taught the immortality of the soul; he was also the instructer of Pythagoras. PHIDIAS of Athens; the great master of statuary, who, in the age of Pericles (about the 84th Olympiad, or B. C. 444), embodied the lofty ideal of a Pallas-Minerva and an Olympian Jove. According to Böttiger, Phidias executed three statues of Pallas, which were all in the Acropolis in the time of Pausanias. One colossal statue of Pallas, he cast in bronze (taken from the tenth of the spoils won on the plains of Marathon), for the temple of Minerva Polias, in which she was represented as a guardian deity. Mys wrought upon her shield, in relievo, the battle of the Centaurs, from designs by Parrhasius. Near the statue stood the primitive possessor of the mount, an owl. It is related of this statue, that mariners, doubling the promontory of Sunium, still saw her crested helmet and the point of her spear. The second of his most famous statues was made of ivory and gold. It was denominated the statue of the Parthenon, or Parthenos (the virgin), and measured, with the pedestal, about 41 English feet. Instead of marble, he made use of ivory, which admitted of a much softer and more brilliant polish. It was, in reality, formed of wood, overlaid with ivory. He threw over it a garment of gold, either beaten or cast with such exquisite skill, that it might be put off or on at pleasure, and could be weighed, at any time, by the treasurer of the temple. It weighed 44 talents. During the government of Demetrius Poliorcetes, it was carried off. The eyes were of marble, let in, and probably painted, according to the prevailing custom. The goddess stood upright, with the ægis on her breast and a spear in her left hand. There was likewise an iminense serpent, or dragon, near her, supposed, to be that of Ericthonius. In her right hand was the goddess Victoria, formed in like manner of ivory, with a vestment of gold, four cubits high. By her side stoc d the great shield, representing, on the convex side, the battle of the Amazons, and on the concave, the battle of the Titans. The different parts of the statue, as well as the pedestal, were wrought in relievo. Thus, for example, Phidias introduced himself and Pericles on the shield. A complete description of this statue is given in Böttiger's Andeutungen über die Archäologie (Observations on Archæology). The third statue, in bronze, of a smaller size, which was called, emphatically, the beautiful, on account of its exquisite proportions, was

purchased by the people of Lemnos, and sent by them to the Acropolis of Athens. The Olympian Jupiter of Phidias represented the serene majesty of the king of heaven, and was ranked, for its beauty, among the wonders of the world. Jupiter was here seen sitting upon a throne, with an olive wreath of gold about his temples; the upper part of his body was naked; a wide mantle, covering the rest of it, hung down, in the richest folds, to his feet, which rested on a footstool. The naked parts of the statue were of ivory; the dress was of beaten gold, with an imitation of embroidery painted by Panæænus, brother of Phidias. In the right hand stood the goddess Victoria, turning towards the statue, and carved, like it, out of ivory and gold; she was holding out a band, with which she appeared desirous to encircle his olive crown. In his left hand, the divinity held a parti-colored sceptre, made of various metals skilfully joined, and on the sceptre rested an eagle. Power, wisdom and goodness were admirably expressed in his features. He sat with the air of a divinity, presiding among the judges of the games, and dispensing the laurel wreaths to the victors, calm in conscious dignity, the beau ideal of Greek anthropomorphism. Cicero (De Oratore, ii) relates that the artist was led, by a passage in the Iliad, to imagine such a figure. The statue was surrounded with magnificent drapery, which was drawn aside only on particular occasions, when the deity was to be exhibited. Á sense of greatness and splendor overwhelmed the spectator. There was also a splendid statue of Nemesis, at Rhamnus, falsely ascribed to Argoracritus, the favorite of Phidias. He made it of a block of Parian marble, which the Persians had designed as the monument of their victory. From Phidias that elevated style, which is so much admired, is commonly supposed to have been derived; and modern antiquarians maintain that after his death Grecian art began to decline. Phidias was, moreover, an architect. By the exertions of Pericles, Athens was made the most magnificent city in Greece. During his government, which lasted twenty years, the city was adorned with more costly temples, colonnades, and other works of art, than Rome, though mistress of the world, could boast in seven centuries. Every one was anxious to do something for the ornament of the city of Pallas. The best materials and most skilful artists were there in abundance. Phidias superintended these improvements; and the

sculptures with which the Parthenon, for instance, among other buildings, was adorned, were partly his own work, and partly in the spirit and after the ideas of this great master. Phidias received great honors from the Athenians, for whose fame he was laboring, while Pericles had the sovereign power; but he was subjected to a change of fortune when the popularity of his patron declined. He died in prison. The cause of his death is unknown.-See Emeric David, Examen des Inculpations dirigées contre Phidias (Examination of the Charges brought against Phidias; Paris), and C. O. Müller, De Phidia Vita et Operibus, etc. (the Life and Works of Phidias; Göttingen, 1827, 4to.).

PHILADELPHIA, the second city in size in the U. States, is situated in a county of the same name, in the state of Pennsylvania, between the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers, five miles above their junction, in lat. 39° 57' N., and lon. 75° 10′ 59′′ W. from Greenwich, and is about 120 miles distant from the Atlantic ocean, by the course of the river, and about 55 miles from it in a direct line to the south-east. The name is composed of two Greek words,-pos, a friend, and ados, a brother. Proud, the historian (upon what authority is not known), states that the Indian name of the place was Coaquenaku, which Heckewelder translates into "the grove of tall pines." The city was founded by William Penn, in the year 1682. The original city was a parallelogram, extending west about two miles from the Delaware, beyond the Schuylkill, and north and south a little more than a mile. As commerce and other business increased, the buildings were naturally extended along the Delaware, and now reach from the lower part of Southwark to the upper part of Kensington, near four miles, and from one river to the other. The main streets, running north and south, are twenty-five in number, and those from cast to west fourteen, in the city proper, all of which cross at right angles, except Dock street. These streets are handsomely paved with round stones, and kept remarkably clean. The foot-ways are paved with brick, and defended from the approach of carriages by ranges of curb-stone. Numerous sinaller streets and alleys divide the different squares, and are paved in like manner. The whole number, in the city and districts, is about 600. The streets vary much in width. Broad street is 113 feet; High street, or Market street, 100; Arch street, 60 feet; and the others of various

width. Common sewers have been formed under most of the main streets, which carry the filth into the Delaware, and preserve the health and contribute to the comfort of the inhabitants. The houses exhibit an appearance of neatness, uniformity and commodiousness, and most of them are ornamented with white marble steps and window sills. Sept. 5, 1774, the members of the first congress convened at Philadelphia, where they adopted that celebrated declaration of rights which may be considered the preface to the declaration of independence. Within two years after, the eternal separation of the U. States from England was decreed by that august body, and proclaimed to the people from the state-house. Congress continued to sit at Philadelphia until the approach of the enemy, at the close of the autumn of 1776, compelled them to retire to Baltimore. The city fell into the possession of the British forces Sept. 26, 1777, and they occupied it until the 18th of June following. During the remainder of the war, it happily escaped the ravages of hostile operations. It was also the seat of the state government until the year 1800. For municipal purposes the legislature has, from time to time, established corporate governments in different parts of the suburbs, so that Philadelphia is divided into the following districts: the corporations of the city of Philadelphia, of the Northern Liberties, Kensington, Spring Garden, Southwark and Moyamensing. The municipal government of the city proper is vested in a mayor, a recorder, fifteen aldermen, and a select and common council, besides subordinate executive officers. The recorder and aldermen are appointed by the governor of the state, and hold their offices during good behavior. mayor was annually chosen by the councils from among the aldermen until April 10, 1826, when the legislature passed an act authorizing the councils to elect him from the body of the citizens. The members of the select and common councils are annually chosen by the people, on the day of the general election. They receive no compensation, sit in separate chambers, and each body has a negative on the legislative acts of the other. The mayor, recorder, and aldermen, or any four of them, whereof the mayor or recorder must be one, constitute the mayor's court, which has the same jurisdiction of offences committed in the city, as the quarter-sessions in their respective counties. The aldermen have respectively the powers, and perform the duties, of

The

justices of the peace, as to all matters arising within the city. This form of government was established in 1796. The city proper sends seven representatives and two senators to the state legislature. The population of Philadelphia, according to the census of 1810, was 96,664; in 1820 it was 119,325; and in 1830 it was 167,811. Philadelphia now contains about one hundred places of public worship, few of which are distinguished for architecture or extent. Institutions for the relief of the unfortunate, sick and helpless abound, at the head of which is the Pennsylvania hospital, which was founded in the year 1750. The buildings occupy an entire square, and in the front of them stands a leaden statue of William Penn. The public alms-house is built upon the square adjoining, the annual expenses of which are about $50,000. The asylums for widows and orphans, and the institution for the deaf and dumb, deserve a passing notice. The latter building was erected in 1824; it is constructed of granite. The whole front is 96 feet 6 inches, and 63 feet in depth. The annual expenditures are about $11,000. The institution was established in April, 1820. In the following year it was incorporated, received a donation of $8000 from the state, and an additional appropriation, for the support and education of fifty indigent pupils of the state, for the term of three years. By subsequent acts, this grant for charity students has been made to continue until April, 1833. In 1828, the legislature of Maryland appropriated $3500 annually, for five years, for the education of indigent deaf and dumb persons, of that state, in this institution. The legislature of New Jersey also has, for several years past, provided for an indefinite number of her own deaf and dumb poor, not exceed ing twelve at any one time, to be educated at the option of their parents, either in this institution or in the one at New York. These, together with occasional private donations and funds, derived from paying-pupils, received from any part of the country, at the rate of $160 per annum, and the life and annual subscriptions of the society which established the institution, are the means by which it has been hitherto sustained and enabled to accomplish much good. The number of its pupils, in May, 1830, was seventy-six. The object of this school is to give a good common education to deaf-mutes, and to train them to industrious habits. The course of instruction varies from four to six years. The system pursued is that of 7

VOL. X.

the abbés De l'Epée and Sicard. A grand lodge of modern masons appears to have existed in Philadelphia as early as 1732. The masonic lodge (a building more remarkable for its size than architectural beauty) was erected in 1809. The house of refuge, so highly important to public morals, was projected in 1826. Private donations being inadequate to the undertaking, legislative assistance and a liberal donation from the county of Philadelphia enabled the managers to complete the buildings. A plot of ground, 400 feet in length from cast to west, and 231 feet in breadth from north to south, bounded by streets on all sides, has been enclosed by a stone wall 20 feet in height. The main edifice is 92 feet in length by 30 in depth. The law authorizes the reception of all males under the age of twenty-one, and females not exceeding that of eighteen. Two hundred and seventy-nine persons can be lodged. The present amount of the annual expenses is about $12,000. There are, at present, thirteen banking institutions within the city and the incorporated districts. The banking-houses of the United States bank, and the bank of Pennsylvania, are fine specimens of classical architecture. The walls are composed entirely of white marble. The state-house, on the south side of Chestnut street, between Fifth and Sixth streets, will remain a feature of interest as long as it lasts, as the spot where the declaration of independence was first promulgated. There are three theatres, which do credit to the city and the architects. The city library owes its origin to the public spirit of Franklin. It was commenced as early as 1731, and incorporated in 1742. In 1790, the present neat and ornamental edifice was erected on the east side of Fifth street, opposite to the state-house square, and over the front door is placed a marble statue of its founder, executed in Italy, and presented by William Bingham, Esq. The number of books, at present, is about 24,000, exclusive of the Loganian collection, which is about 11,000 volumes. Opposite this library is the Athenæum, a valuable institution, established in 1814. The library consists of about 5300 volumes, mostly books of practical utility and the current and popular literature. In the reading-room are regularly received more than seventy newspapers of the U. States, besides English and French, and, occasionally, papers from other parts of the world. There are various other public libraries, the most valuable of which is that belonging to the academy of natural

sciences, containing about 5000 vols., and the philosophical society, whose collection is about 6000 vols. Peale's museum, the most extensive collection of objects of natural history in America, occupies handsome apartments, built expressly for its accommodation, in the Arcade. The academy of fine arts was founded in the year 1805. It was originally intended for works of statuary, but the walls are now hung with fine pictures, some of them by masters of the highest celebrity. The university of Pennsylvania is distinguished by the celebrity of the medical school attached to it. The new halls were built in 1830: they are spacious, and in a handsome style of architecture. The medical class varies from 400 to 500 annually. The hall of the Jefferson medical college is also a spacious building. There are three prisons, one in Walnut street, a second in Arch street, and the Eastern penitentiary, which occupies about ten acres of ground. This is the only edifice in this county calculated to convey an idea of the external appearance of the castles of the middle ages, which contribute so eminently to embellish the scenery of Europe. The U. States' mint was established in 1791, and, by several successive acts of congress, has been continued at Philadelphia. In 1829, a new building for the mint was commenced in Chestnut street, near Broad street: it is a splendid building, faced with marble, and presents a front of 122 feet, divided into a portico 62 feet long, and two wings each of 30 feet. The building is of the Ionic order, taken from the celebrated Grecian temple on the river Ilissus, near Athens. The marine asylum (not yet finished) stands on the eastern bank of the Schuylkill, a short distance south of the city line. It is 386 feet long, consisting of a portico of 90 feet, supported by eight Ionic columns, and two wings each 148 feet. The greatest pride of Philadelphia is the magnificent works by which the city is supplied with pure and wholesome water. Nothing of the kind has been done, on this side of the Atlantic, that will bear comparison with the arduous and expensive operation of introducing the Schuylkill water. In 1797, a plan was adopted, which was to form a reservoir on the east bank of the Schuylkill, from which water was to be thrown, by a steam engine, into a tunnel, and thence carried to another engine-house, at the centre of the city, where it was to be again raised, by a second steam engine, into a reservoir, from which it was to be distributed, in pipes,

through the city. By this means, in January, 1801, water from the Schuylkill was first thrown into the city. An experience of ten years proved that a sufficient supply could not be obtained by this method. The steam engines were liable to frequent failures from accident, and the derangement of one stopped the whole supply of the city. Accordingly, in 1811, a new reservoir was created, and two large engines constructed, which worked alternately, so that one was always ready, in case of accident to the other. It was soon found, however, that a supply of water, adequate to the demand, could not be obtained, although the annual expenses were enormous, and it was evident that some other power besides steam must be used for the purpose. In 1819, the project of damming the Schuylkill, and erecting the works at Fairmount, was commenced, the whole cost of which was, in 1824, $432,512, and the entire amount expended on the successive operations, $1,443,585. The consumption, in the summer months, is about 3,000,000 gallons for twenty-four hours, and the reservoirs will contain a supply for ten days, at that rate. The iron pipes, through which the water is conveyed to the city and districts, make, together, an extent of about sixty miles, and the sum annually paid for the use of the water is upwards of $60,000. The experience of years has shown that the power is sufficient to raise many times as much water as the city can possibly require for its consumption, and, consequently, that there is a surplus power applicable to other purposes. The provision against destruction by fire, in Philadelphia, is excellent. There are twentyeight engine companies and sixteen hose companies, and the sum of $5000, appropriated by the city councils, is usually distributed among these companies annually. There are two bridges across the Schuylkill, one within the city bounds, and another a few hundred yards north of the north line. They are beautiful and substantial structures. The whole length of that on Market street, including abutments and wing walls, is 1300 feet, of which the wooden platform, between the abutments, is in length 550 feet. The total cost of this bridge was $235,000, besides which the company paid $40,000 for the purchase of the site. The Fairmount bridge consists of a single arch, of 340 feet, 4 inches span, resting on abutments of stone. This bridge was erected in 1813, and the total cost was $150,000. The public markets constitute a prominent

feature. That along High street is nearly two thirds of a mile in extent. There are two shot-towers within the city, one of which was the first erected in the U. States. The harbor of Philadelphia, from the peculiar features of the Delaware river, is more liable to be impeded by ice than that of New York or Baltimore; but, independent of that circumstance, it possesses, perhaps, as many natural advantages as either of the others. The Delaware is not navigable to this city for ships of the line of the first class. The arrivals at the port of Philadelphia, in 1829, were 374 vessels from foreign ports, and 2210 coastwise; in 1830, 415 foreign, and 3287 coastwise; in 1831, 396 foreign, and 3206 coastwise. The aggregate tonnage of the shipping of Philadelphia, on the 31st of December, 1828, was (permanent and temporary) 104,080 tons. The vessels built in 1829 amounted to 3524 tons; in 1830, to 2590, and, in 1831, to 3525 tons. The inspection of wheat flour, in 1830, was 473,876 barrels. By the will of the late Stephen Girard, Philadelphia has received a munificent donation, amounting to several million dollars, devoted to important public objects.

PHILADELPHISTS. (See the end of the article Boehme.)

PHILE, or JEZIRET EL BIRBA (i. e. Temple island); a small island of the Nile, on the borders of Nubia and Egypt; lat. 24° 1′; five miles south of Essouan or Syene. It contains the remains of some remarkable monuments of the ancient Egyptians, among which are four temples, an avenue of majestic columns, several obelisks, a monolithic temple, &c. The whole island is, in fact, covered with temples, in the largest groups, and in the highest state of preservation of any in Egypt. (See the great French work, Description de l'Égypte, Antiquités, i; or Burkhardt's Nubia.)

PHILANTHROPINISM. (See Schools.) PHILEMON and BAUCIS; a pair celebrated in ancient Greece for their faithful affection even in advanced age. Fable (Ovid's Metam. viii) relates the following story concerning them. Jupiter and Mercury, travelling through Phrygia, in a human form, found no one willing to entertain them except this aged couple, who received them hospitably, washed their feet, set before them a rustic meal, and prepared a couch for their repose. The deities then took their hosts to a neighboring mountain, and when they looked behind them, they saw their vil

lage sunk beneath the waves; but the cottage in which they had welcomed the pilgrims, had become a magnificent temple. Jupiter promised also to fulfil all their wishes; but they only asked that they might die together as servants in that temple. At length, at a very advanced age, as they sat at the temple door, they were at once transformed, Philemon into an oak, and Baucis into a linden. They were conscious of their change, which came gradually upon them, and while they were able to see and speak, they took the most affectionate leave of each other. The trees were considered sacred, and long remained before the temple.

PHILEMON OF ATHENS, a Greek poet, contemporary with Menander, to whom only he was considered as second in dramatic composition. A few fragments of his writings have come down to us, which were originally collected by Hugo Grotius. Cumberland has printed an English translation. The time of his birth has been assigned to B. C. 373; and he is said to have died through excessive laughter at seeing an ass eat figs from a countryman's basket, B. C. 274.

PHILIDOR, Andrew, a musician of Dreux, of some reputation in his profession, but far more celebrated as the best chessplayer of his age, was born in France, in 1726, and became a page in the band of the king, where he made so great a proficiency, that he composed a successful mottet, with full choruses, before his twelfth year. As he grew up, his fondness for the game of chess increased into a passion, in order to indulge which, he travelled over great part of Europe, engaging every where with the best players. He continued in England some time, during which he printed his Analysis of Chess-a book which has since gone through numerous editions, and is considered a standard work. On his return to France, he devoted his attention to the comic opera, of which, with Monsigny and Duni, he may be considered the reviver. There are twenty-one operatic pieces of his composition, of which Le Maréchal, produced in 1761, ran more than a hundred nights. Philidor afterwards returned to England, and, in 1779, set the Carmen Seculare, esteemed the best of his works. His death took place in 1795, in London, where he was very generally esteemed for his integrity and suavity of manners. A short time previously to his decease, he played two games of chess at the same time, blind