Armenians, an account of, in xvi cent. iv.
193 and q; have three patriarchs, ibid.
and r, s; their titular ones, 194 and t;
their state in xvii cent. iii. 562; coun-
try laid waste by Abbas the Great,
King of Persia, ibid. and his generous
behaviour toward them, ibid. the advan-
tages they received from the settlement
of a great number of Armenians in dif-
ferent parts of Europe, ibid. and z; re-
ligious books printed for their use in
Europe, particularly in Holland and
England, ibid.

Arminianism, its rise and progress in xvii
cent. iv. 129. See Church Arminian,
127.

Arminians, their leading maxim adopted
by the Lutherans in xviii cent. iv. 25;
their rise and schism in this cent. 78;
condemned at the synod of Dort, ibid.
the effects of this schism in Holland, 79;
gain ground in England through Arch-
bishop Laud, 80; favoured in France,
Brandenberg, Bremen, and Geneva, ib.
the further progress of this sect. See
Church Arminian, 127.
Arminius, James, his tenets, and by whom
opposed, with the decision of the synod
of Dort, iv. 78; founder of the Arminian
church, 127; his great character and
account of, ibid. professes publicly his
opinions about predestination and
grace, &c. in opposition to those of
Calvin, 129; two favourable circum-
stances for him, ibid. by whom opposed
and controversy thereupon, with his
death, ibid. and e; progress of his sect
after his death, 129.

Arnaud, his dispute with the Jesuits con-
cerning a frequent approach to the holy
communion, iii. 172 and c; improves
and illustrates the doctrine of Des Car
tes, 507 and o; a patron of the Janse-
nists, 525; flies into Holland, 533; and
the consequences to the Jesuits, ibid.
and w; his dispute with Claude con-
cerning transubstantiation, 555.
Arndt, a moral writer in xvii cent. iv. 29;
debates relating to, 56; his good cha-
racter and works, particularly his True
Christianity, 57; is censured by some,
and by whom defended, ibid. a Para-
celsist, ibid.

Arnobius, character of his polemic works
against the Gentiles, in iii cent. i. 213.
the younger, an account of, i.

356.
Arnold, of Brescia, account of him and his
sect in xii cent. ii. 313; is justly cen-
sured for the violent impetuosity of his
temper, but discovered in his character
several things worthy of esteem, 314;
is greatly admired, and his followers
called Arnoldists, ibid.

of Villa Nova, his extensive
learning, ii. 345; unjust punishment, ib.
VOL. IV.

51

Arnold, Godfrey, disturbs the Lutheran
church, and his character, iv. 47; his
ecclesiastical history censured, ibid. his
partiality in favour of heretics, which
he quitted when old, 48 and o.
Arsenius, his synopsis of the Greek canon
law, in xiii cent. ii. 398.

Artemon, his tenets, i. 187; uncertainty
about these, ibid.

Arts, seven, the wretched manner of
teaching them in viii cent. i. 488; di-
vided into the Trivium and Quadrivium,
ibid. the works of Cassiodore and Boe-
thius recommended for further progress,
489.

Ascetics, their rise and principles, i. 157;

why certain Christians became of this
sect, 158; the progress of this disci-
pline, 159.

Asculanus, Ceccus, a famous philosopher
in xvi cent. ii. 451; imprudently min-
gles astrology with his philosophy, ibid.
is accused of dealing with infernal spi-
rits, and burnt by the inquisitors at
Florence, 452 and a.

Asia, Protestant missions there in xvi cent.
iii. 409; English and Dutch colonies,
410.

Asiatic, Gnostic, sect in ii cent. and tenets,
an account of, i. 173.
Asinus, John P'ungens, substitutes consub-
stantiation instead of transubstantiation
in xiii cent. ii. 415.
Astesanus, his character, ii. 489, 493.
Astrog, synods held there in xvi cent. iii.
297; their happy effects, ibid.
Astrology, mixed with philosophy, consi-
dered as magic in xiv cent. ii. 451.
Asylum, right of, contest about, between
Pope Innocent XI. and Lewis XIV. iii.
487 and l.

Athanaric, King of the Goths, persecutes
the Christian Goths in iv cent. i. 264.
Athanasius, account of him and his works,
i. 277 and u; refuses to restore Arius,

319; is deposed by the council of Tyre,
and banished into Gaul, ibid.
Atheists, few, if any, to be met with in
xviii cent. iv. 188; and those chiefly fol-
lowers of Spinoza, ibid.

Athenagorus, an excellent writer in ii cent.
i. 148.

Atto, Bishop of Vercelli, his works useful,

in describing the genius of the people
in x cent. ii. 104.
Ave-Maria, added to the prayers in xiv
cent. ii. 497.

Augsburg, an account of the conference
held at, between Luther and Cajetan,
in xvi cent. iii. 30; and its issue, 31 and
r; the famous diet held by Charles V.
Emperor, 67; famous confession made
by the Protestants, 71 and c; its style
justly admired, ibid. its matter supplied
by Luther, but received its form from
Melancthon, ibid. contains twenty-eight

chapters, and to what they refer, ibid.
and d, e; a refutation of it attempted
by the Roman Catholics, ibid. and Me-
fancthon's answer to it, which is called,
A Defence of the Confession of Augs-
burg, 72; three methods proposed for
terminating these religious dissensions,
ibid. conferences judged the most effec-
tual way to put a period to them, and
why, 73 and ƒ; but proved to be inef.
fectual, ibid. the severe decree against
the reformers, 74 and g; religious peace
concluded at the second diet held here,
92; acts favourable to the Protestants
passed, ibid. remarks upon, and proofs
of the ignorance and superstition of
the times, ibid. confession of, and its
defence, 208; and interpolations by
Melancthon, ibid. a; its associates, 295.
Augustin, Bishop of Hippo, his character,
i. 279, 280, and 1; admired for his di-
dactic writings, 286; his success against
the Donatists, 313; suppresses Pelagi-
anism, i. 392; opposes the Predestina-
rians, 395.

a Benedictine monk, sent into
Britain in vi cent. i. 398 and e; converts
many Anglo-Saxons to Christianity, ib.
St. Monks of, their rise in xiii
cent. and founder, ii. 369.
Augustus, base methods used by him to
obtain power, i. 29.

Avignon, Popes remove thither their resi-
dence in xiv cent. ii. 455 and h; their
power diminished, 456; invent new
schemes to acquire riches, ibid.
Aurelian, state of the church under him
tolerable, i. 200; a dreadful persecution
prevented by his death, ibid.
Aureolus, Peter, an account of, ii. 488.
Ausonius, his character as a poet, i. 266.
Austria, commotions in, against the Pro-
testants, in xvii cent. iii. 455 and p.
Authbert, the success of his ministry in
Jutland and Cimbria in ix cent. ii. 4;
converts the Swedes, ibid.
Autherius, Bishop of Bethlehem, founds
the congregation of the Holy Sacra-
ment in xvii cent. iii. 385.
Authpert, Ambrose, his character, i. 507;

his Commentary on the Revelations,
ibid. his lives of the saints, 515.
Aulun, Honorius of, his character and
works, ii. 283; a polemic writer, 298.
Auxerre, William of, his systematic divi-
nity, an account of, ii. 283.
Awerri, in Africa, King of, converted to
Christianity by the Capuchins in xvii
cent. iii. 411.

B

Bacon, John, an account of, ii. 488.

Roger, his great character, ii. 341
and q; and 400, k; his extensive pro-
gress in the sciences, 345 and d, e;
unjust imprisonment, ibid.

Bacon, Lord Verulam, his character, ii.
430 and z.

Baius, his disputes about grace in xvi
cent. iii. 174; is accused and condemn-
ed with his unjust treatment, 175 and ƒ.
Balbi, John, promotes the study of the
Greek language in xiii cent. ii. 341.
Balduin, his controversy concerning the
merits of Christ, iv. 55.
Baldus, his character, ii. 449.
Balsamon, Theodorus, his erudition and
diligence in explaining the civil and
ecclesiastical laws of the Greeks in xii
cent. ii. 281 and b.

Bancroft, his sermon at Paul's Cross, on
the divine right of Bishops, exasperates
their contest with the Puritans, and the
effects, iii. 237, 288.

Baptism, not to be considered as a mere
ceremony, i. 104; the manner of cele-
bration in i cent. 107.

in iv cent. by the Bishop with
lighted tapers, and on the vigils of
Easter and Whitsuntide, i. 306.
Baptismal fonts, introduced into the por-
ches of churches, when, i. 306.
Baptists, general, Arminian, their doc-
trine, iii. 348; in what they agree with
the particular Baptists, 349.

particular, Calvinistical, their
tenets, iii. 349; settle in London, ibid.
Baradæus, Jacob, restores the Monophy-
sites in vi cent. i. 434; his dexterity
and diligence, 435; is acknowledged
their second founder, and hence they
are called Jacobites, ibid.
Barbarians, western, persecute the Chris-
tians in x cent. ii. 84.

Barcepha, Moses, his great character, ii.
29 and p.

Barcochebas, assumes the name of the
Messiah, i. 129; a great enemy to the
Christians, 131 and u.

Bardesanes, founder of a sect of heretics
in ii cent. i. 176; the doctrine he taught,

177.

Barlaam, his book of ethics shows the au-

thor to be inclined to Stoicism, ii. 447;
a champion for the Greeks against the
Latins in xiv cent. 487, 494; finds fault
with some Greek monks, 497; the names
he gives them, who are defended by
Gregory Palamas, 498; is condemned
by a council at Constantinople, ibid.
Barnabas, the epistle attributed to him,
supposed to be spurious, i. 97.
Barnabites, regular clerks of St. Paul,
founded in xvi cent. and by whom, iii.
150; soon deviate from their first rule
and their office, ibid. and u.
Baronius, Cesar, his Annals, an account
of, iii. 152 and z; confutations of them,
ibid. and a.

Barre, Nicholas, forms the Pietists into a
society in xvii cent. iii. 503.
Bartolus, his character, ii. 449.

Barrow, Isaac, his great zeal for natural
knowledge, iii. 445.
Barsumas, of Nisibis, a zealous promoter
of Nestorianism, i. 381.

Abbot, brought the Eutychian
opinions into Syria and Armenia in v
cent. i. 386, 387; but the former rejects
them, ibid. and h.

Basil, Bishop of Cæsarea, account of him
and his works, i. 277 and w.

-

the council held at, in xv cent. ii.
532; the designs of it, and vigorous pro-
secutions taken at it, alarm the Roman
pontiff, 533 and h, i; the decrees, and
acts, of it, 534; the attempts of Euge-
nius IV. to dissolve it ineffectual, 535;
depose Eugenius, and elect another
named Felix V. ibid. friars at Lausanne
ratify Felix's abdication, and confirm
the election of Nicholas, 538.
Basilides, chief of the Egyptian Gnostics,

i. 179; gems supposed to come from
him, ibid. and r; enormous errors of his
system, 180; falsely charged with de-
nying the reality of Christ's body, ibid.
s; his moral doctrine, 181; his errors,
and how led into an enormous one, ib.
and t.
Basilius, of Seleucia, writes against the
Jews in v cent. i. 362.

the Macedonian, under him the
Sclavonians and Russians are convert-
ed in ix cent. ii. 5; an inaccurate ac-
count of the latter by Lequien, 6, h.

the founder of an heretical sect,
in xii cent. ii. 306; is condemned, and
burnt at Constantinople, ibid. his tenets
resemble the ancient Gnostics and Ma-
nichæans, ibid, denies the reality of
Christ's body, and a future resurrection,
ibid.

Bassi, Matthew de, zealous in attempting
to reform the Franciscans in xvi cent.
iv. 147 and i, k; founder of the order
of the Capuchins, ibid.
Bayle, a skeptical philosopher in xvii cent.
iii. 448 and y.

Beauvoir, account of the letters which
passed between him and archbishop
Wake, relative to their correspondence
with the doctors of the Sorbonne, con-
cerning the union project, iv. 229; au-
thentic copies of them, 252. See Wake.
Becker, Balthaser, account of, iii. 445; his
peculiar sentiments, and contest occa-
sioned by them, iv. 122; work entitled
The World bewitched, ibid. argument
against the being of spirits unsatisfacto
ry, ibid. u; is opposed, and tumults
consequent thereupon, 123; is deposed
from his pastoral office, and continues
in the same sentiments to his death,
ibid. and w.

Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, sub-
scribes, and afterward rejects, the Con-
stitution, of Clarendon, ii. 267, 268 sub

fin. not. s; retires into France, and re-
turns, 269; is assassinated in his own
chapel, ibid. reasons to clear Henry II.
of England from consenting to his mur-
der, and the punishment inflicted on the
assassins, ibid. t; is enrolled among
the most eminent saints, 270 and u.
Bede, venerable, his character, i. 507 and
u; exposition of St. Paul's epistles and
Samuel, 509; moral treatises, 515.
Beghards, see Beguines, the origin of this
denomination, ii. 392 and r; differed
from the Fratricelli in what, 393; con-
sidered as seculars and laymen, 395 and
s; the miseries they suffer under Charles
IV. in Germany, 481, 482; but not ex-
tirpated, ibid.

Beghards, Belgic and German, their ori-
gin, ii. 395 and u, 396 and w; first soci-
ety when and by whom formed, ibid.
and x; corrupted by the brethren of the
free spirit in xiv cent. 500; a division
of this sect, 501, c; the persecution of
them and tragical conclusion, 502, 503,
and h.

Schwestriones, in xv cent. iii.
449; their leading principle, ibid. the
miseries they suffer from the inquisition,
ibid. accounts of them by many writers
imperfect, ibid. h.

by corruption called Picards, ii.
563; their horrible tenets, 564; severe
treatment from Ziska, ibid. and i; call-
ed Adamites, 565; this name afterward
applied to the Hussites, ibid.
Beguines, see Beghards, how different from
the Belgic and German, ii. 395.
Behmen, Jacob, one of the Rosecrucian
brethren, iii. 437; his chimerical no-
tions and followers, iv. 59; works, ibid.
b.

Believers, who obtained this name in the

earliest period of the Christian church,
i. 88; how distinguished from Catechu-
mens, 99.
Bellarmine, Robert, an eminent defender
of the Romish church in xvi. cent iii.
164; his character, ibid. is censured by
the church of Rome, ibid. and u.
Bellator, his character as a commentator,
i. 420; translates the works of Origen,

425.

Bello-visu, Armand de, an account of, ii.

400.

Bembo, Peter, Cardinal, a supposed infidel
writer in xyi cent. iii. 119.

Benedict, of Nursia, founder of an order of
monks in vicent. i. 414; his works, 417.

Abbot of Aniane, employed by
Lewis the Meek, to reform the practi-
ces of the monks in ix cent. ii. 27; re-
stores the monastic discipline, ib. sub-
jects the various monastic orders to that
of Benedict of Mount Cassin, ibid. his
discipline at first admired, soon de-
clines, ibid.

Benedict VI. Pope, his character and fate,

ii. 97.

VII. Pope, account of, ii. 97.
VIII. is raised to the pontificate,
ii. 147.

IX. his infamous character, ii. 147.
XII. his good character, ii. 461;
is censured for the festival he added to
the ritual, 496.

XIII. Anti-Pope, an account of,
ii. 518, 521.

XIII. Pope, his character, iv. 199.

XIV. Pope, Prosper Lambertini,
his great character, iv. 189; attempts to
reform the clergy, but in vain, ib.
Benedictine order of monks, its rise in vi
cent. i. 414; the founder's views in this
institution, ibid. degeneracy among
them from his practice, 415; its rapid
progress in the west, ib. their founder's
discipline neglected and forgot by the
monks in x cent. ii. 102.

Benefices, the right of nomination to them
assumed by the Romish pontiffs, who
are opposed by the civil power in xiii
cent. ii. 348, 349.

Bennet, Gurvas, gives the denomination
of Quakers to the sect so called, and
why, iv. 145.

Berenger, introduces logic into France, ii.
141; his dispute with Lanfranc against
the real presence of Christ's body and
blood in the Holy Sacrament, ibid. 199
and a; commentary on the Revelations,
ibid. explains the doctrines of Scripture
by logical and metaphysical rules, ibid.
maintains his doctrine of the Eucharist
against synodical decrees, and the
threats and punishment of the civil pow-
er, 207; abjures his opinions, but teach-
es them soon afterward, 208; his con-
duct imperfectly represented, ibid.
makes a public recantation with an oath,
and yet propagates his real sentiments
of the Eucharist, 209; his second de-
claration before Gregory VII. ibid. sub-
scribes a third confession with an oath,
211; yet retracts publicly, and compo-
ses a refutation, ibid. and z; whence
appear Gregory's sentiments of the Eu-
charist, ibid. and z; his fate and the
progress of his doctrine, 212, 213; his
real sentiments, ibid. and c; the weak-
ness of the arguments used by the Ro-
man Catholic writers against the real
sentiments of this divine, ibid. d; the
nature and manner of Christ's pre-
sence in the Sacrament not fixed by the
church of Rome in xi cent. ib. sub fin.
not. d.

Berg, the famous form of concord review-

ed there, and its contents, iii. 254 and c.
Bermudes, John, sent into Abyssinia with
the title of patriarch, in xvi cent. iii.
132; met with little or no success in
his ministry, ibid. a mistake about Loy-
ola being sent into Abyssinia, ibid. g.

Bernard, St. Abbot of Clairval, preaches
up the Crusade in xii cent. ii. 235; draws
up a rule of discipline for the Knights
Templars, 240; exposes in his writings
the views of the pontiffs, bishops, and
monks, 257 and w, x; considered as the
second founder of the Cistercian monks,
who are called from him Benardin
monks, 274; his great influence, ibid.
apology for bis own conduct in the di-
visions between the Cistercian monks,
and those of Clugni, ibid. and h; and
answer to it by Peterlof Clugni, 275 and
i; combats the doctrine of the school-
men, 294; his charge against Abelard,
295 and t; as also against Gilbert de
la Porée, 296; opposes the doctrine of
the immaculate conception of the Vir-
gin Mary, 304; combats the sect of the
Apostolics, 320.

Bernard, of Sens, a mystic writer in xv
cent. his character, ii. 558.
Bernoulli, two astronomers in Switzerland
in xvii cent. their character, iii. 431.
Bertramn, Ratramn, monk of Corby, emi-
nent for refuting Radbert's doctrine of
the Eucharist, ii. 31 and b'; prepares to
draw up a clear and rational explication
of this important subject by the order of
Charles the Bald, 50 and 1, m; an ac-
count of this explication, ibid. defends
Godeschalcus, 53; his dispute with
Hincmar, about the hymn Trina Deitas,
55; maintains the cause of the Latin
church against Photius, 59.
Berulle, Cardinal, institutes the order of
Oratorians, in xvii cent. iii. 501.
Beryllus denies the proper subsistence of
Christ before his coming into the world,
i. 238; confuted by Origen, he returns
to the church, ibid. and 239.
Bessarion, how employed by the Greeks
in the council of Florence, ii. 536;
terms of reconciliation made by him
on their part with the Latins not lasting,
ibid. created soon afterward a cardinal,
ibid. his character, 547 and m.
Beza, Theodore, teaches the sciences at
Geneva with success, iii. 275; his La-
tin version of the New Testament, and
notes, 210.

Bibliander, an eminent writer in xvi cent.
iii. 320.

Biblical colleges, what so called, and their
rise in xvii cent. iv. 39.
Biblicists, Christian doctors so called, their
rise in xii cent. ii. 292; decline in xiii
cent. 407; oppose the scholastic di-
vines, 409.

Biddle, John, a famous writer among the
Socinians in xvii cent. iv. 173 and w.
Biel, a scholastic writer, in xv cent. ii. 548.

Bishops, appointed first at Jerusalem, i.
91; the nature and extent of their dig-
nity at their first institution, ibid. their
authority augmented by the councils,
146; acknowledge themselves the dele-
gates of their respective churches, and
authoritative rules of faith and manners
when claimed by them, ibid. their pow-
er vehemently asserted by Cyprian in
iii cent. 209; their contentions with
each other about the extent of power, in
iv and following centuries, produced
violent commotions in the church, 276;
disputes between the bishops of Rome
and of Constantinople in v cent. i. 346;
their court when first established, 351;
their ambition to extend their jurisdic-
tion in x cent. ii. 100; aspire after, and
obtain, temporal dignities, ibid. admit
persons to the order of saints indepen-
dently on the power of the Roman pon-
tiff, 110; oppose the arrogance of the
pontiffs in xiii cent. 348; disputes be-
tween them and the Mendicants, 476;
sentiments of the Puritans concerning
them, 510 and n.

Bizochi, a sect. See Tertiaries, ii. 391,

&c.

Blanc, Lewis le, his writings to reconcile

the Romish and Reformed churches in
xvii cent. iv. 86; unsuccessful, 87,
Blandrata, George, propagates Socinian-
ism in Transylvania, and his character,
iii. 371.
Blesdyck, Nicholas, charges David George

with maintaining blasphemous errors,
and has his body burnt, iii. 350, 351.
Blesensis, Petrus, his works, ii. 283 and o;
refutes the Jews in xii cent. 298.
Blount, Charles, his oracles of reason and
death, iii. 424 and i.

Blumius, Henry, his change of religion in
xvii cent. and character, iii. 477 and q.
Bockhold, John, a tailor of Leyden, and
mock King of munster, an account of,
iii. 329; his enthusiastic impiety and
seditious madness, particularly at Mun-
ster, ibid. and p, q, and r; short reign
and ignominious death, 330.

Bodin, a supposed infidel writer in xvi
cent. iii. 119.

Boethius, an account of, i. 406; the only
philosopher in vi cent. 407.
Boetius, his controversy with Balduin in
xvii cent. iv. 55.

Bogerman, presides at the Synod of Dort,
and hates the Arminians, iv. 137.
Bogomiles, a sect of heretics in xii cent. ii.

306; founder Basilius, ibid. their name,
whence, 307 and n.

Bohemia, commotions in xv cent. excited
by the ministry of John Huss, ii. 552;
how terminated, 555; troubles there
excited against the Protestants in xvii
cent. iii. 456; who defend themselves
furiously, and choose Frederic V. King,

456 and q; account of the war, and
dreadful consequences of it to the King
and the Bohemians, ibid. how defeated,
ibid. r ands; progress of the war unfa-
vourable to the confederates, with the
Emperor's proceedings, 457, 458; Gus-
tavus Adolphus intervenes, 459; end of
the thirty years' war, ibid. the peace of
Westphalia, advantages to the protest-
ants, and the disappointment of the
Pope, 460, 461, and y.
Bohemian, Moravian brethren, from
whence descended, iii. 297; their cha-
racter, ibid. recommend themselves to
Luther's friendship, and embrace the
sentiments of the Reformed, ibid.
Bohemians, converted to Christianity in
ix cent. ii. 4.

Boineburg, Baron, deserts the Protestant
religion, in xvii cent. and the cause ex-
amined, iii. 477.

Bois, Abbe du, his ambition a principal ob-
stacle to the project of union between
the English and French churches, iv.
243. See Girardin.

Boleslaus, King of Poland, revenges the
murder of Adalbert, Bishop of Prague,
ii. 120; compels the Prussians to re-
ceive Christianity, ibid.

Bolonia, the fame of this academy in xii
cent. ii. 248; spurious diploma of its
antiquity, ibid. e; the study of the an-
cient Roman law very much promoted
in it, 250.

Bolsec, Jerom, declaims against Calvin's
doctrine of divine decrees, and his
character, iii. 316; his treatment from
Calvin causes a breach between the
latter and Jacques de Bourgogne, 317.
Bonaventura, an eminent scholastic divine
in xiii cent. ii. 380; his prudent en-
deavours to establish concord among
the Franciscans unsuccessful, ibid. and
384; his great learning, 400 and g.
Boniface III. Pope, engages the Emperor

and tyrant Phocas to deprive the Bishop
of Constantinople of the title of Univer-
sal Bishop, and to confer it upon the
Roman pontiff in vii cent. i. 452.

V. Pope enacts the law for ta-
king refuge in churches in vii cent. i.
463.

Winfred, converts the Germans
in viii cent. i. 478 and c; his other pious
exploits, ibid. advancement in the
church, ibid. and death, 479; entitled
the Apostle of the Germans, and the
judgment to be formed about it, ibid.
and d; an account of, 507.

attempts the conversion of the
Prussians in xi cent. ii. 121; his fate,
ibid. and h.

-VIII. Pope, makes a collection
which is called the sixth book of the
Decretals in xiii cent. ii. 346; his arro-
gant assertion in favour of papal power,