bid. and; story of the cross seen by him in the air, ibid. and attended with several difficulties, and hypotheses about it, 253 and a; his colleague Lici- nius persecutes the Christians, ibid. and b; but is defeated and strangled, 254; his efforts against Paganism, and zeal for Christianity, ibid. dies, and is suc- ceeded by his three sons, who massacre all their relations but two, ibid. 255 and r; models ecclesiastical government according to the civil, 270; divides it into external and internal, 271; how he and his successors frequently called councils, &c. ibid. raised in the Bishop of Byzantium a rival to Rome, 274; presides at and determines an ecclesias- tical cause against the Donatists, 310. Constantine II. what dominions were allot- ted to him, i. 255; engages in a war with his brother Constans, and is slain.
Capronymus, his zeal against image worship, i. 501, 519; calls a council, which condemns this practice of superstition, ibid. the validity of this council denied by the Roman Catholics, ibid. u; the monks, who opposed the decree of this council, chastised by him, ibid.
Porphyrogeneta, his zeal for reviving learning among the Greeks in cent. ii. 87; encourages literature by his example and munificence, ib. and e; his laudable design how frustrated, ibid. calls an assembly of the clergy, in which fourth marriages are prohibited, 112. Constantinople, the first council at, as- sembled by Theodosius the Younger, i. 326; which condemns the Macedonian Heresy, and confirms and improves the doctrine of the Nicene council relative to the Trinity, ibid. another summoned by Justinian, i. 427; the three chapters condemned here, its authority admitted by the pontiffs of Rome, but rejected by the African Bishops, 428; decree passed at it respecting the suffering of one upon the cross, ibid. the third council at, called here by Constantine Capro- nymus, condemns the practice of image worship, but its decision is found insuf- ficient to stop the progress of this super- stition, 519; the city taken in xv cent. and the great decline of Christianity in the East, ii. 509.
Constantinople, Patriarch of, his jurisdic- tion in iv cent. i. 271; is placed next to the Bishop of Rome, and consequences of this promotion, ibid. 275; contends with the Pope for supremacy in v cent. 346; his power augmented by Leo in vii cent. 502; disputes about pre-emi- nence in ix cent. ii. 57; by whom elect- ed in modern times, iii. 183; confirmed in his office by the Emperor of the Turks, ibid. his extensive power and revenues, whence, 183, 184 and 8, t.
Constantius, declared sole Emperor on the death of his brothers, i. 255; his death and successor, ibid.
Chlorus, his mild government in Gaul, i. 247; Christians in the West enjoy peace under him, 248; is succeed- ed upon his death, by Constantine the Great, his son, ibid.
Consubstantiation, when introduced in- stead of Transubstantiation, and by whom, ii. 415.
Controversial writers,employed in explain- ing the terms of salvation and accept- ance in i cent. i. 103; their merit and demerit in ii cent. 154; called Econo- mical, and whence, 221; suppositious and spurious writings frequent among them, ibid. scurrility and dialectic much used by them in iv. cent. 286; and the chief at this time, 287; very considera- ble in v cent. 361; the rules of the an- cient Sophists esteemed by them as the best method of confuting error, 362; their works destitute of probity, mode- ration, and prudence, in vi cent. 424; how far they may be considered as worthy of an attentive perusal in vii cent. 462; few engaged in essential points of religion in viii cent. but confi- ned to the disputes about image wor- ship, 515, 516; prevented in ix cent. by intestine divisions from opposing the common enemies of their faith, ii. 43; scholastic method of disputing introdu- ced among them in xi cent. 202; and flourishes in xii cent. 297; more nume- rous than respectable in xiii cent. 412; few worthy of notice in xiv cent. 493; many eminent among them in xv cent. 559.
Controversies, private, in xvi cent. iv. 55, 56; and x.
Controversy, concerning the Millennium, i. 222; the baptism of Heretics, 223; Meletian, 295; Ærian, 297; between Jerome and Vigilantius, 366, 367; con- cerning the three chapters,wha,tand how terminated, 425,426; relative to image worship, with its origin and progress in viii cent. 516, 521; about the deriva- tion of the Holy Ghost, 521, ii. 48; con- cerning images, among the Greeks, 44; and among the Latins in ix cent. 46; the Eucharist, began by Pascasius Rad- bert, 49; and predestination and grace, 52; the words Trina Deitas, 55; the birth of Christ, ibid. universal ideas be- gun in x cent. 90; the Eucharist, and predestination, and grace, subsides, and the reason, 106; fourth marriages, with the divisions occasioned by it in the Greek churches, but terminated by Con- stantine Porphyrogeneta, 111, 112; about the use of unleavened bread in xi cent. 204; relative to Martial, Bishop of Limoges, if worthy of an apostleship, 214; to the God of Mahomet, 300; to
the immaculate conception of the Vir- gin Mary, 302 and h; concerning the worship of Christ's blood, 561; the presence of Christ's body and blood, in the sacrament, between the Reform- ers in xvi cent. iii. 49,50; the use of reason in religion, in xvii cent. iv. 120; and reducible to two questions, ibid. by whom this was opposed, and how miti- gated, ibid.
Controversy, adiaphoristic, or about mat- ters indifferent, between Melancthon, and Flacius xvi cent. iii. 240 and s; the two questions discussed gave rise to the dispute about the necessity of good works, 241 and notes.
synergistical, iii. 242 and a; principal champions in it, 243. Conventual, brethren, who, ii. 483. Conversions, in iv cent. the causes of, con- sidered, i. 264; in v cent. to what owing, i. 337; in ix cent. the nature of, the views, ii. 6; traces of idolatry among the converted, accounted for, ibid.
Conversion of Jews, and Moors in Spain, in xv cent. by force, ii. 507. Copiate, their office in the church, i. 211 and t, in fine.
Copts, in Africa, their aversion to the
church of Rome, in xvii cent. iii. 560. Corbinian, a zealous missionary among the Germans, in vii cent i. 480. Cordt, Christian Bartholomew de, a pa- tron of Bourignon's doctrine, and ac- count of, iv. 180.
Cornelius, Anthony, one of the founders
of the collegiants, an account of, iv. 174.
Corrupticola, who, i. 436: their opinions, concerning Christ's body, 437. Cortesius, Paulus, his Commentary on Proverbs, ii. 558.
Cosmus, bishop of Jerusalem, his charac- ter, i. 506
Council, general, one very much desired,
in xvi cent. iii. 77; why retarded by Pope Clement VII. ibid. and i; who eludes his promise, and dies, ibid. and k; his successor, Paul, III. inclined to call one, proposes to assemble it at Mantua, and why protested against by the Protestants, who draw up the arti- cles of Smalcald, 78 and 1, m. Councils, if any in i cent. t. 92; whether
that of Jerusalem was one, ibid. and m; their origin among the Greeks, i 146; soon become universal, ibid. increase the power of the bishops, ibid.
œcumenical, when first esta- blished, i. 269; what so called, ibid. their power diminished by Alexander III. Pope, ii. 270. Coarayer, Dr. remarkable anecdote con- cerning him, and good character, iv.
Cranmer, archbishop of Canterbury, un account of, iii. 319.
Crautwauld, Valentine, assists Scwenfeldt, against Luther, ii. 233. Crellius, minister at the Saxon court, pro- tects the Crypto-Calvinists, in xvi cent. iii. 258; suffers death, 259 and m.
Samuel, professor of Theology, among the Socinians, differs from Soci- nus, and whence called the Artemonite, iv. 173 u; dies at Amsterdam, iv. 210. Crescens, his virulent efforts against Chris- tianity, and particularly against Justin Martyr, i. 135.
Cromwell, state of the church under him, in xvii cent. iv. 105; attached to no particular sect, 106; favours the inde- pendents in order to balance the Pres- byterians, ibid. and t; tolerates all sects but episcopalians, ibid. resolves at first to suppress the Quakers, but after- ward is obliged to desist, 149.
Cross, if one of the Trinity can be said to
have suffered on it, debated, i. 428; how made a proof of innocence in ix cent. ji. 24 and i.
Crown and rosary of the Virgin, an insti- tution in x cent. ii. 114; and what,
Crump, Henry, attacks the mendicants in xiv cent. ii. 467.
Crusades, holy wars. See War, holy, ii. 82, &c.
Cuiper, Francis, opposes Bredenberg's sentiments in favour of Spinoza's doc- trine, and controversy thereupon, iv. 176; his writings, and an account of, ibid. sub not. s.
Cusa, Nicholas de, his works, iii. 430 and q; labours to reform the schoolmen in XV cent. 441.
Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, opposes the readmission of the lapsed in the perse- cution under Decius, and gains his point, i. 198; suffers martyrdom under Valerian, 199; a character of his works, 213; opposes the imperious measures of Stephen Bishop of Rome, 224. Cyriac, of Ancona, introduces a taste for coins in xv cent. ii. 513.
Cyril, Bishop of Jerusalem, his character and works, i. 277; admired for his cate- chetical discourses, 285.
Bishop of Alexandria, his charac ter, i. 354 g; Commentaries on the Scriptures, 359 and d; anathematizes Nestorius twelve times, 378; presides at the council of Ephesus, 379; con- demns Nestorius, ibid. how blamable in the Nestorian controversy, 380 and p; anathematized at Ephesus by John of Antioch, 381.
Patriarch of Constantinople, his cha- racter, iii. 553; favourable to Rome in xvii cent. ibid. and f; is put to death, 554
Damascenus, John, his concise and com- prehensive view of Aristotle's doctrines, i. 486; is followed by many in the study of this philosophy, 487; his character, 506; Commentary on St. Paul's Epis- tles, 509; systematic works, 514; pole- mic writings, 515.
Damianists, a sect in vi cent. i. 438; their founder Damian, Bishop of Alexandria, ibid. doctrine of the Trinity, ibid. Damien, Petrus, his character, ii. 201; moral, 104; and controversial works, 202.
Damyla, Nilus, a zealous advocate for the Greeks against the Latins in xiv cent.
Dancers, a sect in xiv cent. ii. 504 and k. Danhaver, John Conrad, opposes Rhein- both in his opinions in xvii cent. iv. 56. Daniel, Gabriel, defends the Jesuits, iii. 170 z.
Dante, his character, zeal, and success in restoring the purity of the genuine elo- quence of the Latins in xiv. cent. ii. 449. Dantsic, small Socinian sect founded at, in xvi cent. iii. 373.
Dantzigers, or Prussians, a sect of the re- formed Anabaptists, and why so called, iv. 163 and h.
Darensis, Johannes, his explications of the pretended Dionysius, i. 515. David, Francis, propagates Socinianism in Transylvania, iii. 371; adopts the doc- trine of Budnæus about Christ, 380; his imprisonment and death, ibid. and u. Davidists, David Georgians, a ridiculous sect in xvi cent. iii. 350; impiety of the founder, why exaggerated, 351; some remains of them in Holstein, Friesland, and other countries, ibid.
Deaconesses, in the primitive church, their office described, i. 90.
Deacons, of the church at Jerusalem, their office described, i. 89; if the young men who carried out Ananias and Sapphira, belonged to this order, 90 h. Decius, the dreadful persecution under him, and consequences, i. 197. Decretals, forged, procured by the Pontiffs to establish their supremacy in ix cent." ii. 24 and za; a collection of them made in xiii cent. by Raymond of Pennafort, ii. 346 and i. Deists, promote their principles with im- punity under Cromwell in xvii cent. and their chiefs, iv. 106; account of them in xviii cent. their notions, and principal writers, iv. 188; essential religion, its author and refutation, ibid. and d. Deities, Heathen, who admitted to this honour, i. 33 and m.
Delft, assembly of the Dutch clergy held at, by which every candidate for orders is obliged to declare his abhorrence of Cartesianism, iv. 116.
Demiurge, of the Eastern philosophers who, and his character, i. 81. Denmark, converted to Christianity in ix cent. ii. 3; and confirmed in it in x cent. 78; the rise and progress of the Refor- mation in xvi cent. iii. 62, 64.
Derusi, or Drusi, an account of, in xii. cent. ii. 333 z.
Des Cartes. See Cartes, iii. 431, &c. Desiderius, Bishop of Cahors, his epistles, i. 456.
D'Espence, an eminent expositorin xv cent. iii. 160.
Devay, Matthias, with others, introduces the doctrine of the Swiss churches into Hungary and Transylvania, iii. 298. Deurhoff, William, accused of a propensity to Spinozism, his notions and works, iv. 208.
Desius, his absurd attempt to prove no difference between the council of Trent and the confession of Augsburg, iii. 470 and w.
Diadochus, a moral writer in v cent. hi- works, i. 363.
Didymus attacks the whole body of Here- tics in iv cent. i. 288.
Dinant, David of, a great admirer and dis- ciple of Almaric, his fundamental prin- ciple, ii. 435.
Dioceses, their origin, i. 92. Diocletian, persecution under, how pro- cured, i. 246; the causes and horrid se- verity, 247 and f; brings the affairs of the Christians to a dangerous crisis, 248. Diodorus, Bishop of Tarsus, an account of, i. 278; his interpretation of the Scrip- tures, 284.
Dion Cassius, an eminent rhetorician in iii. cent. i. 204; combats barbarism, ibid. Dionysius, Bishop of Alexandria, the Great, so called from his great erudition and moderation, i. 213 and a; his moral writings, 220.
the Areopagite, a Greek fanatic under that name in iv cent. i. 289; the success of his gloomy notions, ibid. and n.
pretended Areopagite, his works, i. 423; panegyrics on him, ii. 42; his writings translated by the order of Lew- is the meek, ibid. and u, w; life by Hilduin, 43.
his fanaticism and insolence, iv. 49:
character of him and his writings, ibid. and q.
Disciples, LXX. their authority and office, accounts of, uncertain, i. 85; their com- mission extended only to the Jews, ibid. Discords, between Greeks and Latins, seeds sown in vii cent. i. 462.
Divines, Belgic, declare war against the form of concord, iii. 355; adopt the sentiments of Voet, and assist him in his controversy with Des Cartes in xvii cent. iv. 116.
Saxon, adopt in appearance the opinion of Augustus, Elector of Saxony, and his followers in xvi cent. iii. 251, 252 and w; but endeavour to abolish it, ibid. convened at Torgaw; some im- prisoned and banished, ibid. and x; attack Calixtus, iv. 34; their malicious conduct after his decease, 33; draw up a new creed, ibid. Divinity, systematic, none to be met with. in ii cent. i. 152.
Doctors, Christian, a famous division of, into two classes in xii cent. ii. 292; their manner of expounding Scripture, 293; oppositions from both sides, with the effects, 293, 294.
Lutheran, corrupted by the stra- tagem of the Jesuits, iii. 227; never at- tempted to give a regular system of mo- rality, ibid. favourite maxim among them, iv. 22 and w.
Swiss, write against the form of concord, iii. 263; aim to reduce all churches under one form of ecclesias- tical government, 255; are far from adopting the doctrine of Predestination, 270; endeavour to reconcile the Puri- tans and Church of England, 318. Doctrine, secret, among the ancient Chris- tians, in what it consisted, i. 101.
-fathers, of the Christian, in France and Italy, founded in xvi cent. by Cæsar de Bus, iii. 150. Dodwell, Henry, his works in defence of the Non-juring Bishops, an account of iv. 112, 113 and 1.
Dolet, a supposed infidel in xvi cent. iii.
Dominic, his zeal in extirpating error, and destroying Heretics, ii. 370; founds an order of Monks, 371; dies at Bologna, ib. Dominicans, an order of Monks founded in xiii cent, ii, 370; the vow of absolute
poverty is imposed on them by their founder, 371; some sent into England, found Monasteries, and are known there by the name of Black-Friars, 372; call- ed Jacobins in France, with other ap- pellations, 371 r; esteemed by the Popes, with the eminent services done to the latter, 373; dispute between them and the university of Paris, 374; its decision in their favour by the Pope, 375 and b; warmly opposed by St. Amour, ibid. erect their first court of inquisition at Thoulouse, 424; deny that Dominic founded this Tribunal, 423 sub not. g; model it after the Tribunal of Penance, 424; deprived of their ancient honours, and how long, 495 and n; the cruel and impious fraud practised by them at Ber- ne, in xvi cent. iii. 18 and k; discovery and fate of the actors, sub fin. not. great- ly instrumental in obtaining the con- demnation of Luther, 20; their doctrine of the sacraments, what, 171 b. Domitian, persecutes the Christians, and why, i. 67, the martyrs, who 71. Donatists, rise of the controversy with, i. 308; whence so called, 310 and e; their dispute with Cæcilianus, 309; their ap- peal to Constantine against him, 310; the cause determined against them in two councils, ibid. their invectives against Constantine, who determines in favour of Cæcilianus, and the conse- quences, 310, 311; their state under Julian and Gratian, 313; the two cau- ses of their decline, ibid. the principal crime they are charged with, ibid. their defeat in the reign of Honorius, i. 372; and suppression, 432. Dorotheus, Abbot of Palestine, his ascetic
dissertations, i. 456; moral works, 460. Dort, synod of, in which the doctrine of Arminius is condemned, iv. 78; its de- cisions treated with contempt in Eng- land, 80; and neglected among the re- formed in France, ibid. disliked by King James I. and the English clergy, 92, 93.
Dositheus, a Samaritan impostor, impro- perly called an Heretic, i. 116 and u. Doxopatrius, eminent for his knowledge in ecclesiastical polity, ii. 193. Druthmar, Christian, his Commentary on St. Matthew, ii. 31. Dudith, his character, iii. 364, u. Dulcinus, an eminent fanatic in xiii cent. ii. 437; the leader of the sect of the apostles, 438; his death, ibid. Dunbar, Lord Treasurer, procures the fa- mous act of the assembly of Scotland in favour of episcopacy under James I. of England, iv. 92, sub not. f. Dungal, an Irishman, his great character, ii. 16; writes in defence of images, ii.47. Dunkelspuhl, Nicholas, his zeal in reform ing the monks in xv. cent. iii. 542.
Dunstan, of Glassenbury, his character
and works, ii. 104 and p. Duraus, John, his pacific exploits, iv. 10; great character, 11; some of his tenets, 12; propensity to the sentiments of the Mystics and Quakers, ibid. Durandus, William, an account of, ii. 400. of St. Portion, a polemic di- vine in xiv cent. ii. 487. Dursians, Duruzians, a sect which inhabit Mount Libanus, iii. 99; their origin and religion uncertain, 199 and f. Dutch, their schemes for propagating their doctrine in the East Indies, iii. 410; zeal for spreading the gospel truths in the American provinces how obstruct- ed, and success in Surinam inconsidera- ble, 417 and u, 418 and w; sects among them in xvii cent. iv. 123. Duyts, Rupert of, his great character, ii. 282; an eminent expositor in xii cent. 289; refutes the Jews, 298; his senti- ments of the Eucharist, and other re- ligious contests, 304.
East, the remains of ancient sects, in xvi cent. ii. 420. Easter, disputes in ii cent. about the time of keeping it, i. 167; occasion and pro- gress of them, ibid. they prevail princi- pally between the Asiatics and Romans, 168; hence is drawn a striking argu- ment against the supremacy of the Bi- shop of Rome, 169, w; the progress of this dissension stopped by the prudence of Irenæus, and the Asiatic Christians' letter, ibid. the celebration made the same through all Christian churches, by the council of Nice, ibid.
Ebionites, a sect of Heretics who lived in ii cent. i. 121; their origin, 171; Gos- pel, ibid. and f; whence they derived their name doubtful, 172; their tenets very dangerous, ibid. and i, k. Eccard, Henry, a brother of the Free Spi- rit, a man of great erudition and family in xiv cent. ii. 502.
Echellensis, Abraham, his pacificatory at- tempts to reconcile the Greek and La- tin churches in xvii cent. iii. 553. Eckius, one of the first adversaries of Lu- ther, iii. 29; his dispute with Carolo- stadt on the power and freedom of the human will, and with Luther on the power of the Pope, 35, 36 and c; urges Pope Leo X. to excommunicate the lat- ter, 40, 41 and n; his dispute with Me- lancthon at Worms, 82. Eclectics, philosophers, their order esta- blished at Alexandria, and whence their rise, i. 42; how different from those philosophers of this name in the time of Ammonius, 140; who prefer Plato to all others, 138.
philosophers, so called in xvii
cent. iii. 448; method, ibid. most famous among them, ibid.
Ecthesis, edict, published by the Emperor Heraclius in ix cent. i. 468; received
in the East, but rejected by Pope John IV. 469. Eginhard, Abbot of Selingestat, his cha- racter, ii. 14; author of the life of Char lemagne, 30; admired for the beauty of his diction, and elegant perspicuity of style, ibid.
Egyptian sect of Gnostics, their notions, i. 173; different from the Asiatic Gnostics, and in what, with their various leaders, 178, 179.
Elcesaites, an heretical sect in ii cent, and their founder, i. 173.
Elfric, Archbishop of Canterbury, his character and works, ii. 104 and q. Eligius, or Eloi, Bishop of Limoges, his works, i. 456; account of a good Chris- tian in vii cent. 457, w.
Elipand, Archbishop of Toledo, his hereti- cal tenets, i. 513 and k. Elizabeth, of Schonauge, the Prophetess in xii cent. ii. 286.
Queen, her character and reli- gious establishment, iii. 93, 94; her propensity to Romish usages considered, 285 and 7; oppresses the Puritans, 286; her opinion concerning church govern- ment, 304 and x.
Princess Palatine, shows favour to the Labbadists in xvii cent. iv. 177; her taste for fanaticism, and account of, ibid. c.
Elliot, John, his success in converting the Indians, and character, iii. 416. Elmacin, George, an historian, who wrote the history of the Saracens in xiii cent. ii. 336.
Elxai, and his followers, an account of, i. 173.
Emperors, Christian, their severity against
Paganism in iv cent. why levelled against the multitude, i. 259. Empire, Roman, its state at Christ's birth, i. 29; the nature of its government con- sidered, 30; its extent advantageous to Christianity, ibid. enjoys peace at the time of Christ's appearance, and the necessity for such a tranquillity to the success of the gospel, ibid. 31.
eastern, its decline in viii cent. through intestine divisions, and the in- vasion of the Turks, i. 484; in xv cent. with the causes, ii. 509. England, its advantages for literature in vii cent. due to Theodore of Tarsus, ii. 450 and e; learning promoted in ix cent. by Alfred, ii. 13; the study of the sci- ences encouraged by William the Con- queror, 137; some nuns here in xii cent. 273; renounces the opinions of Calvin, relative to the divine decrees, iii. 263; court of Rome fails in its at
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