piece he examines, whether the maladies which our Saviour removed could have been healed by medicine, and decides in the negative; maintaining that the infirmities healed by the Messiah were incurable by the physician's art. We are told by Vigneul Marville that Ader was said to have composed this book merely to efface the remembrance of another in which he had maintained the contrary. He published also "De Pestis cognitione, prævisione, et remediis," ibid. 1628, 8vo; and a macaronic poem in four books in honour of Henry IV. under the title "Lou Gentilhomme Gascoun, 1610," 8vo; and another “Lou Catounet Gascoun," 1612, 8vo. He lived at the beginning of the 17th century. He was a man of profound erudition.

ADHELME. See ALDHELME.

ADIMANTUS, a heretical writer, who probably flourished about the latter end of the third century, was a zealous promoter of the Manichæan doctrine. He wrote a book against the authority of the Old Testament, which was much valued by the Manichees, and was answered by Augustine. The work is lost, but the answer remains. He appears to have been sometimes called ADDAS, although most writers suppose Addas to have been a different person. Additional information respecting him may be found in Lardner's Works, vol. III, pp. 393, 395, 430.

ADIMARI (ALEXANDER), an Italian poet, a descendant from the ancient family of Adimari, at Florence; was born in 1579. Between 1637 and 1640 he published six collections of fifty sonnets each, under the names of six of the muses: Terpsichore, Clio, Melpomene, Calliope, Urania, and Polyhymnia, which partake of the bad taste of his age, in forced sentiments and imagery; but he was an accomplished scholar in the Greek and Latin languages. His translation of Pindar, "Ode di Pindaro, tradotte da Alessandro Adimari," Pisa, 1631, 4to, is principally valued for the notes, as the author has been very unfortunate in transfusing the spirit of the original. In the synopsis, he appears indebted to the Latin translation of Erasmus Schmidt. Of his private history we only know that he lived poor and unhappy, and died in 1649.2

ADIMARI (LEWIS), a satirical poet of the same family with the preceding, was born at Naples, Sept. 3, 1644,

1 Biog. Universelle.-Dict. Hist.

2 Gen. Dict. Bayle.-Biographie Universelle.-Dict. Hist. 1810.

and educated at the university of Pisa, where the cele brated Luca Terenzi was his tutor. He visited, when young, the different courts of Italy, and was beloved for his talents and accomplishments. He received from the duke Ferdinand Charles of Mantua, the title of marquis, and gentleman of his chamber. He was also member of the academy of Florence, of De la Crusca, and many other learned societies. He succeeded the famous Redi as professor of the Tuscan language in the academy of Florence, and was likewise professor of chivalry in that of the nobles, in which science his lectures, which he illustrated with apposite passages from ancient and modern history, were highly esteemed. These were never printed, but manuscript copies are preserved in several of the libraries of Florence. His only prose work, a collection of religious pieces, was published at Florence, 1706, small 4to, under the title "Prose sacre.". His poetry consists of: 1. "Sonnets and other lyric pieces," and among them, a collection of Odes or Canzoni, dedicated to Louis XIV, and magnificently printed at Florence, 1693. 2. Some "Dramas," one of which "Le Gare dell' Amore et dell' Amicitia," Florence, 1679, 12mo, is so rare as to be unnoticed by any historian of Italian literature. 3. "Five Satires," on which his fame chiefly rests; very prolix, but written in an elegant style; and as to satire, just and temperate, except where he treats of the fair sex. He died at Florence, after a tedious illness, June 22, 1708.'

ADIMARI (RAPHAEL), born at Rimini about the close of the 16th century, devoted his pen to the history of his native country, which appeared at Brescia in 2 vols. 4to, 1616, under the title of "Sito Riminense." This history is in tolerable repute, though the Italians prefer to it that of Clementini.'

ADLER (PHILIP), an engraver of the 16th century, was a German, but we have no account of his life, nor is it known from whom he learned the art of engraving, or rather etching, for he made but little use of the graver in his works. At a time when etching was hardly discovered, and carried to no perfection by the greatest artists, he produced such plates as not only far excelled all that went before him, but laid the foundation of a style, which his imitators have, even to the present time, scarcely improved.

1 Biographie Universelle.

2 Dict. Hist. 1810.

His point is firm and determined, and the shadows broad and perfect. Although his drawing is incorrect, and his draperies stiff, yet he appears to have founded a school to which we owe the Hopfers, and even Hollar himself.· Mr. Strutt notices only two plates now known by him, both dated 1518. In one of them he is styled Philipus Adler Patricius. '

ADLERFELDT (GUSTAVUS), born near Stockholm in 1671, studied with great applause in the university of, Upsal, and then made the tour of Holland, England, and France. On his return Charles XII. gave him the place of a gentleman of his chamber. Adlerfeldt accompanied this prince both in his victories and his defeats, and profited by the access he had to this monarch, in the compilation of his history. It is written with all the exactitude that might be expected from an eye-witness. This Swedish officer was killed by a cannon ball at the battle of Pultowa, in 1709. It is on this famous day that his memoirs conclude. A French translation of them was made by his son, and printed in 4 vols. 12mo, at Amsterdam in 1740. The continuation, giving an account of the fatal battle, was written by a Swedish officer.2

ADLZREITER (JOHN), of Tottenweiss, chancellor to the elector of Bavaria, was born at Rosenheim, 1596, studied at Munich and Ingolstadt, and served the house of Bavaria on many important occasions. He is now chiefly known by his "Annales Boicæ gentis." This work, drawn from authentic sources, contains the history of Bavaria from the earliest period to the year 1662, when it was published at Munich. Leibnitz republished it in 1710. The author died about the time his work first appeared, in

1662.3

ADO, ST. archbishop of Vienne, in Dauphiny, was born in Gastinois, about the year 800, of an ancient family. He was educated in the abbey of Ferrieres, where he embraced a monastic life, and afterwards passed some time in the monastery of Prum, but meeting with some unpleasant circumstances there, he went to Rome, where he spent five years in amassing materials for the works which he afterwards wrote. On his return he was employed by Remi, archbishop of Lyons, in his diocese, and was elected archbishop of Vienne in the year 860. His

Strutt's Dictionary. 2 Moreri.-Dict. Hist.-Biographie Universelle. 3 Ibid.

He ap

vigilance over his clergy, his care in the instruction of his flock, his frequent visitations throughout his province, and the humility and purity of his private life, distinguished him in an age not remarkable for these virtues. pears to have been consulted also in affairs of state, when he gave his opinion, and urged his remonstrances with firmness and independence. He died Dec. 16, 875. He is the author of, 1. "An Universal Chronicle," from the creation of the world, which has been often cited as authority for the early history of France. It was printed at Paris, 1512, 1522, fol. 1561, 8vo; and at Rome, 1745, fol. 2. "A Martyrology," better arranged than any preceding, and enriched by the lives of the saints. It was printed by Rosweide, Antwerp, 1613; and Paris, 1645, fol.; and is inserted in the Bibliotheque des Peres. also wrote the life of St. Didier, which is in Canisius; and that of St. Theudier, which is in the "Acta Sanctorum." !

He

ADRETS (FRANÇOIS DE BEAUMONT, BARON DES), of an ancient family in Dauphiny, and a bold and enterprising spirit, was born in 1513. After having served in the army with great distinction, he espoused the cause of the Huguenots from resentment to the duke of Guise in 1562. He took Valence, Vienne, Grenoble, and Lyons, but signalized himself less by his prowess and his activity than by his atrocious acts of vengeance. The Catholic writers say, that in regard to persons of their communion he was what Nero had been of old to the primitive Christians. He put his invention to the rack to find out the most fantastic punishments, and enjoyed the barbarous satisfaction of inflicting them on all that fell into his hands. At Montbrison and at Mornas, the soldiers that were made prisoners were obliged to throw themselves from the battlements upon the pikes of his people. Having reproached one of these wretches with having retreated twice from the leap without daring to take it: "Mons. le baron," said the soldier, "with all your bravery, I defy you to take it in three." The composed humour of the man saved his life. His conduct was far from being approved even by the most violent of his party; admiral Coligny and the prince of Conde were so shocked at his cruelties, that the government of Lyons was taken from him; and piqued at this, Des Adrets was upon the point of turning Catholic; but he was seized at Romans, and would have been brought to

Biog. Universelle & Saxii Onomast.-Jave.-Fabric. Bibl. Lat. Med. Ætat,

the scaffold, if the peace, just then concluded, had not saved him. He afterwards put his design in execution, and died despised and detested by both parties, Feb. 2, 1587. He left two sons and a daughter, who had no issue. Some time before his death, Des Adrets, being at Grenoble, where the duke de Mayenne then was, he wanted to revenge the affronts and threats that Pardaillan had given. him on account of the murder of his father. He repeated several times, that he had quitted his solitude to convince all such as might complain of him, that his sword was not grown so rusty but that it could always right him. Pardaillan did not think himself obliged to take any notice of this bravado of a swordsman then in his 74th year and Des Adrets went back again content with his rhodomontade. The ambassador of Savoy once meeting him on the high road alone, with only a stick in his hand, was surprised at seeing an old man, notorious for his barbarous executions, walking without a companion and quite defenceless, and asked him of his welfare. "I have nothing to say to you," answered Des Adrets coldly, "unless it be to desire you to acquaint your master, that you met the baron des Adrets, his very humble servant, on the high road, with a white stick in his hand and without a sword, and that nobody said any thing to him." One of the sons of the baron des Adrets was engaged in the massacre of St. Bartholomew. He had been page to the king, who ordered him one day to go and call his chancellor. The magistrate, who was then at table, having answered him, that as soon as he had dined he would go and receive the commands of his majesty: "What!" said the page, "dare you delay a moment when the king commands? Rise, and instantly be gone !" Whereupon he took hold of the table-cloth by one corner, and drew the whole of the dinner down upon the floor. M. de la Place relates this anecdote (rather improbable it must be confessed) in his "Piéces intéressantes," tom. IV; and adds, that the story being told to Charles IX. by the chancellor, the monarch only laughed, and said "that the son would be as violent as the father."

To this day the name of Adrets is never pronounced in Dauphiny without horror. Such the story usually reported of this extraordinary character; but it is said that Maimbourg, Brantome, Moreri, and Daniel have given some exaggerated accounts of his cruelties. Thuanus has justi