, ii. 98; enrolls the first saint, 109.
the Sophist, the head of the Nomi- nalists, and his disciples in ix. cent. ii. 144 and s, t.
of Salisbury, his great character, ii. 233.
King of England, opposes the Pope's choice of Langton to the See of Canter- bury, and the consequences, ii. 352; is excommunicated and deposed, 353, 354; prepares to oppose the despotism of Innocent III. and how prevented, ib. resigns his crown, and swears fealty to the Pope, 354.
de Matha and Felix de Valois, found the order of the fraternity of the Trini- ty in xiii cent. ii. 366.
of Parma, a famous ecclesiastic in xiii cent. ii. 379.
XXII. Pope, a zealous advocate for Crusades, and the supposed reasons, ii. 441; his character, 458; engages in a war with Lewis, Duke of Bavaria, 459; who deposes him, ibid. is accused of heresy, 460; his fear of being deemed an heretic after his decease, 461; and s; his severity to the Fratricelli, 473;
disputes between him and the Fran- ciscans about the poverty of Christ, 476; his edicts against expropriation, 477; Franciscans supported by Lewis against him, 480; concludes a peace with them, 481; his fruitless attempts to suppress the brethren of the Free Spi- rit, 482, 483.
John XXIII. Antipope, his infamous cha- racter, ii. 520; assembles a council at Constance, is deposed by it, ibid. 521 and n.
Elector of Saxony, his conduct dif- fers from his brother Frederic III. iii. 53; establishes a church in his dominions entirely different from the church of Rome, ibid. settles its doctrine, disci- pline, and government, ibid. his exam- ple followed by many German states, ibid. yet religious dissensions break out,
Jonas, bishop of Orleans, his system of morality in ix cent. ii. 41. Jordan, his new edition of the Latin Bible, an account of, ii. 405.
Jovinian, opposes the superstitions in iv
cent. i. 298; is banished, and severely treated in Jerome's treatise against him, ibid.
Irenæus, Bishop of Lyons, his great cha- racter, and use of his works, i. 148 and p; attacks the internal enemies of Chris- tianity, ibid.
Irene, poisons her husband Leo IV. Em- peror, and reigns, i. 520; her alliance with Adrian, Pope, ibid. infamous cha- racter, ibid.
Irish, converted to Christianity in v cent. i. 336; called Scots in viii cent. and eminent for their learning, 513 and m; illustrate Christian doctrines by philo- sophical principles, ibid. their sophism about the Trinity, ibid. the rise of the Reformation among them, iii. 96, 97, and m.
Irnerius, if he persuaded the Emperor Lotharius II. to substitute the Roman law instead of all others, ii. 251 and i. Isbraniki, Roskolsnika, sect in Russia, its rise in xvii cent. iii. 556; excite com motions with some of their tenets, ibid. m, n, 557 o; methods taken to con- quer their obstinacy fruitless, ib. treat- ed with more humanity under Peter the Great, but their schism not healed, ibid.
Isenburg, church of, embraces Calvinism, iii. 299.
Isidore of Pelusium, his character, i. 354; his epistles, ibid. i, k; commentaries on the Scriptures, 359 and d; censures the allegorical interpreters, 360.
of Seville, his character and works, i. 418, 420, 421. Asychius, Bishop of Jerusalem, his works, .456 and g.
Jubilee, year, when first instituted, ii. 418; its pretended antiquity contra- dicted and refuted, 419 x; altered in xiv cent, 496.
Julia Mammaa, her sentiments favourable to Christianity, i. 192; Christians en- joy peace under her son Severus Alex- ander, ibid.
Julian, made sole Emperor, attempts to destroy Christianity, i. 256; his aposta- cy, to what owing, ib. consummate dex. terity, and ruinous projects how pre- vented, ibid. his death and true charac- ter, 257 and d, e; his great defects, and ignorance of true philosophy, ibid. and f; permits the Jews to attempt the re- building of their temple, 258.
Bishop of Halicarnassus, his doc- trine of the body of Christ, i. 436; what names given to his followers, ibid. Juliana, her extravagant conceits, ii. 417 and s.
Julianus Pomerius, collects the precepts of mysticism into a system, i. 364 and o; confutes the Jews, 457; his explanatory works, 458.
Julius Africanus, his character and works, i. 212.
II. Pope, his infamous character, iii. 12; miserable state of the church under him, 13; calls a Lateran council, and dies, ibid. whence he assumed his name, 142 b.
III. Pope, his vile character, iii. 142 d.
Junilius, his works, 420 and y. Ivo, Bishop of Chartres, zealous in main-
taining the rights of the church, ii. 194. Justin Martyr, writes an apology for the Christians under Antonius Pius, and thus prevails on the Emperor to stop the persecution, i. 132; publishes ano- ther under Aurelius, 133; suffers mar- tyrdom, ibid. his great character, 147 ; exposition on the revelations lost, 152; why unsuccessful in his controversy with the Jews, 123; his writings against the sectaries lost, ibid. moral treatises, 155.
Justinian, Emperor, his edict against Ori- gen, i. 425; and against the three chap- ters, 426; drives the Vandals out of Africa, and Goths out of Italy, 433; his Pandect found in xii cent. at Melfi, ii. 250.
Lawrence, his character, ii. 558. Juvenal, Bishop of Elia, his ambition, i. 347; assumes the dignity of Patriarch of all Palestine, ibid. his power explain- ed, ibid. and q; and granted to him by the Chalcedon council, ibid.
Kabbala, what, i. 82; much taught among the Jews, ibid.
Kanghi, Chinese Emperor, favoured the
Missionaries, iii. 396 and s; great cha- racter and munificence to the Jesuits, 397.
Karit, nation of the Tartars, embrace Christianity in x cent. ii. 74. Keith, George, with others, reduces Qua- kerism to a tolerably regular form in xvii cent. iv. 149, 150; excites disputes among them, and concerning what, 152; the debates brought before the Parliament, and he is excommunicated, 153; embraces and dies in the commu- nion of the church of England, ib. and y, z.
Kempis, Thomas, his character, ii. 549 and
Kepler, an eminent astronomer in xvii cent. iii. 431.
Knighthood, military orders, their institu- tion in xii cent. and use, ii. 239. Knights, Sword-bearers, a military order founded to convert the Livonians, ii. 230.
Knox, John, his character, iii. 94 and g; inspired the Scots with an utter abhor- rence of Popery, even to a total extir- pation of it, 95; this spirit how modifi- ed in other countries, ibid. k; departed not altogether from the ancient form, and how, ibid. in fine not. k; founder of the church in Scotland, 282. Knutzen, his impiety, iii. 425; founder of a sect, which was checked and extirpa- ted, ibid.
Kodde, Vander, three brothers, founders of the Collegiants, an account of, iv. 114. Koningsberg, divines of, friends to Calix- tus's pacific plan, iv. 36.
Kunrath, an eminent physician and Para- celsist in xvi cent. iii. 221.
Labaddie, John, his character, iv. 177 and b; singular tenets, 178 and d; his aus- tere sanctity and treatises, ibid. 179 and e.
Labaddists, rise of that sect in xvii cent. and by whom founded, iv. 177; after several migrations on the death of their founder they fall into oblivion, 178; character of some of the members, ib. doctrine and discipline of this sect, ib. and d
Lactantius, an excellent writer among the Latins in iv cent. i. 279 and g, h; an eminent polemic divine, 287. Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, his character and works, i. 194 and w; commentary on St. Paul's epistles, 198; introduces logic into theology, 199; his candour, a proof of the modest views of the first Schoolmen, ibid. c.
Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury, his contested election, and the consequen- ces, ii. 352; character and works, 399 and d.
Languages, Oriental, studied in xiii cent. ii. 341; the study of, much encouraged by Clement V. Pope, in xiv cent. 448; improvement in xvii cent. iii. 434; ad- vantageous to the cause of religion, ibid.
Latins, learning encouraged among them by Charlemagne in viii cent. i. 437; state of philosophy among them in x cent. wretched, ii. 90; complaints of infidelity and atheism among them in xiii cent. 333, 334 and a; great schism among them in xiv cent. 463; disputes about the worship due to Christ's blood in xv cent. 560; the multiplicity of rites they had in this cent. and increase, 562; instances by Popes, ibid.
Latitudinarians, their rise in England in xvii cent. and pacificatory endeavours, iv. 103; doctrine, and chief leaders, 109 and d; meet with opposition, ibid. success upon the Restoration of King Charles I. and since, 110 and e.
Laud, Archbishop, his character, iii. 464 and i; introduces Arminianism into England, iv. 80; mixed character, and arbitrary proceedings, 95 and 1, 96 and m; is tried, condemned, and behead- ed, 98.
Launoy, exposes the tyranny of papal claims in xvii cent. iii. 486.
Lausanne, city of, embraces Calvinism, iii. 281.
Law, Roman, its study happily restored in xii cent. and whence, ii. 250; opinion about substituting it in the place of all others, ibid. 251 and i; canon, admitted to the same privilege, ibid. civil and canon, much studied in xiii cent. 346. Leadley, Jane, foundress of the Philadel
phian society, her strange notions and followers, iv. 181.
Learning, when first introduced to support the cause of Christianity, i. 150; ad- vantageous to the Reformation, and one great cause of it, iii. 11. See Letters. Lebuin, of England, zealous in preaching the Gospel, and where, in viii cent. i. 480.
Leenhof, Fraderic Van, account of his book, entitled, Heaven upon Earth, whence he is accused of Spinozism, iv. 208.
Legion, thundering, account of its mira- cles, i. 127 and n; the certain, distin- guished from the doubtful accounts of this story, 128 Leibnitz, his philosophy retards the pro- gress of Arminianism in Germany, iv. 144 and ee; some of its principles fa- vourable to Calvinism, 145 sub ee; his philosophy applied by some to illustrate the doctrines of Christianity, but reject- ed by the English Calvinists, ibid. sub not. ee; his great improvements in me- taphysics, 173.
Leipsic, made an university by Frederic the Wise in xv cent. ii. 524; the dispute between Eckius and Carlostadt, on the freedom and powers of the human will, iii. 35, 36 and notes; conference held at in xvi cent. for reconciling the Lutheran and Reformed churches, iv. 3; commo- tions at, and whence, 39
Leo, I. the Great, vigorous asserter of the power of the Roman See, i. 351; is strenuously opposed, and particularly by the Africans, ibid. his character, 355 and o; his legates preside at the coun- cil of Chalcedon, 385; his famons epis- tle to Flavianus received as a rule of faith, ibid.
the 'Isaurian, his contest with the Pope, i. 501, 502; augments the power of the See of Constantinople, ibid. his laudable zeal against image worship, 516; issues an edict against it, and for removing images out of the churches, with the fatal consequences, and whence, 517; the nature and extent of this edict examined, ibid. r; is ex- communicated, ibid. degrades Germanus for his attachment to image worship, and melancholy effects of this severity,
Leo IV. Emperor, endeavours to suppress the practice of image worship, i. 520; is poisoned by his wife Irene, ibid. his death advantageous to the worship of images, ibid.
the Wise, an account of, ii. 11. VI. Emperor, writes against the Sara- cens, ii. 43.
the philosopher, promotes learning among the Greeks in x cent. ii. 86; his fourth marriage occasions violent dis- putes in the Greek churches, 111.
V. Pope, dethroned and imprisoned, ii. 94.
IX. Pope, aims at universal domi- nion, ii. 146; grants to the Normans their conquered and usurped countries, ibid. his character, 148; is sainted, ibid. behaviour to the Normans considered, 149; insolence to Cerularius, 304; the impudence of his legates on this occasion, ibid.
X. Pope, his bad character, iii. 14; obtains from Francis I. of France, a complete abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction, ibid. and g; and to impose the Concordat upon his subjects, ibid. and h; his famous edict for granting indul- gences, with their extent, 26, 31; ex- communicates Luther, and is censured, 40 and n; his death, 47.
Leonardi, embraces the errors of Servetus, iii. 359.
Leontius, of Byzantium, his works, i. 416, 424.
of Neapolis, writes against the Jews in vi cent. i. 424.
Leszynski, his impiety and fate, iii. 425 and o.
Letters, flourish under Trajan, i. 136; dis- couraged by succeeding Emperors, ibid. more specious than solid in ii. cent. 137; their decay, and several reasons for it, 204; dispute concerning their utility in iii. cent. 206; their state in iv cent. 266; encouraged by Constantine, and suc- ceeding Emperors, 267; their excel- lence acknowledged in v cent. i. 342; and promoted by the foundation of many public schools, ibid. found only among the monks and bishops in vi cent. and that pernicious to piety, 406 and d; their state in vii cent. 449; de- cline among the Greeks in viii cent. 486; they revive among the Latins un- der Charlemagne, 487; controversies with the Latins cause them to flourish among the Greeks in ix cent. ii. 10; im- pediments to their progress in the West, what, 13; encouraged in Greece by Constantine Porphyrogeneta, 87; their state among the Saracens, 88; their deplorable fate among the Latins in x cent. ibid. restored by Pope Sylvester II. 91; the entire decay of the sciences how prevented among the Greeks in xi cent. 136; and their principal writers, ibid. revive in the West; ibid. schools opened in several places for cultivating them, and what sciences are here taught, 138, 139; Dialectics, viz. Lo- gic and metaphysics, in the highest re- pute, 139, 140, principal writers among the Greeks, 193; and Latins in this cent. 193, 194; promoted among the Greeks in xii cent. with the cause, ii. 246; studied among the Latins with the greatest assiduity, 247; their great progress in the West in xiii cent. 337; many learned men among the Greeks in xiv cent. 447; their state among the Latins, 448; flourish under the Latins in xv cent. 511; and encouraged by several princes, ibid. and 512; their decline in the East, under the dominion of the Turks, ibid. what branches of them were cultivated in Italy, 513; their sad state in xvi cent. to what ow- ing, iii. 20; the public advantages of their restoration to Christianity, 120; yet denied by some, ibid. Leutard, troubles excited by him in x cent. ii. 116; his fate and disciples, ib. Leutheric, archbishop of Sens, his notion that none but good men receive the body of Christ, ii. 207.
Lewis, Emperor, son of Charlemagne, falsely called the Meek, his character, ii. 3; a patron of the arts and sciences, 12; his forged donation to the See of Rome, 19 and p; edict in behalf of the Pope's election, spurious, ibid. and q; his zeal in suppressing the vices of the
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