able pretence to a very remote antiqui- ty, and that Elias was their founder, ibid. and u; the absurd arguments brought in support of this pretence, 279; their arrival in England, 280; sub. fin. not. y; transplanted into Europe, and favoured by Honorius III. Pope, 369; reformation introduced among them in xv. cent. iii. 148; divisions among them ibid. and 149. Caro, Cher, Hugo de St. his Concordance to the Bible, the first that appeared, ii. 400 and 1; collects the various readings of the Hebrew, Latin, and Greek Bibles, ibid.
Carpathius, John, his moral writings, i.
Carpathias, Philo, his character, i. 359. Carpocrates, an Egyptian Gnostic, i. 181; his impious tenets, which destroy all virtue, 182.
Cartes, M. des, an astronomer, iii. 431: his character, 438; philosophy, 439; method adopted by him, and the clergy alarmed, 440; charged with atheism, ibid. opposed by other sects, and the consequences to science, 440; his me- thod applauded, yet several faults found in it, 441; Gassendi his chief adversary, ibid. has a great number of followers, 442; metaphysical, improved and pro- pagated with success, 445; by Male- branche and Leibnitz, with the cha- racter of each, ibid. and r. Cartesian controversy in Holland, an ac- count of, iv. 115; philosophy, why considered as a system of impiety, 116; edicts against it, but ineffectual, ibid. Carthusians, a monastic order, its rise in xi cent. ii. 189; founder and severe laws, ibid. and h; why so few nuns of that order, 190 and k. Cassian, his character, i. 355 and q. Cassidorus, his character, i. 418; exposi- tions of Scripture, 420.
Castalio, Sebastian, opposes Calvin, and his character, iii. 316 and y; is banish- ed Geneva, and received into Basil, ibid. and s.
Castilions, the extraordinary method used by them to determine the superior ex- cellence of the Roman and Gothic ser- vice in xi cent. ii. 217. Castilione, Gilbert de, refutes the Jews in xii cent. ii. 298.
Casuists, ancients, not so good as the Lu- theran, iii. 227.
Catechumens, an order of Christians in the early ages of the Church, i. 88; how distinguished from believers, 100; not admitted to the sacrament, 307. Catharists, Paulicians, so called in xi cent. ii. 220; their unhappy state in xii. cent. 308 and p; resemble the Manichæans in their doctrine, and hence called by that name, ibid. their tenets, ibid. and VOL. IV.
q; two principal sects, ibid. their doc-. trine and subdivisions, 309; sentiments concerning the birth of Christ, ibid. church constitution, discipline, 310 & u Cedrenus, a historian in xi cent. ii. 136. Celestine I. Pope, sends Palladius and Patrick to convert the Irish in v cent. i. 336.
- III. Pope, excommunicates the Emperor, the Duke of Austria, the King of Gallicia and Leone, ii. 272.
V. Pope, obnoxious to the cler- gy, and why, ii. 363; his good charac- ter, ibid. resigns the papal chair, and is founder of the Celestines, ibid. is saint- ed, ibid.
Cellites, their rise at Antwerp in xiv cent. ii. 484; called Alexians and Lollards, with the reason, 485 and u; their fame and progress, 486, 487; oppressed by the clergy, ibid. privileges granted them by the Popes, 487.
Celsus, his objections against Christianity refuted by Origen, i. 135.
Celts, learning among them in i cent. i. 83, their Druids and priests eminent for their wisdom, ibid.
Cene, Charles le, propagates Pajon's doc- trine, see Pajon, iv. 90; his singular translation of the Bible condemned, ibid and b; he rejects the doctrine of original sin and human impotence, &c. ibid and c.
Century, i its Ecclesiastical history, i. 29. -ii cent. 123-iii cent. 191.-iv cent. 245.-v cent 331.-vi cent. 377.-vii cent. 439.-viii cent. 477.-ix cent. ii 3.-x cent. 73.-xi cent. 119.-xii cent. 227. xiii cent. 323.-xiv cent. 441.- xv cent. 507.-xvi cent iii. 9-Appen- dix I. 383.-xvii cent. 102.--xviii cent. iv. 183.-Appendix II. 214.-Appendix III. 226.
Cerdo, founder of an heretical sect in Asia, i. 175; his principles and tenets, 176.
Ceremonies, rites, two only instituted by Christ, i. 104; the Jewish retained in some, but not at all places, 105; why multiplied in ii cent. 162-165; the es- teem of modern Platonism a cause of their increase in iii cent. 226; their bur- den in iv cent. apparent from a saying of Augustin, 301; how multiplied in v cent. with a general view of the new rites, which are attended with much pomp, i. 369; several introduced into the Romish ritual in vii cent. 463; ad- ditions by every Pope, with several examples, ibid. their origin, nature, and ends, become the subjects of many writers in xi cent. 61; these writings considered as to their use,ibid.a general account of them in this cent. 62; many of them drawn from Pagan rites 64 and k; their increase, and the nature of
them in x cent. 113; of the Romish church, imposed on all the western churches, 216; the superior excellence of the Latin or Gothic ritual left to be determined by single combat and fiery trial in Castile, 217; absurdity of per- forming divine worship in an unknown tongue, which prevails both in the La- tin and Eastern churches, ibid. the eagerness of the Grecian bishops to in- crease their ritual in xii cent. ii. 303; multiplied in xiii cent. 415; ridiculous, and those instituted in relation to the Eucharist, 416 and r; many and use- less ceremonies remain in xvi cent. iii. 179; where most prevalent, ibid. and
Cerinthus, founder of an heretical sect in i cent. i. 119; blends the doctrines of Christ with the errors of the Jews and Gnostics, and how, ibid, 120; an advo- cate for the millennium, and promises his followers a sensual paradise for a thousand years, and an endless life in the celestial world, ibid. Celurarius, Michael, patriarch of Constan- tinople, revives the controversy be- tween the Greeks and Latins in xi cent. ii. 202; accuses the Latins of various errors, and resents the Pope's arro- gance, 203; violent measures used on both sides, ibid. and 204; adds new accusations, ibid.
Chains, what so called by the Latins, i.
Chais, his letters concerning the jubilee commended, ii. 288, a; 419, x. Chalcedon, fourth general council, called by Marcian the Emperor, i. 385; the legates of Leo I. Pope, preside at the council, ibid. condemns, deposes, and banishes Dioscorus, ibid. annuls the acts of the second council at Ephesus, ibid. the doctrine relating to Christ es- tablished here, what, ibid. the melan- cholyconsequences of this council,ibid. Chalcidius, his notions of the agreement between the Christian and Pagan reli- gions, i. 261; this philosopher not alone in this opinion, ibid. whether a Chris- tian or not, i. 401, n.
Chapters, controversy about the three, in
vi cent. i. 425 and o; condemned by Justinian, and warm opposition, ibid. Charenton, synod of, pacificatory at- tempts at, in xvii cent. iv. 8; but inef- fectual, 9 and h.
Charity, feast of, called Agapæ, what, i. 61; celebrated at the conclusion of the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper, 108; suppressed in v cent. i. 370. Charlemagne. his expedition against the Saxons in viii cent. i. 481; his design of propagating Christianity, ibid. the aversion of the Saxons to the gospel, and whence, ibid, and h; his methods
for converting and retaining the Saxons, ibid. i; is canonized, 482; the judgment to be formed of his conversions, 483; his attempts against the Saracens not very successful, 485; revives learning among the Latins, through the assist- ance of Alcuin, 487; if founder of the university of Paris, considered, 488; his munificence to the Roman pontiff, and the cause, 492 and n; his grant to the see of Rome, and its extent uncertain, 498 and u; the motives to which this grant is to be attributed, 499; opportu- nity opened for the western empire, which he embraces, ibid. and w; his rights, and the papal right to dispose of an empire, considered, ibid. and y; 500; his works, 507; exposition and zeal for the study of the Scriptures, 510; misses his aim, and how, 511 and g; assembles a council at Francfort, at which the worship of images was unani- mously condemned, 521 and ≈; his at- tachment to the Romish ritual, 523; at- tempts to stop the progress of supersti- tion, how rendered ineffectual, 524. Charles the Bald, a great patron of letters and the sciences, ii. 12.
Charles V. Emperor, is persuaded to pre- vent the issuing of any unjust edict against Luther, iii. 43; unwilling to of- fend the Pope, he calls a diet at Worms, at which Luther is banished,44; ratifies the sentence of Luther's banishment, ibid. and r; his interview with the Pope at Bologna, about calling a general council,and the answer of Clement VII. to his request, 59, 60; is an advocate for Papal authority at the diet of Augs- burg, 72; concludes a peace with the Lutherans, and the conditions of it, 76; listens to the sanguine councils of Paul III. 83; his designs give occasion to the Protestants to take up arms, ibid, raises an army against the Protestant princes, for opposing the council of Trent, 84; his base and perfidious behaviour to Philip Landgrave of Hesse, $5 and y; his real views, 89; disconcerted by Maurice of Saxony, 90; his attempts to impose on the Germans the edict called Interim, and consequence, 240. Charles I. of England, his character, iii. 464; three principle objects of his ad- ministration, iv. 95; intrusts the exe- cution of his plan to Laud, ibid. his proclamation in favour of Calvinism perverted by Laud,96, sub. not. m; dis- sensions between him and the Parlia- ment increase, 98; the latter abolish Episcopal government, and bring the King to the scaffold, ibid. reflections upon this event, and the conduct of the Puritans, ibid.
II. patron of arts, iii. 432; his character, 465 and 1; state of the
church under him, and his successors, iv. 110; Act of Uniformity, called also Toleration Act, under him, 111 and h; consequences to the Non-conformists, and fluctuating state, ibid. suffering state of the Quakers under him, 149; grants Pennsylvania to William Penn, 151.
Chamsi, or Solares, an account of, in xvi
Charron, an enemy to the Gospel, iii. 119. Chaumont, French ambassador to the King
of Siam, with the latter's acute answer to the former's memorial, iii. 394 and q. Chemnitz, Martin, his examination of the council of Trent commended, iii. 218; Harmonies of the Evangelists, 224. Childeric III. King of France, deposed by pope Zachary in viii cent. i. 495, 496 and q.
Chillingworth, a leader of the Latitudina- rians, in xvii cent. his great character, iv. 109; his work entitled the Religion of Protestants, a safe Way to Salvation, commended, ibid. d.
China, Christianity planted there in vii cent. by Jesujabas of Gaddala, i. 439; the state of Christianity here in xiv cent. ii. 442.
missions, there in xvii cent. iii. 395; their astonishing success, 396; owing to the Jesuits, with their dexteri- ty in arts and sciences, ibid. progress of Christianity how retarded, with a change of affairs, ibid. great success, 397; Romish missions in xviii cent. iv. 184; state of Christianity somewhat precarious, 185.
Chinese monument discovered at Signanfu
in vii cent. i. 439 and a; Christians dispute about allowing them their old religious rites in xviii cent. iv. 185. Choniates, Nicetas, a good historian in xiii cent. ii. 336.
Chorepiscopi, their origin and office, i. 92; permitted to baptize, but not to confirm, as confirmation was reserved to the bi- shop alone, 108 and i.
Chosroes, King of Persia, a violent perse-
cutor of the Christians in vicent. i. 404; a patron of the Aristotelian philosophy, 408.
Christ, his birth, i. 53; accounts of him in the four gospels, 54; his choice of twelve apostles and seventy disciples, and reason for this particular number, 56; extent of his fame beyond Judea, 57; his death, 58; resurrection and as- cension, 58, 59; pours out the Holy Ghost on his apostles, 60; his gospel preached first to the Jews and Samari- tans, ibid. respected among the Gen- tiles, 62, 63 and c; left the form of the church undetermined, 85 and %; insti- tutes only two Sacraments, 104; hence a multitude of ceremonies not necessa-
ry or essential to Christianity, ibid. comparison between him and the philo- sophers, and its fatal consequence, 201, 202; a parallel arrogantly drawn be- tween him and Apollonius Tyanæus, 260; disputes about the nature of his body in vi cent. 436; debates about the manner of his birth in ix cent. ii. 56; the festival of his body, or the Holy Sacrament, in xiii cent. and its origin, 359, 417; controversy in xv cent. con- cerning the worship due to his blood,and how decided by Pius II. 561; his divine nature denied by the Socinians, iii. 354; omnipresence of his flesh, a subject of debate in xvii cent. iv. 52; generation of, according to Roell's sentiments, 120, 121; his humanity denied by the Qua- kers, with their opinions concerning him, 157, 158.
Christian religion,the whole comprehend- ed in two great points, and what these are, i. 98; rites or ceremonies multipli- ed in ii cent. and the reasons, 162; re- mark of Lord Bolingbroke concerning the elevation of the host in the Romish church, ibid. n; first reason, a desire to enlarge the borders of the church, ibid. a passage in Gregory Thaumaturgus's life illustrating this, 163, o; second rea- son, to refute calumnies and reproach- es, with a remark thereon, ibid. third reason, the abuse of Jewish rites, ibid. fourth reason, the imitation of the hea- then mysteries, 164 and p; fifth reason, the symbolic manner of teaching among the eastern nations, 165; sixth reason, prejudices of converted Jews and Gen- tiles, ibid. an example brought for an illustration of this last reason, 166; as- semblies when and where held by the primitive Christians, ibid. the state of its doctrine in iii cent. 214; vicious me- thod of controversy practised by its de- fenders in this cent. and spurious wri- tings among them, 220, 221, its pro- gress in the east in vi cent. 397; in the west, 398; many converts retain their idolatrous customs through the vicious lenity of the missionaries, 399 and i; miracles supposed to be wrought by its missionaries in this cent. examined, 400; three methods of explaining its doctrine about this time, 421, 422. Christianity, causes of its rapid prog ress supernatural, i. 63, 127; it success as- cribed to absurd causes, 65; its progress in the Roman empire, 123; in Germa- ny, 125, 478; in Gaul, 125, 263; the conversion of the philosophers in ii cent. if advantageous or not, consider- ed, 129; is gradually corrupted, with a proof, 150, 151; deprived of its primi- tive simplicity, and whence, 162, 165; its success in iii cent. must be imputed partly to divine,partly to human causes,
193, 194; embraced by the Goths, 195, 263; interpreted according to the prin- ciples of the Platonic philosophy, 215; Julian attempts its destruction,256, 257; the efforts of the philosophers against it, 260; and the prejudices received by the Christian cause from them, ibid. es- tablished in Armenia, 262; its progress among the Abassines and Georgians, ibid. the causes of the many conversions in iv cent. 264; corrupted by the intro- duction of various rites, 301; embraced by the Burgundians,334; by the Franks, ibid. 335; by the Irish, 336; conver- sions in v cent. causes of, examined, 337; attempts of the Pagans to destroy its credit, 339; its decline in Britain, through the cruelty of the Anglo-Sax- ons, ibid. opposed by secret enemies, 341; authorities and logical discussions thought more useful in proving its prin- ciples, than the word of God, 362; its progress in the east, 397; the conver- sion of Ethelbert, King of the Anglo- Saxons, and of many others in Britain, 398, 440; many Jews converted, 399; Platonic philosophers oppose its success in their writings, 401; introduced into China by Jesujabas of Gadala, 439; many Jews compelled to embrace it by the Emperor Heraclius, 442; propaga- ted in Hyrcania and Tartary, 477, ii.73; suffers through the success of the Turks and Saracens, i. 484, 485; embraced by the Danes, ii. 3, 78; by the Swedes and Cimbrians, 3, 4; by the Bulgarians, Bohemians, and Moravians, 4; Slavo- nians send an embassy to Constantino- ple with their resolution to embrace it, 5 and f; conversion of the Russians, who are misrepresented by Lequien, ibid. 6 and h, and 76; authority of the Fathers made the test of truth in ixcent. 41; embraced by the Poles in x cent. 75; by the Hungarians, 77; by the Norwegians, and through whose en- deavours, 79, 80 and u; the zeal of Christian princes in propagating it in this cent. and the cause, 84, 85; no writers in its defence at this time, 111; conversion of the Pomeranians in xii cent. by Otho, Bishop of Bamberg,227, 228; received by the inhabitants of the island of Rugen, through the pious la- bours of Absalom, Archbishop of Lun- den, 228 and b; by the Finlanders, 229 and c, d; by the Livonians, ibid. what judgment must be formed of the con- versions in this cent. 232; its doctrine corrupted, and by what means, 285; its decline in Asia in xiv cent. 445, 446; as also in China and Tartary, ibid. con- versions of the Samogetæ and Indians in xv cent. considered, 508; propagated by Spanish and Portuguese missions, and the methods examined, iii. 115 and a; propagated in India, 390; how first
conveyed to Siam, Tonquin, and Co- chin China, 392; its enemies in Eng- land, and how audacious in the reign of Charles II. 418; the ingenious treatises in defence of religion, and Boyle's lec- tures founded, ibid. and x; Burnet's abridgment of these, 419, y, chief lead- ers of this impious band against Chris- tianity, and characters, ibid. 424 and notes; its enemies on the Continent, 424, 429, and notes; its prosperous state in xviii cent. iv. 183; propagated in Asia, Africa, and America,and by whom, with its different fruits, 184; its enemies in Europe, and more especially in Eng- land, 187 and c; Atheists, but few, 188; Deists, who, and may be divided into different classes, ibid.
Christians, ten persecutions of them, by the Gentiles, i. 67; what emperors made laws against them, ibid. why per- secuted by the Romans, 68; loaded with opprobrious calumnies 70; false- ly charged by Nero with burning the city of Rome, 73; their persecution under him, ibid. and the extent, 74; why persecuted by Domitian, and the martyrs, who, 74, 75; a perfect equali- ty among the primitive, 88; divided into believers and catechumens, 99; first, their care in the education of their youth, 100; their schools and Gymna- sia different, ibid. secret doctrine, what 101; lives and manners, ibid. contro- versies early among them, 102; adopt the Jewish rites in several places, but not in all, 105; unanimous in conse- crating the first day of the week to pub- lic worship, ibid. churches established among them, and how the public wor- ship was conducted, 107; the Lord's supper, feasts of charity and baptism, 107, 108; the sick anointed, and fasting introduced, 109; the persecution un- der Trajan, 130; under Adrian, 131; under Antoninus Pius, 132; the calumny of impiety and Atheism charged upon them, refuted by Justin Martyr, ibid. persecuted under Marcus Antoninus, ibid. and the chief martyrs, who, 133; the clemency of Commodus towards them, 134; the calamities they suffer under Severus, 134, 196; rendered odi- ous by calumnies, 134; at Alexandria, captivated with the principles and dis- cipline of the modern Platonics, 138; their learning in ii cent. 144; why ma- ny become Ascetics, 158; pious frauds, whence, 160; excommunication found necessary, ibid. penitential discipline gradually modelled by the Heathen mysteries, 161: and the expediency of this custom considered, ibid. their im- munities increased under various empe- rors in iii cent. 191, 192; their numbers increased, partly by divine, and partly by human causes,193, 194; persecution
they suffered under Maximin, 196; ma- ny revolt from the Christian faith under Decius,197; and the opprobrious names given them, ibid. certificates from the Pagan priests to those who apostatized, ibid. and s; warm disputes concerning the re-admission of the lapsed, upon their request to be restored to the com- munion of the church, 198: persecuted by Gallus Volusianus, and Valerian, 199 their state under Gallienus and Claudius, tolerable, 200: persecution under Aurelian prevented by his death, ibid. attempts of the Jews against them, 202: their affairs reduced to a danger- ous crisis under Dioclesian, 248: mise- ries very great under Galerius Maximin, 249; happy state under Constantine the Great, ibid. calamities they suffer under Licinius, 253; letters revive among them in iv cent. and the causes, 266 yet many illiterate among them, 268: two most pernicious maxims adop- ted by their teachers, 293; their immo- rality increases, 294: controversies fre- quent among them, 295; suffer from the success of barbarous invaders in v cent. 338: the cruelty of the Goths and Vandals to them in Gaul, 339: their calamities from the Picts and Scots in Britain, 340: persecuted in Persia, and the cause, ibid. the opposition they met with from the Jews, 341: sufferings from the Vandals in Africa, 374: from the Anglo-Saxons in England,403: from the Huns and Lombards, ibid. from Chosroes in Persia, 404: oppressed by the Saracens in Spain and Sardinia, 485; their superstitious piety and mo- rals in viii cent. 508: persecuted in x cent. by the barbarians in the west, ii. 84; their affairs in Palestine in a decli- ning state, 234; oppressed by the Sara- cens in xii cent. and the cause, 243; an important division of their doctors, 292; both faulty in the methods of de- fending and explaining Christian doc- trines, 293; the decline of their inter- est in Palestine, and how occasioned in xiii cent. 332; endeavour to extirpate the Saracens out of Spain, 4414, 507. Christiern, II.King of Denmark,promotes the Reformation among the Danes, but from bad motives, iii. 63; is deposed, and the reasons 64, and r; the different conduct of his successor Frederic, ibid. 65 and t.
III. his laudable zeal in re- forming the Danish church from Romish superstition, and how he finished it by Bugenhagius, and the council at Oden- see, iii. 65 and u; suppresses episco- pacy, and how far justifiable, 66 and
Christina, Queen of Sweden, her change
of religion and character, iii. 476 and
m; joins with Lewis XIV. against Pope Innocent XI. 490 n.
Chrysoloras, Manuel, his character ii. 449 and t.
Chrysostom, a general account of him and his works, i. 277, y, z; his commenta- ries on the Scriptures, 285; moral trea- tises, 288; the rigorous proceedings of Theophilus, Bishop of Alexandria against him, and on what account, i. 363 and w; the injustice of his suffer- ings considered, 369.
Chub, a Deistical writer in xviii cent. iv.
188 and c; his hypothesis of Deism, ib. Church, in general, its history in xvii cent. iii. 383; in xviii cent. and Romish in particular, its prosperous state, iv. 183; missions appointed by the latter, and success, with observations, ibid. famous contest concerning the obser- vance of the old Chinese rites in China, and how decided in two Papal edicts, 184; consequence of the execution of these edicts in China, 184, 185. Church, Arminian, its history and rise in xvii cent. iv. 137; by whom founded, and whence denominated, ibid. and a; its commencement and doctrine of Ar- minius, 128 and b; who is opposed, and by whom, ibid. and c; progress of this church after his death, with some hopes of a toleration, 129 and d; pacific me- thods used by its members, but in vain, ibid. and e, f; their doctrine compre hended in five articles, and what these are, 130; last of the five articles changed by the Arminians, 131; resemble Lu- ther's doctrine, with the Calvinists' opi- nions concerning them, ibid. 132 and h; Prince Maurice declares against the Arminians, and consequence, ibid. 133 and notes; synod convoked at Dort, to examine their doctrine, and by whom, 135 and n; their tenets con- demned by it, with the bad conse. quences to them, 135, 136 and o; the synod accused of partiality by the Ar- minians, and with reason, ibid. and p; ibid. and q, r; their fate after the synod of Dort, 137; persecuted variously, 138; are invited into Holstein, and form themselves into a colony, ibid. and u; recalled from exile, 138; their ancient and modern system, 140 andy; which was invented by Arminius, but embel- lished by Episcopius, with the great end proposed by it, and its principal heads, 140 and s; their confession of faith, but are not obliged strictly to ad- here to its doctrine, and consequence, 142 and c, d; united only in their opi- nions concerning predestination and grace, ibid. their Present state, 143; success in England, ibid. fundamental principle embraced at most Protestant courts, and what it is, ibid, great pro-
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