language at Orleans, Blois, and other places. At length he took up his residence at Liege, was preferred to a canonry of the cathedral, and to the chancellorship of the diocese, and here also he gave his lectures on the Greek tongue, for two years, with distinguished success. In 1517, the prince bishop sent him to Rome, where he soon recommended himself to Leo X. who requested the princebishop that Aleander might be permitted to quit his service, and enter into that of the Roman church. The bishop, who was then anxious to be made a cardinal, and hoped that Aleander might promote that favourite object, readily consented: and Aleander was first appointed secretary to Júlio de Medici, an office at that time of the highest trust; and in 1519, was made librarian of the Vatican. In 1521, he was sent as nuncio to the imperial diet at Worms, where he harangued against the doctrines of Luther for three hours, and with great success, as Luther was not present to answer him; but afterwards, when Luther was permitted to speak, Aleander refused to dispute with him; and yet, with the tyranny and cowardice of a genuine persecutor, obtained an order that his books should be burnt, and his person proscribed, and himself drew up the edict against him. On this occasion, his conduct drew upon him the just censure, not only of the decided reformers, but of his friend Erasmus, who condemned the violence of his zeal with great asperity. He did not, however, become the less acceptable to the church of Rome. After pope Leo's death, Clement VII. gave him the archbishopric of Brindisi and Oria, and he was appointed apostolic nuncio to Francis I. whom he attended at the battle of Pavia in 1525, where he was made prisoner along with the king by the Spaniards. After his release, he was employed in several embassies, and in 1538, he was promoted to the rank of cardinal by Paul III. and was intended to be president at the council of Trent; but his death, which took place Feb. 1, 1542, prevented this important appointment. His death is said to have been accelerated by a too frequent use of medicine. His library, a very considerable one, he bequeathed to the monastery of S. Maria del Orto in Venice; and it was afterwards transferred to the canons of S. Georgio, and from them to the library of S. Marco at Venice.

Aleander's memory is now to be respected only as a man of learning. He wrote a considerable number of works, VOL. I.

Сс

the greater part of which have not been published. Those which have, are but insignificant: 1. "Lexicon Græco Latinum," Paris, 1512, fol.; a work compiled by six of his scholars, and revised, corrected, and enriched by notes from his pen. 2. "Tabulæ sane utiles Græcarum musarum adyta compendio ingredi volentibus," Argent. 1515, 4to, often reprinted. It is, however, only an abridgement of Chrysoloras's Greek grammar. "De Concilio habendo,"

a work of which he wrote only four books, and which was consulted as authority in the proceedings of the council of Trent, remains among his unpublished writings; and in the Vatican there is another manuscript, which Mazzuchelli considers as his best. It contains letters and papers respecting his offices of nuncio and legate, and his transactions against the heresies, as they are called, of Luther; and their importance appears by the use which cardinal Pallavicino made of them in his history of the council of Trent. Aleander ranks likewise among Latin poets from his verses "Ad Julium et Neæram," published in Toscanus's collection, entitled "Carmina illustrium poetarum Italorum." The reason given by his admirers for the few works published by him, is his frequent and active employments in the church, and his being more familiar with extempore eloquence than with composition,

1

ALEANDER (JEROME), called the younger, to distinguish him from his grand-uncle the cardinal, was born, according to La Motte, in 1574, in the principality of Friuli, and studied at Padua, where he became so distinguished in early life, that Baillet has classed him among his "Enfants celebres par leurs etudes." He afterwards studied law with equal reputation, and in his twenty-sixth year published his commentaries on the institutions of Caius. When he went to Rome, he was employed as secretary under cardinal Octavio Bandini, and discharged this office with great honour for almost 20 years. He was one of the first members of the Academy of Humourists, wrote a learned treatise in Italian on the device of the society, and displayed his genius on many different subjects.

Urban VIII. had a great esteem for Aleander, and endeavoured to draw him from the service of cardinal Bandini, and to engage him with the Barberini; in which he at length succeeded, and Aleander became secretary to

Roscoe's Life of Leo.-Moreri.--Gen. Dict.—Jortin's Life of Erasmus.Biog. Universelle.—Paul, Jov. in elog.—Mázzuchellis

Cardinal Francis Barberini. He accompanied him to Rome, when he went there in the character of legate à latere ; and bore the fatigues of this long journey with great alacrity, notwithstanding his delicate constitution and infirm state of health. He did not escape so well from the luxuries of the table: for having entered into an agreement with some of his intimate friends, that they should treat one another by turns every three days, he indulged to an excess on one of those occasions, which threw him into a disorder, of which he died, March 9, 1629. Cardinal Barberini gave him a magnificent funeral, at which the Academy of Humourists assisted, carrying his corpse to the grave and Gaspar de Simeonibus made his funeral oration.

Many high encomiums have been passed on him by his contemporaries, most of which, or the substance of them, may be seen in Fontanini. His principal works are: 1. "Psalmi pœnitentiales, versibus elegiacis expressi,' Tarvisii, 1593, 4to. 2. "Caii, veteris jurisconsulti, institutionum fragmenta cum commentario," Venice, 1600, 4to. 3. "Explicatio antiquæ tabulæ marmoreæ, solis effigie, symbolique exculptæ, explicatio sigillorum zonæ veterem statuam marmoream cingentis," Rome, 1616, 4to; reprinted several times, and inserted in Grævius's Thesaurus. 4. "Carmina varia," printed with those of the three Amalthei, to whom he was nephew by the mother's side, and whose works he published, Venice, 1627, 8vo. 5. "La Lagrime di penitenza, ad imitazione de sette Salmi penitenziali," Rome, 1623, 8vo. In his dedication he informs us that he wrote this volume when in his sixteenth year; and some Italian critics have praised the poetry and style. 6. "Difesa dell' Adone, poema del Cavalier Marino," part first, Venice, 1629; part second, 1630, 12mo. Some other works of less note ́are enumerated by Niceron, and by Mazzuchelli, and he left a great many manuscripts in the Barberini library, which Fontanini once undertook to publish.

ALEGAMBE (PHILIP), a Flemish Jesuit, born at Brussels the 22d of January 1592, was trained in polite literature in his own country. He went afterwards to Spain, and entered into the service of the duke of Ossuna, whom he attended to Sicily, when the duke went there as vice roy. Alegambe, being inclined to a religious life, took

Biog. Universelle.-Gen. Dict.-Baillet Jugement de Savans-Erythræi Pinacotheca.Moreri-Saxii Onomasticon.

the habit of a Jesuit at Palermo, the 7th of September 1613, where he went through his probation, and read his course of philosophy. He pursued the study of divinity at Rome, whence he was sent to Austria, to teach philosophy in the university of Gratz. Having discharged the duties of this function to the satisfaction of his superiors, he was chosen professor of school-divinity, and promoted in form to the doctorship in 1629. About this time the prince of Eggemberg, who was in high favour with the emperor Ferdinand II. having resolved that his son should' travel, and being desirous he should be attended by some learned and prudent Jesuit, Alegambe was judged a proper person; and he accordingly travelled with him five years, visiting Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, and Italy. In 1638, the young prince with whom he travelled, being appointed by the emperor Ferdinand III. ambassador of obedience to the pope, invited Alegambe to go with him, who accordingly accompanied him to Rome, in quality of his confessor. After he had discharged this office, the general of the Jesuits retained him as secretary of the Latin dispatches for Germany. Alegambe, having spent four years in the discharge of this laborious office, was obliged to resign it, the continual application to writing having considerably weakened his sight. He was now appointed president of spiritual affairs in the professed house, and had the office also of hearing confessions in the church, in which capacity he acquitted himself with reputation. He died of the dropsy, at Rome, the 6th of September 1652. He is now principally known by his 1. Bibliotheca scriptorum societatis Jesu," Antwerpiæ, 1643, fol. 2. "Vita P. Joannis Cardin. Lusitani, ex societate Jesu," Romæ, 1649, 12mo. 3. "Heroes et victimæ charitatis societatis Jesu," Romæ, 1658, 4to; continued by Nadasi from 1647 to 1657: These “victims” were such as lost their lives in attending persons who died of the plague. 4. "Mortes illustres et gesta eorum de societate Jesu, qui in odium fidei ab hæreticis vel aliis occisi sunt," Romæ, 1657, fol.1

ALEMAND (LOUIS-AUGUSTINE), a miscellaneous French writer of considerable note, was born at Grenoble in 1643, of Protestant parents, whose religion he abjured, and after studying medicine, was admitted doctor at Aix. Having,

1 Sotwel Bibl. Script. Soc. Jesu, p. 706.-Foppen Bibl. Belg.-Gen. Dict.→→ Moreri. Saxii Onomasticon.

however, failed in this profession, he came to Paris. Pelisson and father Bouhours were his friends here, but he offended the latter by obtaining from the abbé de la Chambre, a manuscript of Vaugelas, which he published under the title of "Nouvelles remarques de M. de Vaugelas sur la langue Françoise, ouvrage posthume, avec des observations de M. H." Paris, 1690, 12mo. Bouhours attacked the authenticity of this work, and Alemand promised to answer him, which we do not find that he performed. His other publications were, 1. "Nouvelles Observations, ou Guerre civile des Français sur la langue," 1688, 12mo, a kind of attempt towards a verbal and critical dictionary, which was to have been comprised in two vols. fol. but the French academy prevented its being published, for the same reason, says Moreri, that they prevented that of Furetiere, namely, that the academicians intended to publish a work of the kind themselves. 2. "Histoire monastique d'Irelande," 1690, 12mo; which was afterwards enlarged by captain Stevens into the "Monasticon Hibernicum." "Journal historique de l'Europe pour l'annee 1694, Strasburgh (i. e. Paris), 1695, 12mo, concerning which the reader may consult the Memoirs of the abbé d'Artigny, yol. I. p. 282. He also published a translation of Sanctorius's Statical medicine. He died at Grenoble in 1728.1

3.

ALEMAN (MATTHEW), was born in the environs of Seville in Spain, about the middle of the sixteenth century, and for twenty years of his life had a place at court. Although we know little of his history or character, he deserves this short notice, as the author of a very popular novel, or romance, entitled "Guzman d'Alfarache," which was reprinted in Spain above thirty times, and has been translated into Italian, German, English, and into French by Bremont and Le Sage. Le Sage abridged it considerably, and Scarron was much indebted to it. The English is a large folio, literally translated, and too tedious, and with too frequent interruptions of moral discussion, to be much relished in the present day. In 1609 Aleman was at Mexico, but on what errand is not known. About this time, however, he produced his "Ortografia Castellan," 4to, a very scarce work, and of some reputation; and in 1604 he published a life of St. Antony of Padua in Spanish, with

1 Moreri.-Biog. Universelle Nicholson's Irish Historical Library,Gough's Topography, vol. II.