RHENISH PRUSSIA-RHESUS MONKEY.

Fig. 2.-Elevation of Church at Laach.

RHETORIC-RHEUMATISM.

hilly districts, and visit the cultivated grounds to carry away grain and other produce, which they store up for themselves among rocks. The native farmers leave a share for the monkeys, believing this to be necessary for the averting of their anger, as otherwise, next year, they would destroy the whole crop whilst green. The R. M. has a stout form, stout limbs, short ears, a short tail, large callosities, the skin hanging loose about the throat and belly, the hair rather long, the back brownish, the lower part of the back and the haunches bright chestnut, or almost orange, the shoulders and arms lighter. It is one of the most intelligent and mischievous of monkeys.

RHETORIC (Gr. rhetorike, from rhetor, an orator) in its broadest sense may be regarded as the theory of eloquence, whether spoken or written. It aims at expounding the rules which should govern all prose composition or speech designed to influence the judgments or the feelings of men, and therefore treats of everything that relates to beauty or force of style-e. g., accuracy of expression, the structure of periods, and figures of speech. But in a narrower sense rhetoric concerns itself with a consideration of the fundamental principles according to which particular discourses of an oratorical kind are composed. The three chief elements of an oration are usually held to be-inventio, or the discovery of proper ideas; dispositio, or their arrangement; and docutio, or the style in which they are expressed. The ancients, however, who cultivated oral eloquence more than the moderns do, reckoned other two-viz., memoria, or memory, and actio, or gesticulation. The most distinguished writers on rhetoric in ancient times were Aristotle, Cicero, and Quinctilian; in modern times, Blair, Campbell, Whately, and Spalding among the English; Erneste Maass, Schott, Richter, and Falkmann among the Germans; and among the French, Rollin, Gibert, Le Batteux, La Harpe, Marmontel, and Andrieux.

joint becomes affected, and an excess of fluid is poured into the joint, distending the membrane, and making it bulge out between the spaces intervening between the various tendons, ligaments, &c., round the joint. It is the knee-joint which is most commonly affected in this way, and fluctuation may readily be perceived on applying the hands to the two sides of the knee. In this form, which is called synovial rheumatism, the swelling and redness come on sooner, and are more marked than in the former variety. The fibrous is by far the most severe form, and it is to it that the previous sketch of the most marked symptoms chiefly applies. In the synovial form, the fever is less intense, the tongue membranes of the heart are much less liable to be less foul, the perspiration far less profuse, and the attacked. It is to this form that the term rheumatic gout is often applied, and it is by no means inappropriate, because synovial rheumatism forms (as Dr Watson has observed) a connecting link between gout and rheumatism, and partakes of the

characters of both.

matism is exposure to cold, and especially to cold The only known exciting cause of acute rheucombined with moisture, and hence the greater ill-clad. Sleeping in damp sheets or upon the damp prevalence of this disease amongst the poor and ground, the wearing of wet clothes, and sitting in a viously warm from exercise, are examples of the cold damp room, especially if the sitter was prekind of exposure which is apt to be followed by this disease. The excreting power of the skin being checked by the action of cold, certain effete matters which should be eliminated in the form of perspirawhich thus becomes poisoned. This blood-poisoning tion, are retained, and accumulate in the blood, is not, however, a universal sequence to exposure to the cold. It only occurs when there is a special predisposition to this disease, or, as it is termed, a

rheumatic diathesis or constitution, and the diathesis may be so strongly developed as to occasion RHEUMATISM (from the Gr. rheuma, a flux) an attack of acute rheumatism, independently of is a blood-disease in which inflammation of the exposure to any apparent exciting cause. Men are fibrous tissues is the most marked characteristic. more subject to the disease than women, but this It occurs either as an acute or as a chronic affection; probably arises from their greater exposure to there is, however, no distinct line of demarcation atmospheric changes from the nature of their occubetween the two, and the latter is often a conse-pations. The predisposition is certainly affected by quence of the former.

Acute rheumatism is indicated by general febrile symptoms, redness, heat, swelling, and usually very intense pain, in and around one or more (generally several, either simultaneously or in succession) of the larger joints, and the disease shews a tendency to shift from joint to joint or to certain internal fibrous membranes, and especially the pericardium; rheumatism being the most common origin of pericarditis, as has been already shewn in the article on that disease. The pulse is strong and full, there is headache, but seldom delirium, unless the heart is affected; the tongue is covered with a creamy thick fur, the tip and edges being red; the urine is turbid, and abnormally acid; and the skin is bathed in a copious perspiration, with so characteristic a smell (resembling that of sour-milk), that the physician can often recognise the disease almost before he sees the patient. The joints are extremely painful, and the pain is much increased by pressure, and consequently by movement which gives rise to internal pressure. Hence the patient lies fixed in one position, from which he dares not stir. There are two varieties of acute rheumatism. In one, the inflammation commences not in the joint, but near it, and attacks the tendons, fasciæ, ligaments, and possibly the muscles themselves. This form is termed fibrous or diffused rheumatism. In the other variety, the synovial membrane in the

age; children under ten years, and adults over sixty, being seldom attacked, while the disease is most prevalent between the age of fifteen and forty. Persons once affected become more liable to the complaint than they previously were. Dr Fuller believes, from his observations made in St George's Hospital, that the disease is sometimes hereditary; whether this be the case or not, there can be no possible doubt that the predisposition is very apt to exist in members of the same family. The exact nature of the poison is unknown. The late Dr Prout regarded lactic acid as the actual materies morbi, and certain experiments recently made by Dr Richardson tend to confirm this view.

The danger in cases of acute rheumatism arises almost entirely from the disease going from the joints to the heart, and setting up Pericarditis (q. v.). Hence that mode of treatment will be best which tends most surely to prevent, or, at all events, to lessen the risk of this complication. If the patient is a young person of robust constitution, and there are well-marked inflammatory symptoms (such as a flushed face and a bounding pulse), he should be at once bled from the arm. A large quantity of blood can usually be taken before any signs of faintness occur, and the bleeding is serviceable in at least three points of view. In the first place, it almost always mitigates the pain, and diminishes the febrile symptoms;

RHEUMATISM.

It mainly consists in the application of a series of blisters to the parts surrounding and adjacent to the affected joints. One of our highest authorities on this disease, Dr Fuller of St George's Hospital, after trying various hot external applications, finds that a mixed alkaline and opiate solution is far more powerful than any other in allaying acute rheumatic pain. The solution which he now usually employs is made by dissolving half an ounce (or rather more) of carbonate of potash or soda in nine ounces of hot water, and adding six fluid drachms of Battley's Liquor opii sedativus. Thin flannel, soaked in this hot lotion, is applied to the affected joints, and the whole is wrapped in a covering of thin gutta-percha.

Cases which are intermediate between acute and chronic rheumatism are of very common occurrence. In those cases of what may be termed subacute rheumatism, there is slight fever, and several joints are usually affected, without intense inflammation in any one joint. These cases soon shew signs of amendment under a mild alkaline treatment, as, for example, a drachm of liquor potassæ daily, well diluted and divided into three or four doses, and the moderate use of purgatives.

In all cases of acute and subacute rheumatism, the heart-sounds should be examined daily, or even oftener, with the view of detecting the earliest trace of cardiac affection, and, if possible, of checking its further development. For the treatment to be adopted when there is evidence that the membranes of the heart are affected, the reader is referred to PERICARDITIS (q. v.).

secondly, it enables other remedies, as calomel, opium, colchicum, &c., to act more efficiently; and thirdly, it may occasionally cut short the attack of the disease, which, if not arrested by treatment, may run on for six weeks, two months, or even longer. Unfortunately, however, the cases of rheumatism which are fit to bear free venesection are comparatively few, especially in large towns; and further, it often happens that the physician is not called in till the proper time for free depletion is past. Purging is probably almost as efficacious as blood-letting, at the beginning of the disease. From five grains to a scruple of calomel given every night, and followed in the morning, for three or four days in succession, by an ordinary black draught, will sometimes dislodge an enormous amount of dark and foul secretions from the liver and bowels, and give marked relief. The main drawback to this mode of treatment is the pain occasioned by changing the position when the bowels act; but this may be to a great extent obviated by the use of the bedpan. Opium (or morphia) is one of the most valuable remedies in this disease, from its power of allaying pain and procuring sleep. Dr Corrigan of Dublin trusts to opium alone for the cure. He begins with one grain, and repeats that quantity (or a larger dose if necessary) at intervals of two hours, until the pain disappears. He found twelve grains in the twenty-four hours to be the average amount required; but half that quantity (or even less) will generally suffice, if the opium be combined with other remedies, as, for example, if it be given with ipecacuanha (as in Dover's Powder), or with small doses of calomel. Colchi- There are two kinds of chronic rheumatism, which cum sometimes has a marvellous effect in subdu- are sufficiently distinct to require notice. In one ing the disease, but it must be given with extreme there is considerable local heat and swelling, care, in consequence of the prostration to which an although unaccompanied with any corresponding over-dose gives rise. See POISONS. Dr Watson constitutional disturbance; while in the other the believes that this remedy is of most value when patient complains of coldness (rather than heat) and synovial symptoms are present, or when, in other stiffness of the affected joints. The former approxiwords, the rheumatism approaches in its characters to mates most closely to the previously described gout. Large doses,' he observes, ' are not requisite. forms of rheumatism, of which it is frequently the Twenty minims of the wine or of the tincture sequel, and must be treated in a similar manner; may be given every six hours until some result is while the latter, which is termed by some the obtained." The abnormal acidity of the various passive form, usually occurs as an independent affecfluids (the sweat, urine, and even the saliva) in acute tion. In passive rheumatism, the pain is relieved by rheumatism has led to the belief, that alkaline reme- friction, and the patients are most comfortable dies would both neutralise the poison, and, from when warm in bed-conditions which increase the their diuretic properties, tend to eliminate it. The pain in the former variety. Patients of this kind bicarbonate of potash in solution has been largely derive benefit from living in a warm climate, from tried by Dr Garrod, who administered it in average warm clothing, warm bathing, especially in salt doses of two scruples every two hours, by night and water at a temperature of not less than 100°, the day, for several days together. Of 51 cases so hot-air bath, &c. Friction with some stimulating treated, the average period of treatment was between liniment, and the peculiar manipulation known as six and seven days, and the average duration of the shampooing, are here of service; and amongst the disease was slightly under a fortnight. The medi- internal remedies, turpentine, cod-liver oil, sulcine soon rendered the urine alkaline, but did not phur, guaiacum, sarsaparilla, and Dover's Powder irritate either the bladder or the intestines. It possess a high reputation. Dr Fuller recommends seemed rapidly to calm the pulse and to allay the the muriate of ammonia as a remedy of 'singular febrile heat; and in no case did any heart-compli-efficacy;' but of all remedies for this affection there cation arise after the patient had been forty-eight hours under its influence. Other physicians, including the late Dr Golding Bird, prefer the acetate of potash. The mode of treatment by lemon-juice in doses of one or two ounces five or six times a day, originally advocated by Dr G. O. Rees, at first sight seems in direct antagonism to the alkaline mode of treatment. As, however, the most active principle in the lemon-juice is citrate of potash, which, before it reaches the kidneys, becomes converted into RHEUMATIC DISEASES are less common in the lower carbonate of potash, there is less essential difference animals than in men. Horses are not very liable to between the acid and the alkaline mode of treat-acute rheumatism, but suffer from a chronic variety, ment than at first sight seems to be the case. Dur- which occurs especially in conjunction with influing the last few weeks (January 1865), a new mode enza. When affecting the limbs, it often exhibits of treating acute rheumatism has been warmly its characteristic tendency to shift from one part to advocated by Dr Davies of the London Hospital. another. In cattle and sheep, rheumatic disorders

can be little doubt that the most efficacious is the iodide of potassium, given in five-grain doses, combined with a few grains of carbonate of ammonia three times daily. A patient who is liable to attacks of chronic rheumatism should always wear flannel next the skin during the day, and at night he should sleep between the blankets, abjuring altogether the use of sheets.

RHIME.

are more common and acute than in horses. The rich rhime, as in modèle, fidèle; beauté, santé. But specific inflammation sometimes involves most of although such rhimes are not only allowed but the fibrous and fibro-serous textures throughout the sought after in French, they are considered faulty body, inducing general stiffness, constipated bowels, in English, or rather as not true rhimes at all. No and high fever. This is rheumatic fever-the chine- one thinks of making deplore rhime with explore. felon or body-garget of the old farriers. Some- Rhyming syllables in English must agree in so far, times the disease mainly affects the larger joints, and differ in so far; the vowel and what follows it— causing intense pain, lameness, and hard swellings; if anything follow it must be the same in both; the occasionally it is confined to the feet and fetlocks, articulation before the vowel must be different. Thus, when it is recognised as bustian-foul. Cattle and mark rhimes with lark, bark, ark, but not with sheep on bleak exposed pastures, and cows turned remark. In the case of mark and ark, the absence of out of the dairy to feed on strong alluvial grazings, any initial articulation in the last of the two makes are especially subject to rheumatism in its several the necessary difference. As an example of rhime forms. Amongst dogs, rheumatism is known under where nothing follows the vowel, we may take the name of kennel lameness, and is very trouble-be-low, which rhimes with fore-go, or with O! but some and intractable in low, damp, cold situations. not with lo. To make a perfect rhime, it is neces Blood-letting is rarely admissible except in the sary, besides, that the syllables be both accented; most acute cases amongst cattle. In all animals, a free and merrily can hardly be said to rhime. It is laxative should at once be given, with some saline almost needless to remark, that rhime depends on matters and colchicum, and when the pain and the sound, and not on the spelling. Plough and fever are great, a little tincture of aconite may be enough do not make a rhime, nor ease and decease. added. For cattle, a good combination consists of Such words as roaring, de-ploring, form double one ounce of nitre, two drachms of powdered colchi-rhimes; and an-nuity, gra-tuity, triple rhimes. cum, and two fluid drachms of the Pharmacopoeia double or triple rhimes, the first syllable must be tincture of aconite, repeated in water or gruel every accented, and the others ought to be unaccented, three hours: half this dose will suffice for horses. and to be completely identical. In the sacred Latin With a simple laxative diet, dogs should have a pill hymns of the middle ages, the rhimes are all double night and morning containing five grains of nitre or triple. This was a necessity of the Latin lanand two of colchicum. Comfortable lodgings, a guage, in which the inflectional terminations are warm bed, horse-rugs on the body, and bandages on without accent, which throws the accent in most the legs, will greatly expedite a cure. In chronic cases on the syllable next the last-do-lorum, vicases, or after the more acute symptoms are sub-rorum; sup-plicia, con-vicia. Although rhimes occur dued, an ounce of oil of turpentine, and two drachms each of nitre and powdered colchicum, should be given for a cow, half that quantity for a horse, and one-fourth for a sheep. Hartshorn and oil, or other stimulating embrocations, diligently and frequently rubbed in, will often abate the pain and swelling of the affected joints.

RHIME, or RHYME, is more properly, perhaps, written rime, as it does not seem to be derived from the Greek rhythm, but to be a native Teutonic word, from the same root, probably, as Ger. reihe, a row, verb reihen, to array; also reihen, a song or a chaindance, of which reim may be only a variety. In Ang.-Sax., rim-craeft, meant the art of numbering; riman, to number; and thus rime, although a native Teutonic word, may ultimately be from the same Aryan root as the Greek Rhythm (q. v.), which etymologists derive from rheo, to flow. In early English, rhime (and the same is true of Ger. reim and the other forms of the word in other northern tongues as well as in the Romanic) meant simply a poem, a numbered or versified piece (compare Lat. numeri, numbers = verses, versification); but it has now come to signify what is the most prominent mark of versification in all these tongues, namely, the recurrence of similar sounds at certain intervals. As there may be various degrees and kinds of resemblance between two syllables, there are different kinds of rhime. When words begin with the same consonant, we have Alliteration (q. v.), which was the prevalent form of rhime in the earlier Teutonic poetry (e. g., Anglo-Saxon). In Spanish and Portuguese, there is a peculiar kind of rhime called Assonance, consisting in the coincidence of the vowels of the corresponding syllables, without regard to the consonants; this accords well with the character of these languages, which abound in full-toned vowels, but is ineffective in English and other languages in which consonants predominate. In its more usual sense, however, rhime denotes correspondence in the final syllables of words, and is chiefly used to mark the ends of the lines or verses in poetry. Complete identity in all the parts of the syllables constitutes what the French call

In

chiefly between the end-syllables of different lines,
they are not unfrequently used within the same
line, especially in popular poetry:

And then to see how ye're negleckit,
How huff'd, and cuff'd, and disrespeckit.

And ice mast-high came floating by.

(See LEONINE VERSES.)

Burns.

Coleridge.

When two successive lines rhime, they form a couplet; three form a triplet. Often the lines rhime alternately or at greater intervals, forming groups of four (quatrains) or more. A group of lines embracing all the varieties of metre and combinations of rhime that occur in the piece, forms a section called a stave, sometimes a stanza, often, but improperly, a verse. In the days of Acrostics (q. v.) and other conceits, it was the fashion to interlace rhimes in highly artificial systems; the most com. plex arrangements still current in English are the Sonnet (q. v.) and the Spenserian (q. v.) stanza. Tennyson has accustomed the English ear to a quatrain, in which, instead of alternate rhimes, the first line rhimes with the fourth, and the second with the third.

It is a mistake to suppose that rhime is a mere ornament to versification. Besides being in itself a pleasing musical accord, it serves to mark the endings of the lines and other sections of the metre, and thus renders the Rhythm (q.v.) more distinct and appreciable than the accents alone can do. So much is this the case, that in French, in which the accents are but feeble, metre without rhime is so undistinguishable from prose, that blank verse has never obtained a footing, notwithstanding the war once waged by French scholars against rhimed versification. The advantages of rhime,' says Guest (English Rhythms), 'have been felt so strongly, that no people have ever adopted an accentual rhythm without also adopting rhime.' The Greek and Latin metres of the classic period, depending upon time or quantity, and not upon accent, were able to dispense with the accessory of

RHIN-RHINANTHUS.

rhime; but, as has been well observed by Trench (Sacred Latin Poetry, Introduction, 1864), even the prosodic poetry of Greece and Rome was equally obliged to mark this (the division into sections or verses), though it did it in another way. Thus, had dactyls and spondees been allowed to be promiscuously used throughout the Hexameter (q. v.) line, no satisfying token would have reached the ear to indicate the close of the verse; and if the hearer had once missed the termination of the line, it would have been almost impossible for him to recover it. But the fixed dactyl and spondee at the end of the line answer the same purpose of strongly marking the close, as does the rhime in the accentuated verse; and in other metres, in like manner, licences permitted in the beginning of the line are excluded at its close, the motives for this greater strictness being the same.' It is chiefly, perhaps, from failing to satisfy this necessary condition, that modern unrhimed verse is found unsatisfactory, at least for popular poetry; and it may be doubted whether it is not owing to the classical prejudices of scholars that our common English blank verse got or maintained the hold it has.

The objection that rhime was the invention of a barbarous age, to set off wretched matter and lame metre,' rests on ignorance of its real history. It cannot be considered as the exclusive invention of any particular people or age. It is something human, and universal as poetry or music-the result of the instinctive craving for well-marked recurrence and accord. The oldest poems of the Chinese, Indians, Arabians, &c., are rhimed; so are those of the Irish and Welsh. In the few fragments of the earliest Latin poetry that are extant, in which the metre was of an accentual, not quantitative kind, there is a manifest tendency to terminations of similar sound. This native tendency was overlaid for a time by the importation from Greece of the quantitative metres; yet even under the dominance of this exotic system, rhiming verses were not altogether unknown; Ovid especially shews a liking for them:

Quot cœlum stellas, tot habet tua Roma puellas; and in the decline of classicality they become more common. At last, when learning began to decay under the irruptions of the northern nations, and a knowledge of the quantity of words-a thing in a great measure arbitrary, and requiring to be learned to be lost, the native and more natural property of accent gradually reappeared as the ruling principle of Latin rhythm, and along with it the tendency to rhime. It was in this new vehicle that the early Christian poets sought to convey their new ideas and aspirations. The rhimes were at first often rude, and not sustained throughout, as if lighted upon by chance. Distinct traces of the adoption of rhime are to be seen as early as the hymns of Hilary (died 368), and the system attained its greatest perfection in the 12th and 13th centuries. In refutation of the common opinion, that the Latin hymnologists of the middle ages borrowed the art of rhime from the Teutonic nations, Dr Guest brings the conclusive fact, that no poem exists written in a Teutonic dialect with final rhime before Otfried's Evangely, which was written in Frankish about 870. Alliteration had previously been the guiding principle of Teutonic rhythms; but after a struggle, which was longer protracted in England than on the continent, it was superseded by endrhimes.-See Guest's History of English Rhythms (2 vols., Lond. 1838), where the whole subject is learnedly and elaborately treated; Trench's Sacred Latin Poetry, Introduction (Lond. 1864); F. Wolf, Ueber die Lais, Sequenzen, und Leiche (Heid. 1841).

RHIN, BAS (LOWER RHINE), a frontier department in the north-east of France, formed, together with the province of Haut-Rhin, from the former French province of Alsace (q. v.), the German Els-ass, and, prior to the treaty of Ryswick, one of the most densely-peopled and industrious of the German states. The department of Bas-Rhin is bounded on the E. by Baden, and on the W. by the departments of Moselle, Meurthe, and Vosges. Area, 1758 sq. m.; pop. (1862) 577,574. It lies almost wholly within the basin of the Rhine, which flows north along its eastern border, and its surface is traversed by a large number of affluents and subaffluents, which flow westward into that river. The Ill, from Haut-Rhin, joins the Rhine a few miles below Strasbourg; and the chief of the other affluents are the Lauter and Moder. The eastern portion of the department, lying along the left bank of the Rhine, consists wholly of plains; while in the west are the rugged and wooded heights which form the eastern slopes of the Vosges Mountains. A projection of the department to the northwest includes a portion of these mountains. In the hilly regions are many beautiful valleys. The winters are long and cold; the summer variable; the autumns always fine. Cretinism and goître prevail in some parts, though to a less extent now than formerly. The country is unusually rich in agricultural and manufacturing resources and capa bilities. A great variety of grains, fruits, and vegetables, including fine crops of hemp and tobacco, are grown extensively; and wines, red and white, the latter held in the highest estimation, are produced abundantly. The wines belong to the class of dry wines called vins du Rhin (Rhine wines), and about 11,000,000 gallons are made annually. Manufactures, textile and other, are carried on on a grand scale. Spinning-mills, weaving-factories for cotton, calico, woollen, and other fabrics, are exceed ingly numerous, and foundries, arms and machine factories also abound. Some timber, floated down the Rhine in rafts, is exported. The department is divided into the four arrondissements of Strasbourg, Saverne, Schlestadt, and Wissembourg. The capital is Strasbourg.

ment in the east of France, bounded on the N. by RHIN, HAUT (UPPER RHINE), a frontier departthe department of Bas-Rhin (q. v), and on the E by Germany and Switzerland. Area, 1586 sq. m.; ment of Bas-Rhin, the eastern frontier is for the pop. (1862) 515,802. As in the case of the departmost part formed by the Rhine, and the western frontier by the Vosges Mountains; and, as might be expected, the character of the surface much resembles that of that department. After the Rhine, the principal river is the Ill, into which the streams from the Vosges Mountains flow. In the middle of the department the soil is fertile, and of the valleys of the west some are exceedingly rich and productive. The climate is more inclement than that of Bas-Rhin. 1,015,040 acres, considerably more than one-third is under crop; 336,000 acres, principally in the long narrow tract between the Ill and the Rhine, are in wood; 130,000 acres in good rich pastures; and and in trade and manufactures, this department about 30,000 acres in vineyards. In agriculture, shews similar activity and enterprise with that of Bas-Rhin (q. v.). About 8,800,000 gallons of wine into the three arrondissements of Colmar, Altkirch, are made annually. The department is divided and Belfort. The capital is Colmar.

Of the entire surface of

RHINA'NTHUS, a genus of plants of the natural order Scrophulariaceae, having an inflated 4-toothed calyx; the upper lip of the corolla