trine relative to the incarnation, 343
and d; the refined Anabaptists so call-
ed, iv. 163.
Florence, council at, summoned by Eu-
genius IV. ii. 535; attempts to reunite
the Greek and Latin Churches, and
fraudulent practices at it, ii. 537 and k;
terminates these quarrels only for a
short time, 536.
Florinians, a sect in ii cent. their founder
and tenets, i. 186 and z.
Florus, a poet in ix cent. ii. 14; as also
Fludd, Robert, defends the philosophy of
Paracelsus, iii. 221 and t, iii. 437, and g;
attacked and refuted by Gassendi, 439.
Forbes, William, his pacific counsels and
character, iii. 471, 472, and a.
Forer, employed to write against the pro-
testants and confession of Augsburg in
xvii cent. iii. 454 and o.
Fortunatus, his character, i. 418.
Fox, George, his strange behaviour and
exhortation, when called before the
civil magistrate, whence his followers
were called Quakers, iv. 145; founder
of that sect, and character, 146 and i.
See Quakers, 145.
France, the flourishing state of learning
there in xi cent. ii. 136, 137; spiritual
libertines get focting there in xvi cent.
iii. 314.
Francfort, a council assembled by Charle-
magne in viii cent. i. 520; the decrees
of the second Nicene council rejected,
521; the worship of images unanimous-
ly condemned, ibid. the proceedings of
this council sufficient to prove the law-
fulness of dissenting from the Pope at
that time, who is charged with error,
bid.
Francis, founder of the Franciscans, his
extraordinary change of life and man-
ners, ii. 372; his notions of the essence
of religion and character, ibid. 373 and
w; his stigmas what, and the credit
given to them by the Popes, 470 and i;
Book of Conformities with Jesus
Christ, 471 and k.
I. king of France, abrogates, in
xvi cent. the Pragmatic Sanction, and
institutes the Concordate, iii. 14 and
g, h.
Franciscans, an order of Friars, their rise
in xiii cent. ii. 372; why called Friars
minors, 373 and u, w; held in great es-
teem by the Popes, and their services
to the Popes, 373, 374, and x, y; divi-
sions early among them, and highly pre-
judicial to the papal power, 378; intes-
tine quarrels, and how occasioned, ib,
but mitigated, 379; spiritual, their in-
crease, and new troubles excited, 384;
the miseries the spiritual undergo, and
their opposition to the church of Rome,
and accounts of them imperfect, 388
and m; impiously assert their founder
to be a second Christ in xiv cent. 470;
deliberations for reuniting the spirituals
to the brethren of the community, or
less rigid Franciscans, by Clement V.
472; their quarrel with John XXII.
Pope, 478, 479; their invectives against
papal authority, and patronised by
Lewis of Bavaria against the Pope, 479,
480; peace concluded between them
and the Pope, 481; contemn the Fra-
tricelli and Tertiaries, who reject the
authority of the Pope, ibid. division of
this order into the Conventual and the
Brethren of the Observation, 483; re-
formations among them in xvi cent. iii.
147.
Franks, their kingdom founded in Gaul in
v cent. i. 334, 335; conversion, ibid.
their empire in Greece in xiii cent. and
continuance, ii. 325.
Europeans so called by the In-
dians, iii. 391 and l.
Fratricelli, their origin in xiii cent. ii. 389,
390 and n; are an order of the Fran-
ciscans, separated from the grand com-
munity of their order, rigorously ob-
serve their founder's laws, declaim
against the corruption of the Romish
church, and her pontiffs, and foretell a
Reformation, ibid. how they differed
from the Spirituals of the order, 90 o ;
their esteem for Celestine V. and why,
ibid. deny the legality of the elections
of Boniface VIII. and other successors
who oppose them, ibid. accounts of
them confused and imperfect, ibid. p;
enormities among them in xiv cent.
471; their abolition ordered by Pope
John XXII. 473; many of them burned
for opposing the Pope's orders, 475 and
w; persecuted again in xv cent. 544
and a; they in return put some inqui-
sitors to death, ibid.
Freculph, a historian in ix cent. ii. 14, 31.
Fredegarius, a historian in vii cent. i. 457.
Frederic I. Barbarossa, Emperor, his reso-
lution to support the dignity of the
Roman empire, and restrain the autho-
rity of the church, ii. 264; rejects the
insolent order of Pope Adrian IV. ibid.
enacts a law to prevent transferring fiefs
without the consent of their superior
lords, ibid. and n; supports the election
of CallixtusIII. in opposition to Alexan-
der III. 267, 268; concludes a treaty
with Alexander, ibid. the servile sub-
mission be is said to have paid this
haughty prelate doubted, 267 and r.
II. his delay in an expedition
against Palestine in xiii cent. ii. 327;
is excommunicated, and the reason, ib.
and k; concludes a truce with the Sul-
tan of Egypt, and takes possession of
Jerusalem, 328, 329; is crowned king,
ibid. charged with impiety, but the evi-
dence not sufficient, 334; zealous in
promoting literature, 337; founder of
the academy at Naples, ibid. encoura-
ges the study of Aristotle, and how,
342 and x.
Frederic, the Wise, elector of Saxony, es-
pouses the cause of Luther in opposi-
tion to the order of Pope Leo X. iii. 30.
III. elector Palatine, patronises
the Calvinists in Germany, iii. 279, 280;
obliges his subjects to embrace their
tenets, ib. and y; his son restores Lu-
theranism, ibid.
Duke of Holstein, his clemency
to the exiled Armenians in xvii cent. who
built the town called Frederickstadt,
and form a colony there, iv. 138.
Frieslanders, a sect of Anabaptists, ac-
count of, iv. 166.
Fronto's wretched attempts against Chris-
tianity in ii cent. 135.
Frumentius, the success of his ministry
among the Abassines in iv cent. i. 252;
is consecrated their first Bishop, ibid.
Fulbert, Bishop of Chartres, his character,
ii. 194.
Fulgentius, attacks the Pelagians and Ari-
ans with great warmth in vi cent. i.
417; his treatise on fasting, 423.
Gal, St. propagates the gospel in vii cent.
among the Suevi and Helvetii, i. 441.
Galanus, attempts to unite the Greek and
Romish churches, in xvii cent. iii. 552,
553; his work for that purpose, 533
sub fin. not. d.
Galenists, a sect of the Waterlandians,
their rise and history in xvii cent. iv.
Galerius, Maximin, deposes Dioclesian,
and assumes the empire of the East, i.
248; the sufferings of the Christians un-
der him, ibid. having persecuted the
Christians in the most horrid manner,
orders the persecution to be stopped,
Galilei, the astronomer, his fame, iii. 431:
imprisoned for adopting the sentiments
of Copernicus, 506.
Gallic Pontiffs, diminution of Papal pow-
er under them, ii. 456; their schemes to
acquire wealth, 457.
Gallienus, state of the Christians under
him, i. 200.
Gallus, persecution under him, i. 119.
Gamaliel, Patriarch of the Jews, his cru-
elty to the Christians in v cent. i. 341.
Gassendi, an eminent philosopher in xvii
cent. iii. 431, his philosophy and cha-
racter 438; attacks Aristotle and his
followers, ibid. and i; also Fludd and
the Rosecrusians, 439; his wise method
of philosophical investigation, ibid. why
the chief adversary of Des Cartes, 441;
accurate abridgment of his philosophy
by Beruier, 442, m; has not many
followers, yet the few he had very emi-
nent, and particularly in England, ibid.
mathematical sect, its progress, 445,
446; favourably received in Britain by
Boyle, Sir Isaac Newton and others,
446 and s.
Gaul, by whom converted, and churches
when established there, i. 125 and 4.
Narbonne, rise of the inquisition
there in xiii cent. ii. 421 and z.
Gauls, learning among them, i. 83; the
Gospel preached among them with great
success, by Martin, Bishop of Tours,
in iv cent. i. 263.
Gebbard, Archbishop of Cologne, disco-
vers a propensity to Lutheranism, iii.
215; marries, is obliged to resign his
dignity, and to fly his country, ib. and k.
Geneva, mother of the Reformed church-
es, iii. 275; academy founded at, by
Calvin, in xvi cent. ibid. consistory es-
tablished at, 277; French Protestants
enter into its communion, 281; acknow-
ledged as a sister church to England
under Edward VI. 283; form of eccle-
siastical government, 306 and z; which
is rejected by the English under Queen
Elizabeth, ibid. lustre and decline of
its academy, iv. 77 and b.
Gennadius, writes against the Latins in xv
cent.and his good character,ii. 516 and n.
Gentilis, Valentine, his heresy, iii. 359,
suffers death at Berne, ibid.
Gentilli, council at, in viii cent. about the
derivation of the Holy Ghost, i. 522.
George the Cyprian, a polemic writer in
xii cent. ii. 399.
David, founder of the Davidists in
xvi cent. iii. 350; his character and
impious tenets, ibid. his body burned at
the instigation of his son-in-law, by the
council of Basil, ibid. and r.
Georgians, in Asia, converted to Chris-
tianity by a captive, i. 262; miserable
state after the invasion of the Turks, iii.
159; small remains of religion among
them, ibid.
Gerhard's Introduction to Joachim's Ever-
lasting Gospel condemned, ii. 382; ac-
counts of it erroneous, ibid. w; impious
doctrine, 383; throws an odium on
the Mendicants, and is publicly burnt,
ibid. and y.
—a ringleader of the Fanatics of
Munster, iii. 329.
a judicious expositor of Scrip-
ture in xvii cent. iv. 26; his moral
writings, 29.
Germans, their conversion begun in ii
cent. i. 125 and f; wholly converted in
viii cent. by Winfrid Boniface, 478,
479; what judgment to be formed of
their apostles, 479, 480.
a sect of Anabaptists in xvi
cent. so called, iii. 337.
Germanus, Bishop of Constantinople, a
zealous advocate for image worship, i.
506; is degraded on this account by
the Emperor Leo the Isaurian, 518.
Germany, many churches planted here in
iii cent. i. 195 and 1.
Gerson, John, his great character, iii. 429;
a zealous opposer of papal despotism,
and the design of his writings to check
superstition, ibid. and o; labours to re-
form the schoolmen in xv cent. iii. 557
and b.
Geyer, a Lutheran expositor of Scripture
in xvii cent. iv. 21.
Ghost, Holy, its derivation, controversy
concerning in viii cent. i. 521; the ori-
gin of this dispute uncertain, 522 and b;
debated in a council at Aix la Chapelle
and at Rome in the following cent. ii.
48; and the measures taken by the
Latin churches on this account, ibid.
and h, i.
Gilbert, Bishop of London, his character
as a commentator, ii. 289; surnamed
The Universal, for his extensive erudi-
tion, ibid.
Gildas, a writer in vi cent. his character,
i. 419.
Girardin, Dr. Patrick Piers de,his remark-
able discourse in the Sorbonne, relative
to the project of union between the
English and Gallican churches, iv. 233;
writes to Archbishop Wake on this ac-
count, and the answer he receives, ibid.
is highly pleased with the answer, al-
though written with a truly Protestant
spirit, 234; the correspondence is di-
vulged, he is reprimanded by the Abbé
du Bois, and threatened with being sent
to the Bastile, unless he delivers up all
the letters that passed on this occasion,
244, 245; continues a faint correspon-
dence with Wake after Du Pin's death,
but without effect, 246.
Glassius, his sacred philology, iv. 26;
great character, 37 and k.
Glycas, a good historian in xii cent. ii.
246.
Gnostics, whence their name, i. 111; pre-
vailed in the apostolic age, and flourish
ed under the Emperor Adrian, ibid.
and s; who comprehended under that
name, ibid. sprung from the oriental
philosophy, ibid. the cause of many
dangerous errors concerning the Scrip-
tures, 112; their impious opinions about
Christ, and moral doctrines, 113; base
methods used to support their tenets,
114; dissension among them, whence,
115; their principles revived and adopt-
ed in iv cent. 326.
Godeschale, a monk of Orbais in ix cent.
ii. 31; begins a controversy concern-
ing predestination and grace, 52; his
doctrine violently opposed by Rabanus
Mauris, ibid. is twice condemned and
inhumanly treated, 53; his advocates,
ibid. tenets and how represented by his
advocates, and his opponents, 54 and
p; ibid. 55 and q, r; the judgment to
be formed of this controversy, 54; dis-
pute with Hincmar about the Hymn
Trina Deitas, 55.
Godfrey, Duke of Lorraine, engages in the
first Crusade in xi cent. ii. 125; his
great character, ibid. and r, s; takes
Jerusalem, 126; is saluted with the ti-
tle of king of Jerusalem, but declines
accepting it, and why, ibid. and x.
Godofred, the Norman, having conquered
Friesland, embraces Christianity, in ix
cent. ii. 9.
Gomar, Francis, opposes Arminius in his
schism, iv. 78; triumphs over him at
the synod of Dort, yet gains no ground,
ibid. his doctrine despised in England
under James 1. 93 and h; controversy
with Arminius, whence it began, and by
whom treated, 128 and c.
Gonesius, introduces the heresy of Ser-
vetus into Poland, iii. 359 and k.
Gorcomius, Henry, a scholastic writer in
XV cent. ii. 450.
Goths, their conversion to Christianity, i.
195, 263; their invasion of the Roman
empire, 331; cruelty to the Christians
in Gaul, 339.
Grace, various controverses concerning,
in v cent. i. 396; Augustin's opinions
concerning it, in explaining which his
disciples are not agreed, ibid. and k;
disputes about it in ix cent. and its un-
happy consequences, ii. 52, 53; a sub-
ject of controversy, in xvi cent. iii.
174; contests about it in xvii cent. and
hence the terms Sublapsarians and Su-
pralapsarians, iv. 78.
Grandmontains, an order of monks, their
rise in xi cent, ii. 187, 189 and ƒ.
Granianus's, remonstrance to the Emperor
Adrian in favour of the Christians suc
cessful, and by what means, i. 131.
Gras, Louisa le, founds the Virgins of
Love, a female order, in xvii cent. iii.
503.
Gratian, a Monk, composes an epitome
of the canon law, ii. 251.
Greece, the state of learning there in i
cent. i. 82; Romish missions, iii. 552.
Greek and Latin churches, schism be-
tween them unhappily revived in xi
cent. ii. 202; its progress, 203; many
attempts for a reconciliation in xiii
cent. ineffectual, 413, 414.
language, the study of it much
frequented in xiii cent. ii. 341.
Greeks, two Emperors among them in xiii
cent. ii. 325; their deplorable state
after the invasion of the Turks, iii. 186,
187.
Gregory, Thaumaturgus, his works and
miracles, i. 213.
Gregory, the Enlightener, converts the
Arminians, i. 262.
of Nazianzen and of Nyssa, ac-
count of them and their works, i. 277.
the Great, sends Augustine with
many Benedictines into Britain in vi
cent. i. 398; the success of his labours
in the West, 399; dislikes the methods
by which Christianity is propagated in
his time, ibid. and m; his literary eba-
racter, 417; moral and religious cha-
racter, 419; expositions, 421; institutes
many superstitious rites, 429; his canon
of the Mass, 430; and stations, ibid. is
successful in his dispute with the Do-
natists, 432.
of Tours, his character as a wri-
ter, i. 418.
Pisides, his works, i. 456.
I. Pope, excommunicates and
deposes Leo the Isaurian, i. 517; his
zeal for images, 518, s.
II. Pope, zealous for image wor-
ship, i. 518, s.
VII. Hildebrand, Pope, his elec-
tion unanimously approved, ii. 157,
158; his extraordinary character, ibid.
and u; 159 and w; aims at universal
empire in church and state, and the
methods used by him to accomplish this
end, 158, 160, 161 and y; requires the
subjection of France and Spain to the
see of Rome, 160; his demands more
regarded in Spain than in France and
England, 161; the success they met
with in other places, 163; his zeal for
extending papal authority meets with
the greatest success in Italy, and why,
164, 165; decrees against simony and
concubinage among the clergy, and the
tumults they excite, 165, 166 and q, 167
and r; reasons for extirpating investi-
tures, 167; dies, and is sainted, 180;
his moderate and candid behaviour to
Berenger, 209; revokes an order of his
predecessor Pope Nicholas II. 210 and
; his real sentiments of the Eucharist,
211 and z; his zeal for imposing the
Romish ritual, and a uniformity of wor-
ship on all the Latin churches, 216.
- IX. Pope, excommunicates Fre-
deric II. and why, ii. 327 and k; bis
charge of impiety against the Emperor,
334; the calamities that arose from his
ambition, 356; sends a copy of the
charge to all the European Princes,
which is answered by the Emperor,
357: drew immense sums out of Eng-
land in the reign of Henry III. 356, i;
attempts to deposc Frederic, and how
prevented, ibid.
X. Pope, his character, ii. 361,
362; his imperious and threatening let-
ters to the German Princess, &c. ib. and
; suppresses the various orders of Men-
dicants, and confines them to four, 369.
Gregory, XI. Pope, his character, ii. 463;
transfers the papal seat from Avignon
to Rome, and repents of it, ibid.
XII. Angeli.Carrario, Antipope,
ii. 519; resigns, 521;
XV. Pope, founds the college de
propaganda fide at Rome in xvii cent.
iii. 383; his character, 450.
Gribaldi, Matthew, his doctrine, iii. 359;
inclines to the Arian system, 361, sub
not. m in fine.
Grisons, doctrine of Claudius propagated
among them, iii. 359 and b.
Groningenists, a sect of the refined Ana-
baptists, and whence so called, iv. 163
and g.
Grotius, his book on the rights of war
and peace, iii. 435; endeavours to re-
concile the church of Rome and the
Protestants, 472; a philosophical re-
former, particularly of the Peripatetics,
iv. 18: his hypothesis concerning the
prophets, iv. 72: a favour of the Ar-
minians, 129; misunderstanding be-
tween him and Prince Maurice, which
turns to an open rupture, and whence,
132 and 133, i; is cast into prison, 133
and k, 134 and 1.
Gruet, opposes Calvin, iii. 315; his im-
pious tenets, and fate, ibid.
Guelphs and Guibelines, a seditious faction
in xiii cent. ii. 358; become formida-
ble in Italy, 359.
Guido, Guy Juvenal, attempts a reforma-
tion among the Monks in xv. cent. ii.
542.
Guiscard, Robert, Duke of Apulia, drives
the Saracens out of Italy in xi cent. ii.
121.
Gunpowder Plot, an account of, iii. 463,
464; remarkable passage in one of the
conspirator's letters, 464, g.
Guntherus, his character, ii. 340.
Gustavus, Vasa Ericson, king of Sweden,
zealous in promoting the reformation
among the Swedes, iii. 61; his zeal
tempered with great prudence, ibid.
62 and m; publishes Petri's translation
of the Bible, and permits the Archbi-
shop of Upsal to make another, ibid.
and n; commands them to hold a con-
ference, which ends in favour of Petri,
ibid. resolved at Westeraas to admit the
Reformation, which is opposed by the
clergy, and why, ibid. and o; subverts
the papal empire, and is declared head
of the church, 63.
, Adolphus maintains the cause
of the Germanic liberties against the
emperor Ferdinand in xvii cent. iii. 459;
falls at the battle of Lutzen, ibid. and
Guthebald, an English priest, successful
in his mission among the Norwegians
in x cent. ii. 80.
Guyon, Madame, a patron of Quictims in
France, iii. 544 and o; her writings re-
futed by Bossuet, 543; hence arises a
dispute between Bossuet and Fenelon,
who defends Madame Guyon, ibid.
Haan, Galen Abraham, founder of the
Galenists, and character, iv. 167: bis
opinions, and by whom opposed, ibid.
Hackspan, a learned expositor of the
Scriptures in xvii cent. iv. 26.
Hager, writes against the Protestants, and
the peace of Augsburg, iii. 454.
Hales, Alexander, an eminent philosopher
in xiii cent. ii. 343; whence styled the
Irrefragable Doctor, ibid. and z; his
expositions, 405.
a chief leader of the Latitudina-
rians in xvii cent. his great character,
v. 397 and d.
Halitgarius, his system of morality, and
character of it, ii. 41.
Hanau, church of, embraces Calvinism
in xvi cent. iii. 299.
Hanover. See Liturgy, iv. 406.
Harald, propagates and establishes Chris-
tianity among the Danes in ix cent. ii.
78.
Hardenberg, Albert, attempts to introduce
Calvinism into Bremen, iii. 280.
Hardouin, his Atheists detected, iii. 444,
P; character, 511.
Harmenoplus, Constantius, his works, ii.
281; a polemic writer in xii cent. and
character, 298.
Harmonies, Lutheran, of the Evangelists,
iii. 224.
Harphius, Henry, a mystic writer in xv
cent. ii. 558.
Hatlemists, a Dutch sect, their rise in xvii
cent. and pernicious tenets, iv. 123; re-
semble the Verschorists in their reli-
gious system, but differ from them in
some things, and in what, 124; their
founder is deposed from his office, yet
deserts not the reformed religion, ibid.
a chief maxim among them, ibid. still
subsist, though not under their founder's
name, ibid.
Haymo, Bishop of Halberstadt, Lis cha-
racter, ii. 31 and c; his works, 40.
Hederic, writes against the Protestants,
and the peace of Augsburg, iii. 454.
Heidegger, Heury, form of Concord drawn
up by him, and its fate, iv. 125, 126
and 2.
Heidelberg, Catechism of, adopted by the
Calvinists, iii. 280.
Helmont, John Baptist, a Rosecrucian, his
character, iii. 437.
Hemerobaptists, a sect among the Jews, an
account of, iii. 197 and a.
Hemmingius, Nicholas, his character, iii.
299; chief of the disciples of Melanc-
thon in Denmark, ibid.
lenoticon, published by Zeno, what, i.
388; subscribed by the moderate, but
produces new contests among the Euty-
chians, 389.
Henricians, a sect in xii cent. ii. 311;
their founder Henry endeavours a refor-
mation among the clergy, but is warmly
opposed by Bernard Abbott of Clairval,
312; his condemnation and death, ibid.
and ;. is supposed to be a disciple of
Peter de Bruys, but without foundation,
ibid. and y.
Henry, Archbishop of Upsal, founder of
the church of the Finlanders in xii cent.
ii. 289; his zeal censured, is massacred
and sainted, ibid.
IV. Emperor, refuses to resign his
right of investitures, and to obey the
insolent order of Pope Gregory VII. ii.
176; assembles a council at Worms,
and accuses the Pope of flagitious prac-
tices, ibid. is excommunicated and de-
posed by Gregory, 177; his pusillani-
mous conduct at Canusium, 178; breaks
his convention, and renews the war
against the Pope, 179.
11. of England, his dispute with
Alexander III. Pope, ii. 267; reasons to
think he did not consent to the murder
of Becket, 269, t; performs severe pen-
ance for this supposed murder, 270
and u.
VIII. of England renounces the
papal supremacy, iii. 78, 79 and p; the
reasons for it not fairly represented,
ibid. and q; the expedient suggested to
the King by Cranmer, and the effects,
80 and r.
IV. of France, renounces the Re-
formed religion, with his views, iii. 282.
Duke of Saxony, deserts Luther-
anism, and embraces the communion of
the Reformed church, iv. 65.
Heraclian's book against the Manichæans
in vi cent. i. 432 and y.
Heraclius, Emperor, persecutes the Jews,
and compels them to embrace Chris-
tianity, in vii cent. i. 442; his edict in
favour of the Monothelites, i. 466; issues
another, called the Ecthesis, to com-
promise the dispute concerning the one
will and operation in Christ, 467.
Herbert, of Cherbury, Lord, account of,
iii. 423; instance of fanaticism, ibid.
and g; his peculiar tenets, and by whom
refuted, 424, h.
Heresies, ancient, revived in v cent. and
cause new troubles, i. 371; remains of
them in vi cent. 431; continue în x
cent. ii. 115.
Heretics, dispute about their baptism in iii
cent. i. 223; the determination of the
African and Oriental churches on the
point, ibid. and the insolent behaviour;
of Stephen, Bishop of Rome, 224.
Heribald, writes against Radbert Pasca-
sius, ii. 49.
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