Anastasius, how the cause of the Nestorian controversy, i. 377; his sentiments ex- plained by Nestorius, although keenly opposed, yet gain ground, 378.
of Sinai, his writings, an ae- count of, i. 416, 421 and e.
the Emperor, attached to the Acephali, protects them, i. 434.
of Palestine, author of some tracts against the Jews in viii cent. i.516. an historian in ix cent. ii. 14. Anchialus, patriarch of Constantinople,an eminent patron of letters in xii cent. ii. 246 and a; seems to have been at- tached to the Aristotelian philosophy, ibid.
Andreas, Antonius, a Latin writer in xiv cent. ii. 488.
Andrea, James, employed in reconciling the Lutheran Doctors, iii. 249. See Form of Concord, 282, &c. Andrew, Bishop of Crete, his homilies considered as spurious, i. 456. Andronicus, Emperor of Greece, forbids all
controversies concerning speculative points of theology in xii cent. ii. 300 and b.
Angelome, a monk of Lysieux, an acute but fantastic writer in ix cent. ii. 40, and r; his expositions, ibid. Angers, Bishops of, refuse to subscribe the declaration against the Jansenists, and the consequence, iii. 332. Anglo-Saxons, oppress the Christians. i. 340; some few converted by Augustin the Monk, 398; an universal conversion among them in vii cent i. 440, the causes of this conversion considered, ' ibid.
Anhalt, princes of, embrace Calvinism, and the reason, iii. 299 and n. Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, im- proves the science of Logic, ii. 141; inventor of the famous argument ascri- bed to Des Cartes, 142; his character and works, ibid. o, and 194; the first who composed a system of divinity, 200; eminent for his moral treatises, 201, and controversial writings, ibid.
of Laon, his character, ii. 282,289. of Havelsberg. strenuous advocate for the Latins against the Greeks in xii
cent. ii. 298. Ansgar, converts the Swedes in ix cent.
ii. 4; is created archbishop of Ham- burgh, ibid. founder of the Cimbrian, Danish, and Swedish churches, ibid. a. Anthropomorphites, a sect in x cent. ii. 116; why encouraged and admired, 117. Antichrist, ensigns of, what so called by the Puritans, iii. 291.
Antidico-Marianites, a sect in iv cent. i. 330; their tenets, ibid. Antinomians, their rise among the Luther- ans in xvi cent. iii. 236; suppression by Luther, ibid. tenets, 161; English, their
rise in xvii cent. and pernicious tenets, iv. 107, 108, and x, a, b.
Antioch, Patriarch of, his jurisdiction in iv 275; the extent of his power in xvi cent. iii. 182, o; four bishops claim the title, ibid. p.
Antiochus, a monk of Seba, his character, i. 455; and work, or Pandect of the Ho- ly Scriptures, 459.
Antonines, their characters, i. 123. Antoninus,Marcus,listens to calumnies, and persecutes the Christians, i. 132; many apologies published,133; false witness- es suborned by his judges against the Christians, ibid. his partiality to the Sto- ics, and its effects upon learning, 136; an ornament to the Stoics, 137.
Pius, persecution under him, i. 132; his edict in favour of the Chris- tians, ibid. and x.
Antonius Paulus, endeavours to correct
the abuses among the clergy in xvii cent. iv. 39.
Antony forms in Egypt the solitary Monks into a body, i. 290; the rapid progress of this order in the East, and maxims of their philosophy, which seduced the Christians, ibid. the state of this order in xi cent. ii. 190.
Apocryphal and spurious writings, many in i cent. i. 94 and r.
books, reading of them in the church disliked by the Puritans, iii. 289. Apollinarian heresy, its rise, i. 323; au- thor and tenets maintained by him,ibid. the consequences deduced from the sentiments of Apollinaris seem unjust, 324 and c; its fate, ibid. and d. Apollonius Tyanneus, comparison of arist and him pernicious, i. 260.
his controversies about the pow- er of the magistrate in church affairs, iv. 114; occasions a flaming dispute between Spanheim and Vander Wayen, ibid.
Apologies, many produced in defence of Christianity in ii cent. i. 153. Apostles of Christ, why limited to twelve, i. 56; the success of their ministry, af- ter the effusion of the Holy Ghost, 59; the election of one in the room of Judas 60; founded many churches, 62; fables related of them, ibid. their authority and office, 85; left the external form of the church undetermined, ibid. and s; they and their disciples the principal writers, 93; the creed, by whom composed, 99 and k, ; instituted many rites, 104.
account of a sect in xiii cent. ii. 437; made no alterations in the doctri- nal part of the public religion, ib. their leaders and extirpation, 438 and h; the credit given by them to the predictions of the Abbot Joachim, 439. Apostolic Fathers, their general character, i. 97 and h.
Apostolics, a sect in xii cent. ii. 320; the remarkable purity of their lives, ibid. some peculiarities among them deserve censure, ibid.
Apostoolians, an inferior sect of Anabap-
tists or Mennonites in xvii cent. iv. 167; their founder Samuel Apostool, who opposes Galen Haan, with an account of his controversy and tenets, ibid. Appellants, great number of them in France, and why so called, iv. 193 and h. Aquinas, Thomas, a very powerful advo- cate for the philosophy of Aristotle, and gives a new translation of his works, ii. 344 and c; called the Angelic Doctor, ibid. his character, 400 and g; method of explaining the Scriptures, 405; or- thodoxy questioned, 409; famous sum, what, 411; polemic work against the Gentiles, 412; several of his doctrines opposed by John Duns Scotus, 491; hence the origin of the sect of the Thomists, 492.
Arabian philosophers, their tenets, and reason of their name, i. 240; confuted by Origen, abandon their erroneous sen- timents, and return to the church, ibid. found schools in Spain and Italy in x cent. ii. 99; and source of knowledge among the Europeans, ibid. and 138; authors of divination and astrology in the West, ibid. many of their works translated into Latin in xii cent. ii. 255 and u.
Arabians, in Spain, converted in xiii cent. ii. 331; but expelled by the order of Pope Clement IV. 332 and y. Arabs, converted by origen in iii cent. i. 195
Arator, his works and character, i. 418. Arbricelles, Robert, founds a monastery at Fontevraud in xii cent. ii. 276; one sin- gularity in his rule, 277; charge against him, ibid. and p; some nuns in Eng- land, ibid. and p.
Archbishops, the extent of their authority in iv cent. i. 271.
Archelaus, succeeds his father Herod in the kingdom of Judea; is infamous for his vices, and dethroned, i. 43. Ardaus, excommunicated for censuring
the licentious clergy in iv cent. and forms a sect, i. 328; his principles im- bibed by the Goths, ibid, errors falsely imputed to him, ibid.
Arianism, its rise in iv cent. i. 315 and m; the tenets held by its author, 316; its progress before the first Nicene council, in which the sentiments of its founder are condemned, 317; its history after this time; 318; state under the sons of Constantine, 320; Constantius forces proselytes, ibid. under Julian, who fa- vours neither side, 321; under Jovian, a defender of the Nicenians, ibid. under Valentinian, an enemy to the Arians,
particularly in the West, ibid. under Valens, a friend to the Arians, ibid. un-- der Gratian and Theodosius the Great, who favour the Nicenians, ibid. excess- es on both sides, ibid. various sects of it which may be reduced to three classes, ibid. this division detrimental to the Arians. 322; is encouraged by the Vandals in Africa, i. 374; its state in vi cent. 432, 433; encouraged by the Lombards in vii cent. i. 464.
Arians, two eminent writers among them in xvii cent. iv. 173 and w; to whom the denomination of Arian is applicable, ibid. most eminent patrons in xviii cent. iv. 210; bad consequences of Arianism, ibid. ; points of its doctrine adopted by Mr. Whiston, and consequence, 211 subs; controversy occasioned by Dr. Clarke's opinions concerning the Trini- ty, and by whom opposed, ibid. sub z; no end to be gained by these disputes, with Dr. Stillingfleet's excellent admo- nition to the disputants, 213 sub s. Aristotelian philosophy, admired by the Nestorians in vi cent. i. 409; its pro- gress in viii cent. 486; the persons to whom its success was due, ibid. taught by the reformed church in xvi cent. iii. 311; introduced into theology, and bad consequence, ibid. and n; its state in xvii cent. 436.
Aristotelians, poor subterfuge used bythem before the inquisition in xv cent. ii. 516. Aristotle, his notions of God and the hu- man soul, i. 40; has many admirers in xiii cent. and the prejudice done by them to Christianity, ii. 333 and a: the reading of his works condemned by the Bishops at Paris, 435: if preferable to Plato, debated xv cent. 514 and a. Arius, opposes the opinions of Alexander on the second person of the Trinity, i. 315; expelled from the church 316; defends his opinions with success, ibid. brings over Eusebius Bishop of Nico- media to his cause, ibid. Constantine, after fruitless admonitions, calls a coun- cil at Nice,at which Arius is condemned, and Christ is declared consubstantial, ibid. recalled from exile, 318 andx; is received into the church, and invited to Constantinople, 319; is reinstated with his followers in their privileges, but is denied a place among the presbyters by the people of Alexandria, ibid. dies a miserable death, with some reflections on the manner, 320 and y. Armagh, the see of, erected by Patrick in v cent. i. 336 and r.
Richard of, attacks the Mendi- cants in xiv cent. ii. 467. Armenia, Great and Less, Christianity es- tablished there in iv cent. i. 261; a church founded at, by Gregory the En- lightener, ibid.
Armenians, an account of, in xvi cent. iv. 193 and q; have three patriarchs, ibid. and r, s; their titular ones, 194 and t; their state in xvii cent. iii. 562; coun- try laid waste by Abbas the Great, King of Persia, ibid. and his generous behaviour toward them, ibid. the advan- tages they received from the settlement of a great number of Armenians in dif- ferent parts of Europe, ibid. and z; re- ligious books printed for their use in Europe, particularly in Holland and England, ibid.
Arminianism, its rise and progress in xvii cent. iv. 129. See Church Arminian, 127. Arminians, their leading maxim adopted by the Lutherans in xviii cent. iv. 25; their rise and schism in this cent. 78; condemned at the synod of Dort, ibid. the effects of this schism in Holland, 79; gain ground in England through Arch- bishop Laud, 80; favoured in France, Brandenberg, Bremen, and Geneva, ib. the further progress of this sect. See Church Arminian, 127. Arminius, James, his tenets, and by whom opposed, with the decision of the synod of Dort, iv. 78; founder of the Armini- an church, 127; his great character and account of, ibid. professes publicly his opinions about predestination and grace, &c. in opposition to those of Calvin, 128; two favourable circum- stances for him, ibid. by whom opposed and controversy thereupon, with his death, ibid. and c; progress of his sect after his death, 129.
Arnaud, his dispute with the Jesuits con- cerning a frequent approach to the holy communion, iii. 172 and c; improves and illustrates the doctrine of Des Car- tes, 507 and o; a patron of the Janse- nists, 525; flies into Holland, 533; and the consequences to the Jesuits, ibid. and w; his dispute with Claude con- cerning transubstantiation, 555. Arndt, a moral writer in xvii cent. iv. 29; debates relating to, 56; his good cha- racter and works, particularly his True Christianity, 57; is censured by some, and by whom defended, ibid. a Para- celsist, ibid.
Arnobius, character of his polemic works against the Gentiles, in iii cent. i. 213.
the younger, an account of, i.
356. Arnold, of Brescia, account of him and his sect in xii cent. ii. 313; is justly censur- ed for the violent impetuosity of his temper, but discovered in his character several things worthy of esteem, 314; is greatly admired, and his followers called Arnoldists, ibid.
of Villa Nova, his extensive learning, ii. 345; unjust punishment, ib. VOL. IV. 51
Arnold, Godfrey, disturbs the Lutheran church, and his character, iv. 47; his ecclesiastical history censured, ibid. his partiality in favour of heretics, which he quitted when old, 48 and o. Arsenius, his synopsis of the Greek canon law, in xiii cent. ii. 398.
Artemon, his tenets, i. 187; uncertainty about these, ibid.
Arts, seven, the wretched manner of teaching them in viii cent. i. 488; divi- ded into the Trivium and Quadrivium, ibid. the works of Cassiodore and Boe- thius recommended for further progress, 489.
Ascetics, their rise and principles, i. 157 ; why certain Christians became of this sect, 158; the progress of this disci- pline, 159.
Asculanus, Ceccus, a famous philosopher in xvi cent. ii. 451; imprudently min- gles astrology with his philosophy, ibid. is accused of dealing with infernal spi- rits, and burnt by the inquisitors at Florence, 452 and a.
Asia, Protestant missions there in xvi cent. iii. 409; English and Dutch colonies, 410.
Asiatic, Gnostic, sect in ii cent. and tenets, an account of, i. 173. Asinus, John Pungens, substitutes consub- stantiation instead of transubstantiation in xiii cent. ii. 415. Astesanus, his character, ii. 489, 493. Astrog, synods held there in xvi cent. iii.» 297; their happy effects, ibid. Astrology, mixed with philosophy, consi- dered as magic in xiv cent. ii. 451. Asylum, right of, contest_about, between Pope Innocent XI. and Lewis XIV. iii. 487 and l.
Athanaric, King of the Goths, persecutes the Christian Goths in iv cent. i. 264. Athanasius, account of him and his works, i. 277 and u; refuses to restore Arius, 319; is deposed by the council of Tyre, and banished into Gaul, ibid. Atheists, few, if any, to be met with in xviii cent. iv. 188; and those chiefly fol- lowers of Spinoza, ibid.
Athenagoras, an excellent writer in ii cent. i. 148.
Alto, Bishop of Vercelli, his works useful
in describing the genius of the people in x cent. ii. 104. Ave-Maria, added to the prayers in xiv cent. ii. 497.
Augsburg, an account of the conference held at, between Luther and Cajetan, in xvi cent. iii. 30; and its issue, 31 and r; the famous diet held by Charles V. Emperor, 67; famous confession made by the Protestants, 71 and c; its style justly admired, ibid. its matter supplied by Luther, but received its form from Melancthon, ibid. contains twenty-eight
chapters, and to what they refer, ibid. and d, e; a refutation of it attempted by the Roman Catholics, ibid. and Me- lancthon's answer to it, which is called A Defence of the Confession of Augs- burg, 72; three methods proposed for terminating these religious dissensions, ibid. conferences judged the most effec- tual way to put a period to them, and why, 73 and f; but proved to be inef- fectual, ibid. the severe decree against the reformers, 74 and g; religious peace concluded at the second diet held here, 92; acts favourable to the Protestants passed, ibid. remarks upon, and proofs of, the ignorance and superstition of the times, ibid. confession of, and its defence, 208; and interpolations by Melancthon, ibid. a; its associates,295. Augustin, Bishop of Hippo, his character, i. 279, 280, and 1; admired for his di- dactic writings, 286; his success against the Donatists, 313; suppresses Pelagi- anism, i. 392; opposes the Predestina- rians, 395.
a Benedictine monk, sent into Britain in vi cent. i. 398 and e; converts many Anglo-Saxons to Christianity, ib. St. Monks of, their rise in xiii cent. and founder, ii. 369. Augustus, base methods used by him to obtain power, i. 29.
Avignon, Popes remove thither their resi- dence in xiv cent. ii. 455 and h; their power diminished, 456; invent new schemes to acquire riches, ibid. Aurelian, state of the church under him tolerable, i, 200; a dreadful persecution prevented by his death, ibid. Aureolus, Peter, an account of, ii. 488. Ausonius, his character as a poet, i. 266. Austria, commotions in, against the Pro- testants, in xvii cent. iii. 455 and p. Authbert, the success of his ministry in Jutland and Cimbria in ix cent. ii. 4; converts the Swedes, ibid. Autherius, Bishop of Bethlehem, founds the congregation of the Holy Sacra- ment in xvii cent. iii. 385. Authpert, Ambrose, his character, i. 507;
his Commentary on the Revelations, ibid. his lives of the saints, 515. Autun, Honorius of, his character and works, ii. 283; a polemic writer, 298. Auxerre, William of, his systematic divini- ty, an account of, ii. 283.
Awerri, in Africa, King of, converted to Christianity by the Capuchins in xvii cent. iii. 411.
Bacon, John, an account of, ii. 488.
Roger, his great character, ii. 341 and q; and 400 k; his extensive pro- gress in the sciences, 345 and d, e; un- just imprisonment, ibid.
Baius, his disputes about grace in xvi cent. iii. 174; is accused and condemn- ed with his unjust treatment, 175 and ƒ. Balbi, John, promotes the study of the Greek language in xiii cent. ii. 341. Balduin, his controversy concerning the merits of Christ, iv. 55. Baldus, his character, ii. 449. Balsamon, Theodorus, his erudition and diligence in explaining the civil and ecclesiastical laws of the Greeks in xii cent. ii. 281 and b.
Bancroft, his sermon at Paul's Cross, on the divine right of Bishops, exasperates their contest with the Puritans, and the effects, iii. 287, 288.
Baptism, not to be considered as a mere ceremony, i. 104; the manner of cele- bration in i cent. 107.
in iv cent. by the Bishop with lighted tapers, and on the vigils of Eas- ter and Whitsuntide, i. 306. Baptismal fonts, introduced into the por- ches of churches, when, i. 306. Baptists, general, Arminian, their doctrine, iii. 348; in what they agree with the particular Baptists, 349.
- particular, Calvinistical, their tenets, iii. 349; settle in London, ibid. Baradæus, Jacob, restores the Monophy- sites in vi cent. i. 434; his dexterity and diligence, 435; is acknowledged their second founder, and hence they are called Jacobites, ibid.
Barbarians, western, persecute the Chris- tians in x cent. ii. 84.
Barcepha, Moses, his great character, ii. 29 and p.
Barcochebas, assumes the name of the Messiah, i. 129; a great enemy to the Christians, 131 and u.
Bardesanes, founder of a sect of heretics in ii. cent. i. 176; the doctrine he taught,
Barlaam, his book of ethics shows the au- thor to be inclined to Stoicism, ii. 447; a champion for the Greeks against the Latins in xiv cent. 487, 494; finds fault with some Greek monks, 497; the names he gives them, who are defended by Gregory Palamas, 498; is condemned by a council at Constantinople, ibid. Barnabas, the epistle attributed to him, supposed to be spurious, i. 97. Barnabites, regular clerks of St. Paul, founded in xvi cent. and by whom, iii, 150; soon deviate from their first rule and their office, ibid. and u. Baronius, Cesar, his Annals, an account of, iii. 152 and s; confutations of them ibid. and a.
Barre, Nicholas, forms the Pietists into a society in xvii cent. iii. 503. Bartolus, his character, ii. 449.
Barrow, Isaac, his great zeal for natural knowledge, iii. 445. Barsumas, of Nisibis, a zealous promoter of Nestorianism, i. 381.
Abbot, brought the Eutychian opinions into Syria and Armenia in v cent. i. 386, 387; but the former rejects them, ibid. and h.
Basil, Bishop of Cæsarea, account of him and his works, i. 277 and w.
the council held at, in xv cent. ii. 532; the designs of it, and vigorous pro- secutions taken at it, alarm the Roman pontiff, 533 and h, i; the decrees, and acts, of it, 534; the attempts of Euge- nius IV. to dissolve it ineffectual, 535; depose Eugenius, and elect another named Felix V. ibid. friars at Lausanne ratify Felix's abdication, and confirm the election of Nicholas, 538. Basilides, chief of the Egyptian Gnostics,
i. 179; gems supposed to come.from him, ibid. andr; enormous errors of his system, 180; falsely charged with de- nying the reality of Christ's body, ibid. s; his moral doctrine, 181; his errors, and how led into an enormous one, ibid. and t.
Basilius, of Seleucia, writes against the Jews in v cent. i. 362.
the Macedonian, under him the Sclavonians and Russians are convert- ed in ix cent. ii. 5; an inaccurate ac- count of the latter by Lequien, 6 h.
the founder of an heretical sect in xii cent. ii. 306; is condemned, and burnt at Constantinople, ibid. his tenets resemble the ancient Gnostics and Ma- nichæans, ibid. denies the reality of Christ's body, and a future resurrection, ibid.
Bassi, Matthew de, zealous in attempting to reform the Franciscans in xvi cent. iv. 147 and i, k; founder of the order of the Capuchins, ibid. Bayle, a skeptical philosopher in xvii cent. iii. 448 and y.
Beauvoir, account of the letters which passed between him and archbishop Wake, relative to their correspondence with the doctors of the Sorbonne, con- cerning the union project, iv. 229; au- thentic copies of them, 252. See Wake. Becker, Balthaser, account of, iii. 445; his peculiar sentiments, and contest occa- sioned by them, iv. 122; work entitled The World bewitched, ibid. argument against the being of spirits unsatisfacto- ry, ibid. u; is opposed, and tumults consequent thereupon, 123; is deposed from his pastoral office, and continues in the same sentiments to his death, ibid. and w.
Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, sub- scribes, and afterward rejects the Con- stitutions of Clarendon, ii. 267, 268 sub
fin. not. 8; retires into France, and re- turns, 269; is assassinated in his own chapel, ibid. reasons to clear Henry II. of England from consenting to his mur- der, and the punishment inflicted on the assassins, ibid. t; is enrolled among the most eminent saints, 270 and u. Bede, venerable, his character, i. 507 and u; exposition of St. Paul's epistles and Samuel, 509 moral treatises, 515. Beghards, see Beguines, the origin of this denomination, ii. 392 and r; differed from the Fratricelli in what, 393; con- sidered as seculars and laymen, 395 and s; the miseries they suffer under Charles IV. in Germany, 481, 482; but not ex- tirpated, ibid.
Beghards, Belgic and German, their ori- gin, ii. 395 and u, 396 and w; first soci- ety when and by whom formed, ibid. and x; corrupted by the brethren of the free spirit in xiv cent. 500; a division of this sect, 501 c; the persecution of them and tragical conclusion, 502, 503 and h.
Schwestriones, in xv cent. iii. 449; their leading principle, ibid. the miseries they suffer from the inquisition, ibid. accounts of them by many writers imperfect, ibid. h.
by corruption called Picards, ii. 563: their horrible tenets, 564; severe treatment from Ziska, ibid. and i; call- ed Adamites, 565; this name afterward applied to the Hussites, ibid. Beguines, see Beghards, how different from the Belgic and German, ii. 395. Behmen, Jacob, one of the Rosecrucian brethren, iii. 437; his chimerical no- tions and followers, iv. 59; works, ibid. ს.
Believers, who obtained this name in the
earliest period of the Christian church, i. 88; how distinguished from Catechu- mens, 99.
Bellarmine, Robert, an eminent defender of the Romish church in xvi cent. iii. 164 his character, ibid. is censured by the church of Rome, ibid. and u. Bellator, his character as a commentator, i. 420; translates the works of Origen,
Bello-visu, Armand de, an account of, ii. 400.
Bembo, Peter, Cardinal, a supposed infi- del writer in xvi cent. iii. 119. Benedict, of Nursia, founder of an order of monks in vi cent. i. 414; his works, 417.
Abbot of Aniane, employed by Lewis the Meek, to reform the practi- ces of the monks in ix cent. ii. 27; re- stores the monastic discipline, ibid. sub- jects the various monastic orders to that of Benedict of Mount Cassin, ibid. his discipline at first admired, soon declines,. ibid.
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