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writers against them in xii cent. i. 228;
the crimes charged upon them, and their
forced conversion in xiv cent. 444;
these crimes most probably charged out
of hatred to that people, and without
sufficient evidence, vi. 171.
Ignatius, Bishop of Antioch, his epistle,
i. 96; that to Polycarp very doubtful,
ibid. and c; exposed by Trajan to wild
beasts, 130.

Patriarch of Constantinople, de-
posed by the Emperor Michael, ii. 57;
appeals to Pope Nicholas I. and restored
by him, ibid. reinstated by Basilius the
Macedonian, 53; refuses to give up any
provinces to the see of Rome, ibid. his
death, 60.

Loyola, founder of the order of
Jesuits in xvi cent. iii. 116; subjects
them to the will of the Pope, and his
dexterity herein, ibid. and b; if a man
of any learning, 138 and u, ibid. and w;
is sainted by Urban VIII. iii. 549.

XXIV. Patriarch of Antioch,
causes the Monophysites to embrace
the doctrines of the church of Rome, in
xvii cent. v. 247 and s; his death and
successor, who, being an usurper, is de-
posed by the Turks, ibid.
Ildefonse, Archbishop of Toledo, his cha-
racter, i. 456; his treatise De Cogni-
nitione Baptismi, i. 459; hence appears
the novelty of several doctrines now
held by the church of Rome, ibid. and

α.

Images, worship of, its rise, i. 281; great
progress in v cent. i. 357; dispute con-
cerning it in the Eastern and Western
churches, and consequences, 516; the
cause of a civil war in the reign of the
Emperor Leo, 517; zealously defended
by Gregory II. and III. 518; contro-
versies concerning it in ix cent. in the
East, ii. 44; where it is established, 45;
disputes among the Latins concerning
it, and a middle course taken by the
European Christians between the Ido-
laters and Iconoclasts, 46; the use of
them in churches allowed, but their
worship prohibited, 46, 47; controver-
sy concerning their sanctity in xi cent.
205.

Impanation, consubstantiation, iii. 277

and q.
Impostors, the three, a book with this

title, and the supposed author, ii. 335
and e.

Independents, claim the honour of carry-
ing the Gospel into America, iii. 415
and p; charged with promoting dissen-
sions in England, and this charge im-
partially considered, iv. 99 and p; Ra-
pin's account of them examined and
corrected, 100 sub not. whether charge
able with King Charles's death, 101;
remarks on Dr. Mosheim's defence of

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xvi cent. iii. 390.

Indians, the nature of their pretended con-
version at the end of xv cent. consider-
ed, ii. 508.

Indulgences, the power of granting them
first assumed by the Bishops in the xii
cent. ii. 286; monopolized by the
Popes, 287; their nature and extent
explained, ibid. destroy the credit of
the ancient penitential discipline, 288;
supererogation invented and taught by
St. Thomas to justify them, ibid. and
z; this doctrine refuted, and by whom,
ibid. a.

Innocent II. Pope, exempts the Cistercians
from paying tithes, ii. 275.

III. Pope, his works, ii. 282; de-
spotic tyranny over several princes and
kingdoms, 351; augments the wealth
and power of the Pope, ibid his inso-
lent behaviour to John, king of Eng-
land, 352; lays England under an in-
terdict, and why, 353; excommuni-
cates and deposes John, and encoura-
ges Augustus of France to unite Eng-
land to his kingdom, ibid. introduces
Transubstantiation and Auricular Con-
fession in xiii cent. 403; opposed by
many in his innovated doctrine of Tran-
substantiation, 415.

518.

VII. Antipope, his character, ii.

-X. Pamfili, Pope, condemns the
indulgence showed by the Jesuits to-
wards the Chinese superstitions in xvi
cent. iii. 400; his vile character and
illicit commerce with Donna Olymnia,
451 and e; endeavours to prevent the
peace of Westphalia, issues his bull
against this pacific treaty, which was
made at Munster, 461 and y.
Innocent XI. Odeschalchi, Pope, his en-
deavours to decide the controversy be-
tween the Jesuits and their adversaries
concerning Chinese rites, iii. 401; his
high character, 452 and i; contest with
Lewis XIV, and reason, 488.

XII. Pignatelli, Pope, his high
character, iii. 453 and 1.

XIII. Pope, iv. 189.
Inquisition, its origin in Narbonne, Gaul, in
xiii cent. ii. 421; the first delegates for
this purpose, ibid. and a, b; its form

settled, and on what plan, 422, 423, and
g; the absurd and iniquitous proceed-
ings of this court accounted for; 424;
privileges granted to it by Frederic II.
Emperor, and Lewis IX. of France, ibid.
and i; violently opposed by the public,
425; and hence severer methods are
employed against Heretics, ibid. meets
with a fruitless opposition from Ray-
mond, Earl of Thoulouse, and the con-
sequences, 426'; its severity in xiv. cent.
toward the Beghards, 500; congrega-
tion of, instituted by Paul III. Pope, iii.
128 c.

Instruction, form of, adopted by the Cal-
vinists, by whom composed, and for
what use, iii. 280.

Interim, edict of Charles V. Emperor, so
called, iii. 86, 87 and a; troubles exci-
ted by it, 87; Melancthon's opinion
about it, and things indifferent, 88 and
b; produces new divisions, dangerous
to the Reformation, ibid. assembly of
doctors held concerning it, 239.
Investitures, tumults in xi cent. through

the law about them, ii. 169 and u; cus-
tom by the ring and crosier, 170; me-
thods used by the clergy to deprive the
emperors of their right, 172; and by
the emperors to retain it, ibid. origin of
this custom, 175; the offence given to
the pontiffs, what, 174, 175 and h; war
declared thereon, 176; Rodolph revolts
against Henry III. 177; and is chosen
Emperor, 179; the terrible war that
follows upon his election, continues till
the death of Gregory VI. Pope, 180;
the tumults continue under Urban II.
181; disputes concerning them renew-
ed in xii cent. ii. 257; and their progress,
258; peace concluded between the Pope
and the Emperor on certain conditions,
which is broken by Pascal 11. and his
death, 258,259; the pacific inclinations
of Calixtus II. and to what these dis-
putes were owing, 261; peace between
the Emperor and Pope at Worms, with
the conditions, 262; contest between
Barbarossa and Adrian IV. 264; and, on
the latter's death, a dispute in electing
a new Pope, 265; after various success,
a peace is concluded by the Emperor,
ibid.

Joachim, Abbot of Flora, account of the
everlasting Gospel attributed to him, ii.
381 and s; his prophecies, ibid. Ger-
hard's explication of this Gospel con-
démned, and mistakes about it cor-
rected, 382 and w; his character and
works, 399 and c; his predictions the
cause of many sects, 436; heretical
notions of the Trinity, 438.
Joan, Pope, in ix cent. ii. 20; contest

about the truth of this story, ibid. and
r, s; a middle course held by some, 21
and f.

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Johannes, Johannellus, a mystic in xi cent.
his works, ii. 201 and h.

-a Monte Corvino, translates the
New Testament into the language of the
Tartars, ii. 324.

John, the forerunner of the Messiah, his
character, and success of his ministry,
i. 54, 55, and f.

Bishop of Jerusalem, a zealous advo-
cate for Origen, and success in this
cause, i. 299.

of Constantinople, or the Faster, as-
sumes the title Universal Bishop, in vi
cent. i. 410 and s; his works, 416.

IV. Pope, rejects the Exthesis of
Heraclius, and condemns the Mono-
physites, i. 469.

surnamed Carpathius, his character,
i. 515.

of Capua, a monkish historian in x
cent. ii. 89.

X. Pope, his infamous character, ii.
94; is imprisoned and put to death, 95.

XI. Pope, an account of him, and his
death, and character of his mother Ma-
rozia, ii. 95, and s.

XII. Pope, changes his former name,
and imitated in this by all succeeding
Popes, ii. 96: implores the assistance of
Otho the Great, with a promise of the
Purple, ibid. breaks his oath of alle-
giance to Otho--is summoned before a
council--degraded-reassumes the Pon-
tificate, and dies miserably, ibid.

XIII. Pope, raised to this seat by
Otho the great, an account of him, ii. 97.
XIV. Pope, an account of, ii. 98.

XV. Pope, his administration peace-
able, and whence, ii. 98; enrolls the
first saint, 109.

the Sophist, the head of the Nomi-
nalists, and his disciples in ix. cent. ii.
144 and s, t.

of Salisbury, his great character, ii.
233.

King of England, opposes the Pope's
choice of Langton to the See of Canter-
bury, and the consequences, ii. 352;
is excommunicated and deposed, 353,
354; prepares to oppose the despotism
of Innocent III. and how prevented, ib.
resigns his crown, and swears fealty to
the Pope, 354.

de Matha and Felix de Valois, found
the order of the fraternity of the Trini-
ty in xiii cent. ii. 366.

of Parma, a famous ecclesiastic in
xiii cent. ii. 379.

XXII. Pope, a zealous advocate for
Crusades, and the supposed reasons, ii.
441; his character, 458; engages in a
war with Lewis, Duke of Bavaria, 459;
who deposes him, ibid. is accused of
heresy, 460; his fear of being deemed
an heretic after his decease, 461; and
s; his severity to the Fratricelli, 473;

disputes between him and the Fran-
ciscans about the poverty of Christ,
476; his edicts against expropriation,
477; Franciscans supported by Lewis
against him, 480; concludes a peace
with them, 481; his fruitless attempts to
suppress the brethren of the Free Spi-
rit, 482, 483.

John XXIII. Antipope, his infamous cha-
racter, ii. 520; assembles a council at
Constance, is deposed by it, ibid. 521
and n.

Elector of Saxony, his conduct dif-
fers from his brother Frederic III. iii. 53;
establishes a church in his dominions
entirely different from the church of
Rome, ibid. settles its doctrine, disci-
pline, and government, ibid. his exam-
ple followed by many German states,
ibid. yet religious dissensions break out,

54.

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Jonas, bishop of Orleans, his system of
morality in ix cent. ii. 41.
Jordan, his new edition of the Latin Bible,
an account of, ii. 405.

Jovinian, opposes the superstitions in iv

cent. i. 298; is banished, and severely
treated in Jerome's treatise against him,
ibid.

Irenæus, Bishop of Lyons, his great cha-
racter, and use of his works, i. 148 and
p; attacks the internal enemies of Chris-
tianity, ibid.

Irene, poisons her husband Leo IV. Em-
peror, and reigns, i. 520; her alliance
with Adrian, Pope, ibid. infamous cha-
racter, ibid.

Irish, converted to Christianity in v cent.
i. 336; called Scots in viii cent. and
eminent for their learning, 513 and m;
illustrate Christian doctrines by philo-
sophical principles, ibid. their sophism
about the Trinity, ibid. the rise of the
Reformation among them, iii. 96, 97,
and m.

Irnerius, if he persuaded the Emperor
Lotharius II. to substitute the Roman
law instead of all others, ii. 251 and i.
Isbraniki, Roskolsnika, sect in Russia, its
rise in xvii cent. iii. 556; excite com
motions with some of their tenets, ibid.
m, n, 557 o; methods taken to con-
quer their obstinacy fruitless, ib. treat-
ed with more humanity under Peter
the Great, but their schism not healed,
ibid.

Isenburg, church of, embraces Calvinism,
iii. 299.

Isidore of Pelusium, his character, i. 354;
his epistles, ibid. i, k; commentaries on
the Scriptures, 359 and d; censures the
allegorical interpreters, 360.

of Seville, his character and works,
i. 418, 420, 421.
Asychius, Bishop of Jerusalem, his works,
.456 and g.

Jubilee, year, when first instituted, ii.
418; its pretended antiquity contra-
dicted and refuted, 419 x; altered in xiv
cent, 496.

Julia Mammaa, her sentiments favourable
to Christianity, i. 192; Christians en-
joy peace under her son Severus Alex-
ander, ibid.

Julian, made sole Emperor, attempts to
destroy Christianity, i. 256; his aposta-
cy, to what owing, ib. consummate dex.
terity, and ruinous projects how pre-
vented, ibid. his death and true charac-
ter, 257 and d, e; his great defects, and
ignorance of true philosophy, ibid. and
f; permits the Jews to attempt the re-
building of their temple, 258.

Bishop of Halicarnassus, his doc-
trine of the body of Christ, i. 436; what
names given to his followers, ibid.
Juliana, her extravagant conceits, ii. 417
and s.

Julianus Pomerius, collects the precepts of
mysticism into a system, i. 364 and o;
confutes the Jews, 457; his explanatory
works, 458.

Julius Africanus, his character and works,
i. 212.

II. Pope, his infamous character,
iii. 12; miserable state of the church
under him, 13; calls a Lateran council,
and dies, ibid. whence he assumed his
name, 142 b.

III. Pope, his vile character, iii.
142 d.

Junilius, his works, 420 and y.
Ivo, Bishop of Chartres, zealous in main-

taining the rights of the church, ii. 194.
Justin Martyr, writes an apology for the
Christians under Antonius Pius, and
thus prevails on the Emperor to stop
the persecution, i. 132; publishes ano-
ther under Aurelius, 133; suffers mar-
tyrdom, ibid. his great character, 147 ;
exposition on the revelations lost, 152;
why unsuccessful in his controversy
with the Jews, 123; his writings against
the sectaries lost, ibid. moral treatises,
155.

Justinian, Emperor, his edict against Ori-
gen, i. 425; and against the three chap-
ters, 426; drives the Vandals out of
Africa, and Goths out of Italy, 433; his
Pandect found in xii cent. at Melfi, ii.
250.

Lawrence, his character, ii. 558.
Juvenal, Bishop of Elia, his ambition, i.
347; assumes the dignity of Patriarch
of all Palestine, ibid. his power explain-
ed, ibid. and q; and granted to him by
the Chalcedon council, ibid.

K.

Kabbala, what, i. 82; much taught among
the Jews, ibid.

Kanghi, Chinese Emperor, favoured the

Missionaries, iii. 396 and s; great cha-
racter and munificence to the Jesuits,
397.

Karit, nation of the Tartars, embrace
Christianity in x cent. ii. 74.
Keith, George, with others, reduces Qua-
kerism to a tolerably regular form in
xvii cent. iv. 149, 150; excites disputes
among them, and concerning what,
152; the debates brought before the
Parliament, and he is excommunicated,
153; embraces and dies in the commu-
nion of the church of England, ib. and
y, z.

Kempis, Thomas, his character, ii. 549 and

u.

Kepler, an eminent astronomer in xvii
cent. iii. 431.

Knighthood, military orders, their institu-
tion in xii cent. and use, ii. 239.
Knights, Sword-bearers, a military order
founded to convert the Livonians, ii.
230.

Knox, John, his character, iii. 94 and g;
inspired the Scots with an utter abhor-
rence of Popery, even to a total extir-
pation of it, 95; this spirit how modifi-
ed in other countries, ibid. k; departed
not altogether from the ancient form,
and how, ibid. in fine not. k; founder of
the church in Scotland, 282.
Knutzen, his impiety, iii. 425; founder of
a sect, which was checked and extirpa-
ted, ibid.

Kodde, Vander, three brothers, founders of
the Collegiants, an account of, iv. 114.
Koningsberg, divines of, friends to Calix-
tus's pacific plan, iv. 36.

Kunrath, an eminent physician and Para-
celsist in xvi cent. iii. 221.

L.

Labaddie, John, his character, iv. 177 and
b; singular tenets, 178 and d; his aus-
tere sanctity and treatises, ibid. 179
and e.

Labaddists, rise of that sect in xvii cent.
and by whom founded, iv. 177; after
several migrations on the death of their
founder they fall into oblivion, 178;
character of some of the members, ib.
doctrine and discipline of this sect, ib.
and d

Lactantius, an excellent writer among the
Latins in iv cent. i. 279 and g, h; an
eminent polemic divine, 287.
Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, his
character and works, i. 194 and w;
commentary on St. Paul's epistles, 198;
introduces logic into theology, 199; his
candour, a proof of the modest views of
the first Schoolmen, ibid. c.

Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury, his
contested election, and the consequen-
ces, ii. 352; character and works, 399
and d.

Languages, Oriental, studied in xiii cent.
ii. 341; the study of, much encouraged
by Clement V. Pope, in xiv cent. 448;
improvement in xvii cent. iii. 434; ad-
vantageous to the cause of religion,
ibid.

Latins, learning encouraged among them
by Charlemagne in viii cent. i. 437;
state of philosophy among them in x
cent. wretched, ii. 90; complaints of
infidelity and atheism among them in
xiii cent. 333, 334 and a; great schism
among them in xiv cent. 463; disputes
about the worship due to Christ's blood
in xv cent. 560; the multiplicity of rites
they had in this cent. and increase, 562;
instances by Popes, ibid.

Latitudinarians, their rise in England in
xvii cent. and pacificatory endeavours,
iv. 103; doctrine, and chief leaders,
109 and d; meet with opposition, ibid.
success upon the Restoration of King
Charles I. and since, 110 and e.

Laud, Archbishop, his character, iii. 464
and i; introduces Arminianism into
England, iv. 80; mixed character, and
arbitrary proceedings, 95 and 1, 96 and
m; is tried, condemned, and behead-
ed, 98.

Launoy, exposes the tyranny of papal
claims in xvii cent. iii. 486.

Lausanne, city of, embraces Calvinism,
iii. 281.

Law, Roman, its study happily restored in
xii cent. and whence, ii. 250; opinion
about substituting it in the place of all
others, ibid. 251 and i; canon, admitted
to the same privilege, ibid. civil and
canon, much studied in xiii cent. 346.
Leadley, Jane, foundress of the Philadel

phian society, her strange notions and
followers, iv. 181.

Learning, when first introduced to support
the cause of Christianity, i. 150; ad-
vantageous to the Reformation, and one
great cause of it, iii. 11. See Letters.
Lebuin, of England, zealous in preaching
the Gospel, and where, in viii cent. i.
480.

Leenhof, Fraderic Van, account of his
book, entitled, Heaven upon Earth,
whence he is accused of Spinozism, iv.
208.

Legion, thundering, account of its mira-
cles, i. 127 and n; the certain, distin-
guished from the doubtful accounts of
this story, 128
Leibnitz, his philosophy retards the pro-
gress of Arminianism in Germany, iv.
144 and ee; some of its principles fa-
vourable to Calvinism, 145 sub ee; his
philosophy applied by some to illustrate
the doctrines of Christianity, but reject-
ed by the English Calvinists, ibid. sub
not. ee; his great improvements in me-
taphysics, 173.

Leipsic, made an university by Frederic
the Wise in xv cent. ii. 524; the dispute
between Eckius and Carlostadt, on the
freedom and powers of the human will,
iii. 35, 36 and notes; conference held at
in xvi cent. for reconciling the Lutheran
and Reformed churches, iv. 3; commo-
tions at, and whence, 39

Leo, I. the Great, vigorous asserter of the
power of the Roman See, i. 351; is
strenuously opposed, and particularly
by the Africans, ibid. his character, 355
and o; his legates preside at the coun-
cil of Chalcedon, 385; his famons epis-
tle to Flavianus received as a rule of
faith, ibid.

the 'Isaurian, his contest with the
Pope, i. 501, 502; augments the power
of the See of Constantinople, ibid. his
laudable zeal against image worship,
516; issues an edict against it, and for
removing images out of the churches,
with the fatal consequences, and
whence, 517; the nature and extent
of this edict examined, ibid. r; is ex-
communicated, ibid. degrades Germanus
for his attachment to image worship,
and melancholy effects of this severity,

518.

Leo IV. Emperor, endeavours to suppress
the practice of image worship, i. 520;
is poisoned by his wife Irene, ibid. his
death advantageous to the worship of
images, ibid.

the Wise, an account of, ii. 11.
VI. Emperor, writes against the Sara-
cens, ii. 43.

the philosopher, promotes learning
among the Greeks in x cent. ii. 86; his
fourth marriage occasions violent dis-
putes in the Greek churches, 111.

V. Pope, dethroned and imprisoned,
ii. 94.

IX. Pope, aims at universal domi-
nion, ii. 146; grants to the Normans
their conquered and usurped countries,
ibid. his character, 148; is sainted, ibid.
behaviour to the Normans considered,
149; insolence to Cerularius, 304; the
impudence of his legates on this occasion,
ibid.

X. Pope, his bad character, iii. 14;
obtains from Francis I. of France, a
complete abrogation of the Pragmatic
Sanction, ibid. and g; and to impose the
Concordat upon his subjects, ibid. and
h; his famous edict for granting indul-
gences, with their extent, 26, 31; ex-
communicates Luther, and is censured,
40 and n; his death, 47.

Leonardi, embraces the errors of Servetus,
iii. 359.

Leontius, of Byzantium, his works, i. 416,
424.

of Neapolis, writes against the
Jews in vi cent. i. 424.

Leszynski, his impiety and fate, iii. 425
and o.

Letters, flourish under Trajan, i. 136; dis-
couraged by succeeding Emperors, ibid.
more specious than solid in ii. cent. 137;
their decay, and several reasons for it,
204; dispute concerning their utility in
iii. cent. 206; their state in iv cent. 266;
encouraged by Constantine, and suc-
ceeding Emperors, 267; their excel-
lence acknowledged in v cent. i. 342;
and promoted by the foundation of
many public schools, ibid. found only
among the monks and bishops in vi
cent. and that pernicious to piety, 406
and d; their state in vii cent. 449; de-
cline among the Greeks in viii cent.
486; they revive among the Latins un-
der Charlemagne, 487; controversies
with the Latins cause them to flourish
among the Greeks in ix cent. ii. 10; im-
pediments to their progress in the West,
what, 13; encouraged in Greece by
Constantine Porphyrogeneta, 87; their
state among the Saracens, 88; their
deplorable fate among the Latins in x
cent. ibid. restored by Pope Sylvester
II. 91;
the entire decay of the sciences
how prevented among the Greeks in xi
cent. 136; and their principal writers,
ibid. revive in the West; ibid. schools
opened in several places for cultivating
them, and what sciences are here
taught, 138, 139; Dialectics, viz. Lo-
gic and metaphysics, in the highest re-
pute, 139, 140, principal writers among
the Greeks, 193; and Latins in this
cent. 193, 194; promoted among the
Greeks in xii cent. with the cause, ii.
246;
studied among the Latins with
the greatest assiduity, 247; their great
progress in the West in xiii cent. 337;
many learned men among the Greeks
in xiv cent. 447; their state among the
Latins, 448; flourish under the Latins
in xv cent. 511; and encouraged by
several princes, ibid. and 512; their
decline in the East, under the dominion
of the Turks, ibid. what branches of
them were cultivated in Italy, 513;
their sad state in xvi cent. to what ow-
ing, iii. 20; the public advantages of
their restoration to Christianity, 120;
yet denied by some, ibid.
Leutard, troubles excited by him in x cent.
ii. 116; his fate and disciples, ib.
Leutheric, archbishop of Sens, his notion
that none but good men receive the
body of Christ, ii. 207.

Lewis, Emperor, son of Charlemagne,
falsely called the Meek, his character,
ii. 3; a patron of the arts and sciences,
12;
his forged donation to the See of
Rome, 19 and p; edict in behalf of the
Pope's election, spurious, ibid. and q;
his zeal in suppressing the vices of the

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