Benedict VI. Pope, his character and fate,
VII. Pope, account of, ii. 97. VIII. is raised to the pontificate,
IX. his infamous character, ii. 147. XII. his good character, ii. 461; is censured for the festival he added to the ritual, 496.
XIII. Anti-Pope, an account of, ii. 518, 521.
XIII. Pope, his character, iv. 189.
XIV. Pope, Prosper Lambertini, his great character, iv. 189; attempts to reform the clergy, but in vain, ibid. Benedictine order of monks, its rise in vi cent. i. 414; the founder's views in this institution, ibid. degeneracy among them from his practice, 415; its rapid progress in the west,ibid. their founder's discipline neglected and forgot by the monks in x cent. ii. 102.
Benefices, the right of nomination to them assumed by the Romish pontiffs, who are opposed by the civil power in xiii cent. ii. 348, 349.
Bennet, Gurvas, gives the denomination of Quakers to the sect so called, and why, iv. 145.
Berenger, introduces logic into France, ii. 141; his dispute with Lanfranc against. the real presence of Christ's body and blood in the Holy Sacrament, ibid. 199 and a; commentary on the Revelations, ibid. explains the doctrines of Scripture by logical and metaphysical rules, ibid. maintains his doctrine of the Eucharist against synodical decrees, and the threats and punishment of the civil pow- er, 207; abjures his opinions, but teach- es them soon afterward, 208; his con- duct imperfectly represented, ibid. makes a public recantation with an oath, and yet propagates his real sentiments of the Eucharist, 209; his second de- claration before Gregory VII. ibid. sub- scribes a third confession with an oath, 211; yet retracts publicly, and compo- ses a refutation, ibid. and ; whence appear Gregory's sentiments of the Eu- charist, ibid. and s; his fate, and the progress of his doctrine, 212, 213; his real sentiments, ibid. and e; the weak- ness of the arguments used by the Ro- man catholic writers against the real sentiments of this divine, ibid. d; the nature and manner of Christ's pre- sence in the Sacrament not fixed by the church of Rome in xi cent. ibid. sub fin.
Berg, the famous form of concord review- ed there, and its contents. iii. 254 and c. Bermudes, John, sent into Abyssinia, with the title of patriarch, in xvi cent. iii. 132; met with little or no success in his ministry, ibid. a mistake about Loy- ofa being sent into Abyssinia, ibid. g.
Berne, an account of the cruel and impi- ous fraud acted in xvi cent. upon one Jetzer. by the Dominicans, iii. 18. k. -church of, opposes Calvinism, iii.
278. Bernard, St., Abbot of Clairval, preaches up the Crusade in xii cent. ii. 235; draws up a rule of discipline for the Knights Templars, 240; exposes in his writings the views of the pontiffs, bishops, and monks, 257 and w, x; considered as the second founder of the Cistercian monks, who are called from him Benardin monks, 274; his great influence, ibid. apology for his own conduct in the di- visions between the Cistercian monks, and those of Clugni, ibid. and h; and answer to it by Peter of Clugni, 275 and i; combats the doctrine of the school- men, 294; his charge against Abelard, 295 and t; as also against Gilbert de la Porée, 296; opposes the doctrine of the immaculate conception of the Vir- gin Mary, 304; combats the sect of the Apostolics, 320.
Bernard, of Sens. a mystic writer in xv cent. his character, ii. 558. Bernoulli, two astronomers in Switzerland in xvii cent. their character, iii. 431. Bertramn, Ratramn, monk of Corby, emi- nent for refuting Radbert's doctrine of the Eucharist, ii. 31 and b; prepares to draw up a clear and rational explication of this important subject by the order of Charles the Bald, 50 and 1, m; an ac- count of this explication, ibid. defends Godeschalcus, 53; his dispute with Hincmar, about the hymn Trina Deitas, 55; maintains the cause of the Latin church against Photius, 59. Berulle, Cardinal, institutes the order of Oratorians in xvii cent. iii. 501. Beryllus denies the proper subsistence of Christ before his coming into the world, i. 238; confuted by Origen, he returns to the church. ibid. and 239. Bessarion, how employed by the Greeks in the council of Florence, ii. 536; terms of reconciliation made by him on their part with the Latins not lasting, ibid. created soon afterward a cardinal, ibid. his character, 547 and m. Beza, Theodore, teaches the sciences at Geneva with success, iii. 275; his La- tin version of the New Testament, and notes, 210.
Bibliander, an eminent writer in xvi cent. iii. 320.
Biblical colleges, what so called, and their rise in xvii cent. iv. 39. Biblicists, Christian doctors so called, their rise in xii cent. ii. 292: decline in xiii cent. 407: oppose the scholastic divines, 409.
Biddle, John, a famous writer among the Socinians in xvii cent. iv. 173 and w. Biel, a scholastic writer in xv cent. ii, 548,
Bishops, appointed first at Jerusalem, i. 91: the nature and extent of their dig- nity at their first institution, ibid. their authority augmented by the councils, 146: acknowledge themselves the dele- gates of their respective churches, and. authoritative rules of faith and manners when claimed by them, ibid. their pow- er vehemently asserted by Cyprian in iii. cent. 209: their contentions with each other about the extent of power, in iv and following centuries, produced violent commotions in the church, 276: disputes between the bishops of Rome and of Constantinople in v cent. i. 346: their court when first established, 351: their ambition to extend their jurisdic- tion in x cent. ii. 100: aspire after, and obtain, temporal dignities, ibid. admit persons to the order of saints indepen- dently on the power of the Roman pon- tiff, 110 oppose the arrogance of the pontiffs in xiii cent. 348: disputes be- tween them and the Mendicants, 476: sentiments of the Puritans concerning them, 510 and n.
Bisochi, a sect. See Tertiaries, ii. 391, &c.
Blanc, Lewis le, his writings to reconcile
the Romish and Reformed churches in xvii cent. iv. 86: unsuccessful, 87. Blandrata, George, propagates Socinian. ism in Transylvania, and his character, iii. 371.
Blesdyck, Nicholas, charges David George
with maintaining blasphemous errors, and has his body burnt, iii. 350, 351. Blesensis, Petrus, his works, ii. 283 and o; refutes the Jews in xii cent. 298. Blount, Charles, his oracles of reason and death, iii. 424 and i.
Blumius, Henry, his change of religion in xvii cent. and character, iii. 477 and q. Bockhold, John, a tailor of Leyden, and mock King of Munster, an account of, iii. 329 his enthusiastic impiety and se- ditious madness, particularly at Mun- ster, ibid. and p, q and r; short reign and ignominious death, 330. Bodin, a supposed infidel writer in xvi cent. iii. 119.
Boethius, an account of, i. 406: the only philosopher in vi cent. 407. Boetius, his controversy with Balduin in xvii cent. iv. 55.
Bogerman, presides at the Synod of Dort, and hates the Arminians, iv. 137. Bogomiles, a sect of heretics in xii cent. ii. 306 founder Basilius, ibid. their name, whence, 307 and n. Bohemia, commotions in xv cent. excited by the ministry of John Huss, ii. 552: how terminated, 555: troubles there excited against the Protestants in xvii cent. iii. 456: who defend themselves furiously, and choose Frederic V. King,
456 and q; account of the war, and dreadful consequences of it to the King and the Bohemians, ibid. how defeated, ibid. r and s; progress of the war unfa- vourable to the confederates, with the Emperor's proceedings, 457, 458; Gus- tavus Adolphus intervenes, 459; end of the thirty years' war, ibid. the peace of Westphalia, advantages to the protest- ants, and the disappointment of the Pope, 460, 461 and y. Bohemian, Moravian, brethren, from whence descended, iii. 297; their cha- racter ibid. recommend themselves to Luther's friendship, and embrace the sentiments of the Reformed, ibid. Bohemians, converted to Christianity in ix cent ii. 4.
Boineburg, Baron, deserts the Protestant religion, in xvii cent. and the cause ex- amined, iii. 477.
Bois, Abbe du, his ambition a principal ob- stacle to the project of union between the English and French churches, iv. 243. See Girardin.
Boleslaus, King of Poland, revenges the murder of Adalbert, Bishop of Prague, ii. 120; compels the Prussians to re- ceive Christianity, ibid.
Bolonia, the fame of this academy in xii cent. ii. 248; spurious diploma of its antiquity, ibid. e; the study of the an- cient Roman law very much promoted in it, 250.
Bolsec, Jerom, declaims against Calvin's doctrine of divine decrees, and his character, iii. 316; his treatment from Calvin causes a breach between the latter and Jacques de Bourgogne, 317. Bonaventura, an eminent scholastic divine in xiii cent. ii. 380; his prudent en- deavours to establish concord among the Franciscans unsuccessful, ibid. and 384; his great learning, 400 and g. Boniface III. Pope, engages the Empe- ror and tyrant Phocas to deprive the Bishop of Constantinople of the title of Universal Bishop, and to confer it upon the Roman pontiff in vii cent. i. 452.
-V. Pope enacts the law for ta- king refuge in churches in vii cent. i.
-Winfred, converts the Germans in viii cent. i. 478 and c; his other pious exploits, ibid. advancement in the church, ibid. and death, 479; entitled the Apostle of the Germáns, and the judgment to be formed about it, ibid. and d; an account of, 507.
-attempts the conversion of the Prussians in xi cent. ii. 121; his fate, ibid. and h.
-VIII. Pope, makes a collection which is called the sixth book of the Decretals in xiii cent. ii. 346; his arro- gant assertion in favour of papal power,
349; infamous character, 363; abo- lishes all the acts of his predecessor, 387; institutes the jubilee, 418; his in- solent letters to Philip the Fair of France, and quarrel, 453; excommuni- cates the king, 454; is seized by the order of Philip, and dies, ibid and g. Borri, Joseph Francis, his romantic no- tions, iii. 547; is sentenced to perpetual imprisonment, 548.
Bosius, George, his doctrine in xvii. cent. iv. 51.
Bossuet, Bishop of Meaux, his character and works for reconciling the French Protestants, iii. 469, 470 and u; follow- ed by others of their own private au- thority, 471; plan of reconciliation re- commenced by the bishop of Tinia, who was commissioned for this purpose, ibid. but in vain, ibid. his defence of the Regale, 490, k; dispute with Fenelon, and the occasion, 545.
Boulanvilliers, Count, character of him, with his defence of Spinoza, iii. 428 and y.
Bourgogne, Jacques de, his breach with Calvin, and the occasion, iii. 317. Bourignon, Antoinette, an account of her enthusiasm, in xvii cent. iv. 179; her main and predominant principle, 180 and f; patrons of her fanatical doc- trine, ibid. and g, h.
Bowenson, Leonard, excites a warm con- test about excommunication in xvi cent. iii. 335; severe doctrine concerning it, 336.
Boyle, Robert, his lectures, iii. 418 and y, 431; his great character, 446. Brabantinus, an account of his treatise on bees, ii. 493.
Brachmans, veneration paid them by the Indians, iii. 390; their title assumed by Robert de Nobili, ibid. and 391, i; and by other Jesuits, ibid. and m. Bradwardine, Archbishop of Canterbury, an eminent mathematician in xiv cent. ii. 449; his book on Providence, 493. Brahe, Tycho, a celebrated astronomer in xvii cent. iii. 431. Breckling, Frederic, his uncharitable wri- tings, and character, iv. 62 and h, Bredenberg, John, a collegiate, defends the doctrine of Spinoza, in xvii cent. iv. 176; debate between him and Cui- per concerning the use of reason in re- ligious matters, ibid and z. Bremen, republic of, embraces Calvin's doctrine and institutions, iii. 280 and b. Brethren and sisters of the Free Spirit, a sect in xiii cent. ii. 428,429 and r,s; va- rious names and singular behaviour, ibid. and t; dangerous and impious con- clusion drawn by them from their mys- tic theology, 430, 431; sentences from some more secret books belonging to them, ibid. and w; some among them
of eminent piety, ibid. place the whole of religion in internal devotion, ibid. their shocking violation of decency,432 and y; execrable and blasphemous doc- trine of some among them, 432 and 3 ; their first rise seems to have been in Italy, 434 a; several edicts against them in xiv cent. 500; prevail over all oppo- sition, 501; called by various names, 563; undergo severe punishments from the inquisition in xv cent. 564 and h; as also from Ziska, 565 and i, Brethren, and clerks of the common life, an account of them in xv cent. ii. 445; divisions into the lettered and illiterate, and their several employments, ibid.sis- ters of this society how employed, ibid. the fame of the schools erected by them and of some eminent men educated in them, ibid. 546 and h, i.
white, their rise in xv cent. ii. 566; their name, whence, and what doctrines were taught by their chief. ibid. and k; their leader apprehended by Boniface IX. and burnt, with the sup- pression of the sect, ibid. and 1; vari- ous opinions concerning the equity of the sentence passed upon their leader, 567 and m.
British, ecclesiastics, successful in their ministry among the Germans in viii cent. i. 478.
Brito, Guil. and his character, ii. 340 and i. Britons, if converted as early as king Lu- cius, i. 125.
Brown, George, Archbishop of Dublin, his zeal in the cause of the Reformation in Ireland, iii. 96: his character, ibid. l. Moshem's mistake here, and Queen Mary's cruel designs in Ireland prevent- ed, ibid. m; deprived under her, who encourages Popery, that afterward re- ceives under Elizabeth a final and irre- coverable blow to the interest of the Romish cause, 97 and n; his singular account of the genius and spirit of the Jesuits, 141, a.
Robert, founder of the Brownists in xvi cent. iii. 292; his notions, 293 and u; renounces his separation from the church of England, 294. Brownists, a sect of Puritans, iii. 292; their sentiments on church government, 293 and u; retire into the Netherlands, 294; their fate on their founder's renouncing his separation, ibid. x and y; doctrine and discipline censured, iv. 103. Brulifer, an eminent scholastic writer in XV cent, ii. 549. Bruno attempts with Boniface the con- version of the Prussians, ii. 121; is mas- sacred, with his colleague and other followers, ibid.
founder of the Carthusians in xi cent. ii. 189, h.
two of that name, ii. 194.
Bruno, Jordano, a supposed infidel in xvi cent. iii. 119. Bruys, Peter, attempts to reform the abu- ses and superstition of his times, and is charged with fanaticism, ii. 311, found- er of the Petrobrussians, ibid. is burnt, ibid. some of his tenets, ibid. Bryennius, Nicephorus, an eminent histo- rian in xii cent. ii. 246.
Josephus, his works, ii. 546. Bucer, Martin, endeavours to bring about a reconciliation between the Reformed and the Lutherans, iii. 267; how defeat- ed, 263; his attempts to modify the doctrine of the Swiss church to that of Luther, and how defeated, 274. · Budneians, a sect of Socinians, their doc- trine, iii. 363; their founder, with his character and sentiments, 379, 380; who is excommunicated, but re-admit- ted, ibid. and followed by William Da- vides, Francken, and others, ibid. Bugenhagius, draws up a form of religious government and doctrine, according to the principles of the Reformation, for the Danes, iii. 65; the salutary effect of this work in perfecting the Reformation in Denmark, ibid. and u.
John, his Harmonies of the
Evangelists, iii. 224. Bullinger, his character, iii.310; writings, 319.
Bulgarians, converted to Christianity in ix cent. ii. 4.
Burchard, Bishop of Worms, character of his Decreta, written in x cent. ii. 105. Burckhard, Francis, writes against the treaty of Passau, iii. 215.
Burg, Gibbon de, his pacificatory attempts in xviii cent. iii. 469 and s. Burgundians, spontaneously embrace Christianity, i. 334; the cause to which this is imputed, ibid. inclined to Arian- ism, ibid.
Bulaus, Walter, the use of his works, ii. 450; his character, 488.
Bus, Cæsar de, founder of the order of the fathers of the Christian doctrine in xvi cent. iii. 151.
Buscherus, Statius, opposes the pacific pro- jects of Calixtus in xvii cent. iv. 31; the conduct of the latter upon this occasion, 32; an account of the Crypto Papismus. of Buscherus, ibid.
Cælestius, his doctrine of original sin one main source of Pelagianism, i. 391; ac- count of, ibid. g.
Cæsarius of Arles, his works, i. 417, 423, 450.
Cajetan, Cardinal, his conference at Augs- burg with Luther on the nature and ex- tent of indulgences, iii.30; insolent be- haviour, and fruitless issue of the de- bate, 31 and r; absurd expression con- cerning Christ's blood, 33 and x; cha- racter of his exposition of the Bible, 160.
Cainites, an account of their tenets, i. 185. Callistus, Nicephorus, his character and works, ii. 446, 487.
Calixtines, in Bohemia, their rise in xv cent. ii. 553; four demands, ibid. Calixtus, George, his zeal for reconciling the Protestants and Catholics in xvii cent. iii. 472; as also the Lutherans and Reformed, iv. 13; his peculiar method and form of theology, 27; system of moral theology, 29; author of Syncre- tism, and character, 31; opposed by whom, ibid. his death, 33 and d; doc- trine condemned, and creed drawn up against it by the Lutheran doctors, ibid. opinions, 35 and f; his real design, ibid. sub fin. not. f; two great principles, with debates carried on with the doctors of Rintelen, Coningsberg, 36; and Je- na, 37; the candid examination of Glas- sius on this occasion, ibid. and k.
Frederic Ulric, opposes the creed of the Lutheran doctors against Syncretism, iv. 34.
II. Pope, his great character, ii. 261; disputes concerning investitures subside by his prudence, ibid.
III. institutes in xv cent. the fes- tival of the Transfiguration, ii. 562. Calovius, a Lutheran writer in xvii cent. iv. 26; attacks Calixtus, 32; his malig- nity against the disciples of Calixtus, even after his death, 33.
Calvin, John, a short character of him, iii. 68 and a,b; facilitated a reconciliation of the Reformed and Lutherans, 268, 269 and g; error here, 269; set on foot the controversy about predestination, 270; his opinion, and that of the ancient Helvetic doctors, ibid. the former, pro- pagated with discord, carried to the greatest height, 271; founder of the Reformed church, 274 and o; his grand views how in part executed, ibid. 275, 276 and p; doctrine and discipline al- tered from that of Zuingle in three points, ibid. first, the power of the ma- gistrate, ibid.second,the eucharist, little different from the Lutherans, though much from Zuingle, 277, 278 and 9, r; different from the Romanists, ibid. third, in God's absolute decree, ibid. his changes not approved or received by all the Reformed, 278, 279; gains ground
in Germany 279; and in France, 281; in Scotland by Knox, and in England, 282; his system made the public rule of faith in the latter place under Edward VI. 283; his system adopted in the Ne- therlands, 295; his rigid discipline, and resolution in establishing it,and the dan- gers he is thereupon exposed to, 307, 308 and d; his interpretation of the precepts of Aristotle, 309; Commen- tary, and why sharply censured, 310; Institutes of the Christian religion, 312; Practical divinity, or life and manners of a true Christian, ibid. contest with the spiritual libertines, 313; with those of Geneva, 314; disputes with Castalio, 315; with Bolsec, 316; with Ochinus, 317; puts Servetus to death, 356; his method of interpreting Scripture scru- pulously followed by the members of the Reformed church, iv. 72. Calvinists, secret, favourers of, in Saxony, iii. 250; whence called Crypto-Calvin- ists, 252; attempts to spread their doc- trine, 257; and consequences, with the death of Crellius, their chief patron, 259.
Camaldolites, a monastic order, their rise in xi cent. ii. 186; founder Romuald, whose followers are divided into two classes, the Cœnobites, and the Ere- mites, ibid and z.
Camateurs, Andronicus, his character, ii. 281.
Cambalu, now Pekin in China, erected by Clement V. into an archbishopric in xiv cent. ii. 442.
Camerarius, Joachim, a promoter of uni- versal learning, and his character, iii. 219; his Commentary on the New Tes- tament, 224.
Cameron, John, his reconciling doctrine
and endeavours, iii. 83. Campanella, a philosopher in xvi cent. iii. 123; his character, ibid. p. Campanus, his heretical notions, iii. 355, and a.
Canon of Scripture, supposed to be fixed
about ii cent. i. 93; and reasons for this supposition, ibid.
Canons, a religious order, their origin in viii. cent. i. 503; their founder Chrode- gangus, ibid. and h; encouraged by Lewis the Meek, ii. 27; who orders a new rule to be drawn up for their ob- servance, which is condemned, and in- stitutes the first Canonesses, 28 and h; the author of this rule, ibid. partiality of their historians, ibid. i; degenerate from their primitive purity, 29; cor- ruption among them in xi cent. 191; re- formation attempted, and new laws made, ibid. distinction into regular and secular, 192; why called Regular ca- nons of St. Augustin, ibid. and p; in- troduction into England, ibid.
Capistran, John, his character, ii. 549; eminent for his defence of papal autho- rity, ibid.
Capito, Robert, an account of, ii. 341, 400 andi: his commentaries on Dionysius, 410.
Cappel, Lewis charged with making im- prudent and base concessions, through a desire of diminishing the prejudices or resentment of the Papists against the Protestants in xvii cent. iv. 86; the voluminous and elaborate work under- taken by him, what, ibid q, r, and s; zealously opposed, ibid. the churches of Switzerland alarmed at his opinions, and the event, iv. 125.
Capreolus, John, his character, ii. 548. Capuchins, their origin in xvi cent. and founder, iii. 147, 148 and i, k; envy against them, and why so called, ibid. and m, n; banished Venice in xvii cent. iii. 483; but recalled 484, a. Caputiati, a sect of fanatics in xii cent. ii.
Caracalla, Emperor, his lenity to the Christians, i. 192.
Cardan, a philosopher in xvi cent. iii. 122; his character, ibid. n.
Cardinals, the right of electing to the see of Rome vested in them by Nicholas II. in xi cent. ii. 150 and e; their origin and rights, 152 and h, i; divided into two classes, of Cardinal Bishops and Cardinal Clerks, 153; and the meaning of these terms, 154 and n; their college augmented by Alexander III. 155.
-in Rome, their number, iii. 126; what incapable of being elected to the see of Rome, 127 and b. Cario, an eminent historian among the Lutherans, iii. 218.
Carolostadt, his intemperate zeal and warm debates with Luther, iii. 232; excites a tumult at Wittemberg, ibid. and g; leaves Wittemberg, and oppo- ses the sentiments of Luther concerning the Eucharist, ibid. and h; propagates his doctrine in Switzerland, 233; fa- vourable disposition toward the Ana- baptists, and enthusiastical teachers, ibid. charged with fanaticism. ibid,and i. Carmelites, a monastic order, their rise in xii cent. ii. 279; founded by Albert, patriarch of Jerusalem, ibid. their rule of discipline, ibid. and t; unwarrant-
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