true, that while this is my end, and while I conceive these to be the means, a definite act will as certainly follow that definite choice and judgment of my mind, provided I be free from all external refraint and impediment, as a determinate motion will be excited in a body by a force applied in a given direction. There is in both cafes an equal certainty of the effect; but the principle of the certainty, in the one cafe, and in the other, is entirely different: which difference neceffarily arifes from the different nature of final and efficient caufes. Every caufe (except it be the will of the Deity acting to the first production of fubitances, every caufe I fay, except this acting in this fingular inftance) produces its effect by acting upon fomething; and, whatever be the caufe that acts, the principle of certainty lies in a capacity, in the thing on which it acts, of being affected by that action. Now the capacity which force, or an efficient caufe, requires in the object of its action, is abfolute inertnefs. But intelligence and liberty conftitute the capacity of being influenced by a final caufe, by a moral motive; and to this very liberty does this fort of caufe owe its whole efficacy, the whole certainty of its operation; which certainty never can difprove the exiftence of that liberty, upon which it is itfelf founded, and of which it affords the highest evidence.

Thefe diftinctions, between the efficient and the final caufe, being once understood, we may from the Neceffarians own principles deduce the firmest proof of the liberty of man. For fince God fore knows and governs future events, fo far as fubordinate agents are concerned in them, by the means of moral motives, that is, by final caufes; fince thefe are the engines, by which he turns and wields the intellectual world, bending the perverte wills of wicked men and of apoftate fpirits to his purpofe; and fince thefe motives owe their energy, their whole fuccefs, to the liberty of the beings that are governed by them; it is, in confequence, moft certain, however it may feem most trange, that God could not govern the world as he does, by final causes, if man were not free; no [any] more than he could govern the material part of it mechanically, by efficient caufes, if matter were not wholly paffive.'

Speaking of the Neceffitarians he fays: So far as they maintain the certain influence of moral motives, as the natural and fufficient means whereby human actions, and even human thoughts, are brought into that continued chain of caufes and effects, which, taking its beginning in the operations of the infinite mind, cannot but be fully underfood by him; fo far they do fervice to the caufe of truth, placing the " great and glorious" doctrines of fore knowledge and providence-AbfoJute fore knowledge, univerfal providence-upon a firm and philofophical foundation.'

There are many fenfible obfervations in this difcourfe; but the foregoing, hypothefis does not appear (to us at leaft) fo perlect y fatisfactory, as the author feems to imagine. For if moral

motives are certain in their operations, is not man as much a machine, as if he were impelled by a mechanical force? If the Deity propofes a motive, which I cannot refift, am I in that cafe a free agent? are not my elective powers abfolutely over-ruled and determined to one particular choice? On the contrary, if moral motives are not certain in their effects, the difficulty of reconciling divine fore-knowledge and man's free will till re

mains.

A Sermon preached in a Country Church, on the Faft Days; 13 Dec. 1776, and 27 Feb. 1778. 4to. 15. White.

The author points out the propriety and equity of national judgements, and the pernicious confequences, which must attend a total decay of public virtue.-This difcourfe bears the following infcription, in a curious engraving on the title-page : Supremitate Regis vindicatâ in inferiori Domo Convocationis, Jan 23, 1775, which is the fignature of Dr. Ibbetson, and records his meritorious vindication of the king's fupremacy, as the following celebrated line of Cicero commemorates his prefervation of Rome:

"O fortunatam natam me confule Romam."

The Vanity of Human Dependencies fated and explained, in a Sermon preached at Barbican, May 17, 1778; being the Sunday after the Deceafe of the late Earl of Chatham. By Charles Bulkley. 4to. 1. Johnfon.

IS.

In this difcourfe the author explains thefe words of Ifaiah, ch. ii. 22.- Ceafe ye from man, whofe breath is in his noftrils; for wherein is he to be accounted of ?"-fhewing, that whatever may be the ftation of any individual, however eminent his abilities, however brilliant his character, a dependence upon him is extravagant and prefumptuous, when it is either inconfiftent with that unrivalled glory and honour, which we owe to the Divine Majefty, or with the ftate and fituation of man here on earth.-Having thus explained the text, he proceeds to the application, in which he pays his tribute of respect to the late lord Chatham: but complains, that he has been fhocked with the appearances of a fullen infenfibility' upon the occafion. The righteous, fays he, perisheth, and no man layeth it to heart; and merciful men are taken away, none confidering that the righteous are taken away from the evil to come.".

How applicable, continues he, are these words in particular to the character of him, whose death we now deplore? What was his conftant, uniform language as a fenator, and a statesman, from the very beginning of our prefent troubles to his own latest breath? Tax not without reprefentation-there was righteoufnefs. Withdraw, withdraw your troops :-there was mercy, And when I reflect upon the great and mighty lofs we have fustained by his removal, I am ready to cry out with another prophet, "Woe is me, for I am as when they have gathered the fummer fruits, as the grape gleanings of the vine

tage:

tage; there is no cluster to eat: my foul defired the first ripe fruit: the good man is perifhed out of the earth."

Admitting all that can be faid in favour of this righteous and merciful' fta:efman, fome apology perhaps may be made for his countrymen, to exculpate them from the charge of ingra. titude and a fullen infenfibility.' When his lordship's body lay in ftate, people of all ranks ran in crowds to fee, to touch, to falute his coffin, and to pay their last respects to the deceased patriot The citizens of London, not content with feeing him at Westminster, earnestly petitioned, that they might have the honour of having his bones depofited in their cathedral. And, to crown the whole, the grand council of the nation made a munificent fettlement on his pofterity, and ordered him to be canonized in the Abbey. These are fo far from being indications of a fullen infenfibility,' that fome invidious people have confidered them, as the extravagances of patriotic enthusiasm.

CONTROVERSIAL.

A fhort View of the Tenets of Tritheißs, Sabellians, Trinitarians, Arians, and Socinians. 8vo. 1. Johnson.

The controverfy concerning the Trinity has long fince been rendered fo intricate, by the different opinions and the fubtile diftinctions of contending parties, that it is hardly poffible for a common reader to form any distinct idea of the various and contradictory schemes, which have been proposed for the explication of this mystery, not merely by heretics, but even by the most orthodox divines. The defign of this ufeful work is therefore to give plain Chriftians a general notion of the principal opinions, which have been maintained concerning the Trinity, and the difficulties attending them; and to promote candour and charity among thofe, who differ in their fentiments on this profound fubject.

MEDICAL.

A Letter to Sir Robert Barker, Knt. F. R. S. and George Stac poole, Ejq. upon General Inoculation. By J. C. Lettfom, M. D. 410. 6d. Dilly.

The advantage of inoculation being now fo univerfally acknowledged, we fhould imagine that the benevolent affections, rather than the judgement, are concerned in rendering the prac tice more general among the poor. In this Letter Dr. Lettfom endeavours to promote fuch a defign from feveral confiderations, which we hope will not be overlooked by thofe who are fenfible of the importance of preventing the natural fmall-pox in fo po pulous a city as London.

Obfervations on the Sore Throat and Fever, that raged in the North of Scotland in the Year 1777. By Robert Saunders, Phyfician at Bamff. 8vo. 15. Murray.

This Letter contains an account of the fuccefs attending the antiphlogistic method of cure, in the fore throat and fever, a

difease that seems to have raged much at Bamff in the course of last year, for which this treatment had been recommended in the Medical Commentaries publifhed by a Society at Edinburgh.

An Account of the epidemical Sore Throat, with the Method of Treatment. By G. Levifon, M. D. 8vo. 1s. 6d. White.

A mean and inaccurate performance, no lefs obviously de fective in refpe&t of practical knowledge than of literary compofition.

Methods of Cure in fome particular Cafes of Infanity,

e. By

W. Perfect, Surgeon. 8vo. 2s. 6d. Dodfley. To afford a display of successful practice, rather than to enrich the medical art by any new obfervation, appears to be the defign of this pamphlet: which therefore confifts of cafes too general for instruction, and apparently felected with a view difinct from that of the improvement of science.

MISCELLANEOUS.

The Complete Works of M. de Montefquieu. Tranflated from the French. 8vo. 4 vols. 11.45. Evan's.

An English verfion of the whole works of this eminent writer, executed with fidelity, cannot fail to attract the regard of all who are acquainted with the philofophical penetration which distinguished him, as well as with thofe ornaments of ftyle, that may be generally obferved in his compofitions.

English Humanity no Paradox: or, an Attempt to prove that the English are not a Nation of Savages. 800. 1s. 6d. Lowndes.

Voltaire has been pleafed to ftyle us the favages of Europe;' and Rouffeau has obferved, that thofe people, who are great eaters of meat, are in general more ferocious and cruel than other men; and that the English barbarity is well known; whereas the Gaures, he says, are, on the contrary, the meekeft creatures in the world." Others have condemned us for certain customs and practices, which feem to indicate a cruelty of difpo fition; fuch as, duelling, whipping, bruifing, boxing, cockfighting, the occupations of our butchers and cooks, the number of our executions, our fhynefs towards foreigners, &c. The author of this pamphlet answers thefe objections, and produces feveral inftances, which are inconteftible proofs of our national humanity.

The expreffion of the Roman poet, Britannos hofpitibus feros,' has been often thrown out against us. On this paffage the author very properly obferves, that the Romans called the people of every unfubdued nation, barbarians; and that " hofpitibus feros" probably means no more, than the ferocity of the British nation, displayed again che invaders of their coast, of which Julius Cæfar had fome experience, at his first descent.

The

The author has difplayed fome reading, and fome humour in this publication,

An Enquiry into the Manners of the prefent Age. By a Lady. Small 8vo. 15. Bew.

Moral reflections on thofe vain and delufive pleasures, which are pursued by libertines and men of the world and on those rational delights, which are enjoyed by men of fenfe and vir. tue. The author's language is elaborate and flowery.'

The Defcription of the Hot Bath, at Bath, together with Plans, Elevations, and Sections of the fame. The Defigns of John Wood, Archited. Folio. 5s. Dodfley.

The fubject of this performance is diftin&tly delineated, and affords a ftrong proof of the architectural talents of the author, whofe taste and judgement are jointly difplayed to great advan-' tage in the conftruction of this bath.

Dangers and Disadvantages to the Public and Eaft India Company, from that Company's Building and Navigating their own Śhips. 8vo. IS. Sewell.

The author appears to be well acquainted with his subject, and urges ftrong arguments against the Eaft India Company's building and navigating their own fhips. But as the propofed measure will doubtless be maturely confidered by the Court of Directors, we fhall not enter upon any detail that might anticipate their refolutions.

True and lawful Matrimony, or established Ceremonies not effential to that bonourable State. 8vo. 1. Hogg.

A dull, inconfiftent, ortho-heterodoxical medley, respecting the religious and moral obligations of marriage..

Confiderations on the Nature, Quality, and Diftinctions of Coal and Richardfon and Urquhart.

Culm. 8vo.

15.

In this pamphlet the author endeavours to explain the difference between coal and culm, fo far as refpects their feveral ufes, and the effects of fire upon them. Culm being chiefly appropriated to the manufacture of brick and lime, the au thor obferves, that a tax upon it would increase the price of thofe articles, and that it therefore ought, in good policy, to be exempted from impoft.

Remarks on Confiderations on the Nature, &c. of Coal and Culm 8vo. IS. Bew.

Thefe Remarks are intended as a reply to the preceding pamphlet, and contains fome pertinent information to those who are concerned in the enquiry.