appointed him Generalissimo. He saved the English army which was sent into Ireland in 1689 from the consequences of the utterly inefficient way in which it was equipped and organized. His death was worthy of his career; he fell in the crisis of the battle of the Boyne, and the Protestants of Ireland buried his remains in the Cathedral of St. Patrick, and still they venerate his memory, and it is no wonder, for his death occurred in this wise. When the English centre was wading across the Boyne, a strong body of Irish cavalry charged the advancing infantry with great vigour, shook them until they reeled, and compelled them to give way. "The Old Marshal" (we quote Smiles) "now saw that the crisis of the fight had arrived and he prepared to act accordingly. Placing himself at the head of his Huguenot regiment of horse, which he had held in reserve and, pointing with his sword across the river he called out Allons mes amis ! rappelez votre courage et vos resentements; Voila vos persecuteurs' and plunged into the stream." He was found amongst the fallen. Thus in 1690 by the Boyne, died the veteran, who began his record of fighting fifty-five years before by the banks of the Danube.

The career of Lord Galway was not one of constant brightness, and indeed it is associated with the defeat of British Armies. Yet it is worth recording as illustrating the very varied character of the Huguenot services to England, and also the extraordinary energy and enterprise of the British people at the close of the seventeenth century and beginning of the eighteenth. It would be well if at present, with more than twenty times the resources in money, and five times the numbers, they had the same confidence in their prowess and determination to assert and maintain their position.

Count Henry de Ruvigny, Earl of Galway, (which is spelt Galloway in the Biographie Universelle) was an illustrious refugee who entered the British service when he learned that his brother, De la Caillemotte, had been killed at the Boyne. He served at the siege of Athlone, an important strategic point on the river Shannon, and he defeated his fellow countryman, St. Ruth, at the battle of Aughrim, which won the west of Ireland for William III. His charge was decisive, and his regiment lost 144 killed and wounded. For this he was created an Irish peer. He justified King William's reward, for at the battle of Neerwinden, in Flanders, 1693, when the English king was beaten by Marshal Luxembourg, his retreat was covered by the brave Huguenot, whose troopers

HENRI, MARQUIS DE RUVIGNY, EARL OF GALWAY.

From an oil-painting at the French Hospital, Victoria Park Road, London. (By permission).

resisted the most desperate assaults of the pursuing cavalry. When Schomberg's son was defeated and killed at Marsiglia, his place in Italy was taken by de Ruvigny, but the Duke of Savoy made separate terms with Louis XIV, and de Ruvigny returned to England. He was made a Lord Justice in Ireland, and his settlement at Portarlington, although its full development was marred by the jealousy of the Parliament towards foreigners, was long an oasis in the desert of the licence, carelessness, and ignorance, of the native Irish. In 1698, there were serving in the British army no fewer than four thousand two hundred and eighty-eight Huguenots, the very best soldiers of the whole force. After the outbreak of the war of the Spanish succession, they found a field for their energy in Spain and Portugal where another son of Marshal Schomberg, Count Ménard, was superseded by Lord Galway. Here his career was very unfortunate, and has brought down upon him the hasty sneers of Macaulay, although, in point of fact, he was an excellent soldier. The General of a coalition has always great difficulties to contend with, and to manage his Portuguese allies was not an easy task. He lost his right arm by a cannon shot at the siege of Badajos, 1705, but nevertheless went up the Tagus by way of Alcantara and entered Madrid. He was, however, very badly beaten by a Roman Catholic of English birth, the Duke of Berwick, at Almanza, 1707. This is a well known historical event.

French were brilliantly successful; the English infantry fought splendidly, but in vain, as the Portuguese, with a few exceptions, failed to support them effectively. Some singular episodes took place. The mistress of the Portuguese General, Los Minas, was killed in Amazon costume by his side; Galway received two sabre cuts on the face, and another refugee, the Camisard Cavalier, whose name had long been a terror to persecutors in the Cevennes, now as the champion of England, enhanced his reputation for dauntless courage.

Cavalier was a soldier by instinct, and Marshal Villars, who operated against him with success, formed a very high opinion of his military qualities, writing thus "He is a peasant of the lowest rank, not yet twenty-two years of age, and scarcely seeming eighteen; small and with no imposing mien, but possessing a firmness and good sense that are altogether surprising. He has great talent in arranging for the subsistence of his men, and disposes of his troops as well as the best trained officers could do." At the battle of Almanza Cavalier found himself opposed to a French regiment, in whom he recognized his

old persecutors in the Cevennes. The soldiers on both sides, animated by a common fury, rushed upon each other with the bayonet, disdaining to fire. The carnage which followed was dreadful. The papist regiment was almost annihilated, whilst of Cavalier's regiment, seven hundred strong, not more than three hundred survived. Marshal Berwick, though familiar with fierce encounters, never spoke of this tragical event without deep emotion. Cavalier himself was severely wounded, and lay for some time among the slain. Cavalier died as Major-General in the British army, 1739. Almanza was not the only disaster that darkened the latter portion of Galway's military history. In 1709 he met a Spanish army under the Marquis de Bay in the Plain of Gudina, was utterly routed, and only escaped with the utmost difficulty. He was recalled, and his only other public service was as Lord Justice of Ireland for a year after the accession of George I. He died in 1720.

And

And now for a generation the refugees had done yeoman's service to the State which welcomed them, to its lasting honour and material advancement, and the sons of the refugees took their place among Englishmen by descent. a very prominent place it was. They held a space in the public eye far beyond the proportion due to their numbers. Their individual merit was most distinguished; the "vital spark of heavenly flame," derived from their noble sires and nobler mothers who gave up property and homes for the truth, glowed in their breasts. It is that vital spark which kindles the sacred flame of energy, not merely spiritual, but abounding in all good works. Let it be the care of those present to keep it burning brightly in their own breasts, and transmit it all aglow to succeeding generations.

After the peace of Utrecht, 1713, the position of England was assured, and throughout the eighteenth century France never regained her previous place in European policy, till the fury of the Revolution, not a righteous indignation, but rather the rage of a wild beast, for a time overwhelmed Europe and at last exhausted France, and left her a helpless prey to the peoples of Northern and Eastern Europe.

But in the wars of the 18th century amongst the most prominent soldiers of Great Britain was the Huguenot Ligonier. No officer of his time was present in more important actions than Jean Louis Ligonier who lived to be an English Field Marshal, Commander-in-Chief, and Colonel of the First Foot Guards of the army in which he served for sixty-eight years.