142-143. Our final hope Is flat despair. Cf. 3 Hen. VI. II. iii. 9.

146 ff. Cf. Shak., Meas. III. i. 118–132.

147. Intellectual being. Cf. vv. 557-569.

148. Cf. P. L. 8: 188 ff.; Sams. Agon. 302–306.

152. Let. Supposing. So in Shak., Rich. II. I. i. 59; Hen. VIII.

IV. ii. 146.

156. Belike. Define. Impotence. Ungovernableness, want of self-restraint. Horace, Epod. 16: 62, uses impotentia in the sense of 'fiery violence.'

159. Endless. Adjective used as adverb.

163 ff. Note the succession of questions. What effect do they produce? There is a suggestive parallel in the second speech of Oceanus in the Prometheus Bound.

165. Amain. Define.

166. Afflicting. See P. L. 1:186.

169. Chained on the burning lake. Cf. P. L. 1: 210.

174. Red right hand. The rubente dextera of Hor. Od. I. ii. 2-3. 176. Cf. King Lear III. ii. 2.

180-182. Cf. Æn. 1:44-46: 'As he [Ajax] gasped out flames from his transfixed breast, she caught him in the whirlwind, and impaled him on a jagged rock.' Also En. 6:75: 'The sport of rushing winds.'

182. Racking. Cf. P. L. 1:126; 3: 203; 11:481. 184. Converse. Consort, keep company.

185. Lowell (Shakespeare Once More) observes: 'The Greek dramatists were somewhat fond of a trick of words in which there is a reduplication of sense as well as of assonance, as in the Electra:·

*Αλεκτρα γηράσκουσαν ἀνυμέναιά τε

So Shakespeare:

Unhouseled, disappointed, unaneled;

And Milton after him, or, more likely, after the Greek:

Unrespited, unpitied, unreprieved.'

186. Hopeless. Like despaired, P. L. 1:660.

188.

Dissuades. Thus Livy speaks of 'dissuading peace' (30:37). Force or guile. Cf. P. L. 1: 121.

191. Cf. Ps. 2:4.

195. Trampled. Cf. Ps. 91: 13; Isa. 63:3.

196. Better these than worse. Cf. v. 163 ff. What similar thought is there in Hamlet's soliloquy?

199. To suffer, as to do. See P. L. 1: 158.

209. Sustain and bear. Have there been any previous instances of coupled synonyms? Why may they have been employed?

210. Supreme. Pronounce. Is it pronounced the same in v. 236?

213. Punished. Inflicted as punishment.

214. Cf. v. 170.

216. Vapor. Perhaps 'heat' (a Latinism); or in the twofold sense. 219. Familiar. As familiar.

220-221. Notice the rime.

222. What chance, what change. Cf. P. R. 4 : 625.

223. Waiting. See P. L. 1: 604.

224. For happy. In respect to happiness, to a happy lot.

225. Make an analysis of Moloch's and Belial's speeches, and show what arguments of the former are replied to by the latter, and with what force.

227. Ignoble ease. The ignobile otium of Virgil, Georg. 4 : 764. 227-228. 'These words [ignoble ease and peaceful sloth, Not peace] are spoken by the poet in his own person, very improperly; they would have suited the character of any fallen angel, but the reporter of the occurrence ought not to have delivered such a sentence.' LANDOR.

228.

Mammon. Cf. P. L. 1: 678 ff.

234. Argues. Shows, proves. So P. L. 4 : 830.

243. Halleluiahs. Literal meaning? Cf. Rev. 19: 1-6; P. L. 6: 744; 7: 634; 10: 642. Lordly. Adjective or adverb?

244. Breathes. Exhales, emits the smell of.

245. Odors. Cf. Od. Nat. 23; P L. 4: 162; P. R. 2: 364; Sams. Agon. 987. Do these passages suggest any relations to spice or gums?

250. Impossible. Limits what?

254. Live to ourselves. Cf. Hor., Epist. I. xviii. 107, ut mihi vivam.'

273. What light does this shed upon the character of Mammon? In what work have we already seen him engaged?

275. Elements. Surroundings in which one feels at home; cf. to be in one's element.' See King Lear II. iv. 58. For the general thought, see vv. 217-220.

278. Sensible. Sense. Adjective for noun.

282. Dismissing. How does this, and vv. 187 ff., agree with P. L. 1: 661-669? What is the relation of Mammon's speech to that of Belial?

285 ff. This simile seems to owe something to reminiscences of En. 3: 554 ff., as the mariners sail past Charybdis: 'From afar we hear the moaning of the main, . . and the breakers roaring to the shore. Thrice did the cliffs roar amidst the rocky caverns (cava saxa, hollow rocks), thrice did we see the foam dashing up, and the starry skies dripping. Meanwhile, the wind and sun leave us weary mariners at once, and ignorant of our course we drift to the coast of the Cyclops. The harbor is sheltered from the approach of winds.' The critics generally refer to En. 10: 96-99, which should be compared.

289. Craggy bay. Perhaps suggested by Æn. 2: 157 ff., especially 162-163: The toil-worn crew of Æneas. turn towards the

On either side

coast of Africa. . . . An island forms a harbor. . . are huge rocks, and twin cliffs which tower frowning towards the sky.' This, it will be remembered, is after a great storm.

294. Sword of Michael. P. L. 6: 250 ff.

297. Process. Pronounce.

299-307. How are 'Atlantean shoulders' fitter than any other 'to bear the weight of mightiest monarchies'? Such is the tenor of Landor's comment, who also objects that a pillar of state is not aptly represented as rising, in this sense.

299. Than. What part of speech?

300. None higher sat. Cf. P. L. 1: 79.

302. Pillar of state. So Lat. columen reipublicæ, as in Cicero, Sest. 8:19. Deep on his front engraven. Cf., from the same chapter of the oration: Such a contraction was there of his forehead that the whole republic appeared to be resting on that brow.' The whole chapter should be read, since Milton evidently had it in mind when writing this passage.

306. Atlantean shoulders. In his oration for Flaccus (37: 94) Cicero appeals to the judges as bearing the whole state upon their shoulders.

310. Cf. v. 11.

312. Style. Cf. P. L. 11: 695. Define.

313. Popular vote. How many times had the popular vote been indicated by applause? Had the vote always been the same?

317. Dungeon. Cf. P. L. 1: 61.

322. Reserved. An

servare with the dative.

imitation of the Lat. construction of reNot so in P. L. 9: 768.

327. Iron sceptre. See Ps. 2: 9.

328. Golden. We find the golden sceptre in classical and in Biblical literature, e.g., Il. 1: 15; Esther 4 : 11.

329. What. Landor says, 'To my ear What sit sounds less pleasingly than Why sit.'

337. Reluctance. Resistance. The primary sense of the Latin verb. Cf. P. L. 10: 1045.

345 ff. Cf. p. 192, v. 29 ff.; p. 195, v. 129; p. 196, v. 156 ff.

346. Fame. Cf. P. L. 1: 650-654.

349. Less. Cf. Ps. 8: 5.

353. Imitated from Il. 1: 528-530: Kronion spake, and nodded his dark brow; and he made great Olympus quake.' So Æn. 9 104. Cf. Heb. 6: 13, 17.

...

Landor wishes that Cicero, who so delighted in harmonious sentences, and was so studious of the closes,' could have heard this. He criticizes the two preceding lines, however, for the identical cadence of the last four words.

358. Force or subtlety. Cf. P. L. 1: 121.

359. Arbitrator. In Judges 11: 27, where the A. V. has 'judge,'

6

the Vulgate has arbiter. Ovid (Tr. V. ii. 47) calls Augustus arbiter imperii.'

367. Puny. Etymology? Habitants.

Elsewhere in Milton.

379. Pleaded. What form is sometimes ignorantly substituted for this?

384. Mingle. As if a translation of the Lat. miscere. An example is Juv. 2: 25.

387. States. Persons representing a body politic.

So Shak., King John II. i. 395: How like you this wild counsel, mighty states?'

388. All. Modifies eyes, or their? Sparkled in all their eyes. Cf. Shak., Much Ado III. i. 51.

389. He. Who?

391. Synod. Cf. P. L. 6: 156; 10: 661; 11: 67. Why preferable to such a word as 'senate'? Gods. Cf. P. L. 3: 341; in Ps. 8: 5, where the A. V. has 'angels,' the Hebrew has 'gods;' see also Ps. 97: 7.

398. Not unvisited. Cf. L'All. 57; P. L. 1: 442; 8: 503.

400. Cf. v. 141.

402. Balm. Not as in 1: 774; here figurative, 'soothing influence.'

Landor's opinion is that here bursts forth such a torrent of eloquence as there is nowhere else in the regions of poetry, although strict and thick, in v. 412, sound unpleasantly.' With 402 ff. cf. p. 196, v. 175 ff.

404. Wandering. Cf. v. 830.

406. Palpable obscure. Tenebræ palpabiles is found in ecclesiastical Latinity: Oros. 1: 10; Jerome on Isa. 10. 32. 14. The expression doubtless comes from Exod. 10: 21, 'darkness which may be felt' ('tenebræ, . . . ut palpari queant'). Obscure. Obscurum is a noun in Latin; so in Virgil, Georg. 1: 478. Cf. P. L. 1: 314.