PUN-PUNCH. the fall and lift. This pump may be viewed, for purposes of explanation, as a syphon, into the shorter leg of which a jet of water is injected, B D Fig. 9. which overcomes the pressure due to the difference of levels, and reverses the ordinary motion of the water in a syphon. An efficiency of 18 per cent. has been obtained from this pump, which is low, as compared with that obtained from other descriptions of pump; yet in cases where waste of waterpower is not so much to be avoided as expense in erecting, working, and maintenance, these pumps possess decided advantages. The case to which they are peculiarly applicable is the drainage of marshes, which have streams of water adjacent to them descending from a higher level. PUN is the name given to a play upon words. The wit lies in the equivocal sense of some particular expression, by means of which an incongruous, and therefore ludicrous idea is unexpectedly shot into the sentence. One or two examples will make the matter clearer than any definition. Two persons looking at a beggar-boy with an extraordinary big head-What a tower!' cried the first. Say, rather,' replied the second, what a fort o lice (fortalice). A noted punster was once asked, with reference to Mr Carlyle's writings, if he did not like to expatiate in such a field.' 'No,' was the felicitous rejoinder; I can't get over the style' (stile).—A Massachusetts lady complaining to a friend that her husband (whose business had taken him to the far West) constantly sent her letters filled with expressions of endearment, but no money, was told, by way of comfort, that he was giving her a proof of his unremitting affection! PUNCH, the chief character in a popular comic exhibition performed by means of Puppets (q. v.). Various accounts are given of the origin of the name. The exhibition is of Italian origin, and the Italian name is Pulcinella, or Policinella. Accord ing to one story, a peasant, a well-known character in the market-place of Naples, got the name Pulcinella from dealing in fowls (pulcinelli), and after his death was personated in the puppet-shows of the San-Carlino theatre. Another account makes the word a corruption of Puccio d'Aniello, the name of a witty buffoon of Acerra who joined a company of players and became the favourite of the Neapolitan populace. Others give his original name as Paolo Cinella. The variety and inconsistency of the legends shew them to be myths-histories invented to account for the name. The modern P. is only a modification of an ancient Mask (q. v.) to be seen represented on ancient vases, and taken perhaps from the Oscan Atellana; and the Italian name is pretty evidently a diminutive of pollice, the thumb-Tom Thumb (the dwarfs of northern mythology are sometimes styled däumling, thumkins). The English name Punch is apparently identical with Eng. paunch; Bavarian punzen, a cask; Ital. punzone, a puncheon; and denotes anything thick and short (e. g., a Suffolk punch). The name Punchinello seems to have arisen from blending the English and Italian names. The drama or play in which the modern P. figures, is ascribed to an Italian comedian, Silvio Fiorillo, about 1600. The exhibition soon found its way into other countries, and was very popular in England in the 17th century. Its popularity seems to have reached its height in the time of Queen Anne, and Addison has given in the Spectator a regular criticism of one of the performances. The scenes as now given by the itinerant exhibiters of the piece are much shortened from what were originally performed, in which allusions to public events of the time were occasionally interpolated. The following is an outline of the plot as performed in 1813. Mr P., a gentleman of great personal attraction, is married to Mrs Judy, by whom he has a lovely daughter, but to whom no name is given in this piece, the infant being too young to be christened. In a fit of horrid and demoniac jealousy, P., like a second Zeluco, strangles his beauteous offspring. Just as he has completed his dreadful purpose, Mrs Judy enters, witnesses the brutal havoc, and exit screaming; she soon returns, however, armed with a bludgeon, and applies it to her husband's head, which to the wood returns a wooden sound.' P. at length exasperated seizes another bludgeon, soon vanquishes his alreadyweakened foe, and lays her prostrate at his feet; then seizing the murdered infant and the expiring mother, he flings them both out of the window into the street. The dead bodies having been found, police-officers enter the dwelling of P., who flies for his life, mounts his steed; and the author neglecting, like other great poets, the confining unities of time and place, conveys his hero into Spain, where, however, he is arrested by an officer of the terrible Inquisition. fortitude, P., by means of a golden key, opens his enduring the most cruel tortures with incredible prison-door, and escapes. The conclusion of the is first overtaken by Weariness and Laziness in the story is satirical, allegorical, and poetical. The hero shape of a black dog, which he fights and conquers; Disease, in the disguise of a physician, next arrests him; but P. 'sees through the thin pretence,' and dismisses the doctor with a few derogatory kicks. Death at length visits the fugitive; but P. lays about his skeleton carcass so lustily, and makes the bones of his antagonist rattle so musically with a bastinado, that Death his death's blow then received.' Last of all comes the Devil; first under the appearance of a lovely female, but afterwards in his own natural shape, to drag the offender to the infernal regions, to expiate his dreadful crimes. Even this attempt fails, and P. is left triumphant over Doctors, Death, and the Devil. The curtain falls amid the shouts of the conqueror, who, on his victorious staff, lifts on high his vanquished foe. After PUNCH. The well-marked peculiarities in the original a high back, personification of P., which were distorted breast, and long nose, were intended to give an increased zest to his witticisms; but these features have been much exaggerated in the now so well-known illustrations of the popular periodical which bears his name. The performance of P., as generally represented, requires the assistance of only two persons-one to carry the theatre and work the figures, the other after fish at dinner, for which purpose it is bottled, PUNCH, a tool for cutting circular or other shaped pieces out of metal, wood, or other materials. The simplest form of this instrument is shewn in fig. 1, which consists of a piece of steel formed at one end into a hollow cylinder, a, the end of which at b is ground to a very sharp cutting edge. The other end of the punch at c is made strong and thick, to receive blows from a hammer, and to serve as a handle. When the instrument is in use, the cutting-edge, a, is applied to the surface which is to be perforated, and a blow sufficiently hard is struck on the end of the handle, c, when a circular piece of the material is cut out and left in the hollow part, a, which can be removed at the upper end of the opening at d. The mode of manufacturing such tools is very simple. A piece of square steel-bar is taken, the thickness of which must correspond with the thickness of the handle at c, fig. 1, for which fig. 2 may be taken as the to bear the box of puppets, blow the trumpet, and sometimes keep up the dialogue with the hero of the piece. The movements of the puppets are managed simply by putting the hands under the dress, making the second finger and thumb serve for the arms, while the forefinger works the head. Fig. 3. next stage, the edges, a, a, fig. 4, are brought up; and finally, a mandril is put into the groove thus made, and the edges are brought together, and welded: α α Fig. 4. PUNCH, a beverage introduced into England from India, and so called from being usually made of five (Hindu, pantsh) ingredients-arrack, tea, sugar, water, and lemon-juice. As now prepared, punch may be described as a drink, the basis of which is alcohol, of one or more kinds, diluted with water, flavoured with lemon or lime-juice and spices, and sweetened with sugar; sometimes other ingredients are added according to taste, especially wine, ale, and tea. The mixture is usually compounded in a large china bowl made for the purpose, and is served out in glasses by means of a ladle. It is the mandril is then withdrawn, and the tool goes to much more rarely seen now than formerly, which be ground and finished. It will be obvious that, by is not to be regretted, for a more unwholesome skill, punches may be made which will make holes or intoxicating beverage could hardly be com- of almost any shape. The enormous development pounded. The ordinary mixed punch consists of the of our iron manufactures has necessitated the use of following ingredients: the juice of three lemons machine-tools in the place of those made for the squeezed out into a large jug, and one lemon cut into hand, and none of the very ingenious inventions for slices, with the rind on for flavour, twelve ounces of this purpose have played a much more important loaf-sugar, and two quarts of boiling water; after part than the punching-machines, for without them being infused half an hour, and strained off, the liquid the labour of drilling holes in iron plates for is poured into the punch-bowl, and half a pint of rum such objects as steam-boilers, iron ships, bridges, and of brandy are added. A favourite mode of and other great works, would have been so great drinking this composition at present is as a liqueur as to have effectually prevented them from being 13 PUNCTUATION-PUNJAB. undertaken. The punching-machine invented by the compulsory payment of money, and failing which, Messrs Roberts and Nasmyth, with recent modifi- with the deprivation of property and liberty. As cations and improvements, is in very general use in the legal consequence of crimes, punishment conall our great engineering works; its essential parts sists chiefly of the infliction of pain on the body, are the punch, lever, and the spring. The punch is and this ranges from capital punishment or death, simply a piece of tough, hard steel of a cylindrical down to imprisonment for a term of years, and, in form, and of the size of the intended holes; it fits some cases, whipping is added; and in military and into a socket, which is suspended over a fixed iron naval offences, flogging. Capital punishment is plate or bench, which has a hole exactly under the inflicted only in case of treason and murder (but punch, and exactly fitting it. In the socket which there are other instances under naval or army disholds the punch is a coiled iron spring, which holds cipline), and in the form of Hanging (q. v.). In up the punch, and allows it to descend when the crimes of less degree, imprisonment, or Penal Servipower is applied, and returns it when the pressure tude (q. v.) for a term of years, is the punishment. is relieved. The lever, when in action, presses on As a general rule, the judge has a discretion to fix the top of the punch, and the plate of metal which the punishment within two defined limits. In the is to be perforated being placed on the iron bench, great mass of the smallest crimes, which are cognis receives the pressure of the punch with sufficient able by justices of the peace, and are frequently force to press out a disc of metal exactly the termed offences punishable summarily, the usual diameter of the punch, which falls through the hole punishment is a fine or penalty, i. e., a sum of money in the iron bench. The lever is moved by a cam is ordered to be paid by the offender, and if he do on a powerful wheel, which presses upon it until it not pay it, his goods are sold to make up the sum ; can pass; then the lever being relieved, the punch failing which, he is committed to the house of is drawn up by the spring in its socket, ready to correction for a short period of 3, 6, or 12 months; receive the action of the cam when the revolution but, in some of the cases, imprisonment and hard of the wheel again brings it to bear on the lever.labour are imposed in lieu of a fine. The crown The punch itself is always solid, differing entirely can put an end to a sentence of punishment by a in this respect from the hand-tools. This useful free pardon, or may commute a sentence of death to machine will perforate thick plates of iron, such as imprisonment for life. are used for shipbuilding, almost as quickly as a workman with an ordinary hand-punch could perforate thin plates of tin; the holes made are quite true, and are ready to receive the rivets. PUNCTUATION, the division of a writing into sentences, and the subdivision of these into parts by means of certain marks called points, a great help to the clear exhibition of the meaning and to the pleasant reading of what is written. The ancients were not acquainted with the use of points, or used them very little, and only for oratorical purposes. Punctuation, according to the grammar and sense, is said to have been an invention of the Alexandrian grammarian, Aristophanes; but was so much neglected and forgotten, that Charlemagne found it necessary to ask Warnefried and Alcuin to restore it. It consisted at first of a point called the stigma, and sometimes a line, variously formed and introduced. The system of punctuation now in use was introduced by the Venetian printer, Manutius, in the latter part of the 15th c.; the example was soon and generally followed, and little change has since been found requisite. PU'NDLER, the name which in Scotland used to be given to a person employed on an estate as hedger, ditcher, forester, and general guardian, in absence of the proprietor. The office of a pundler was probably analogous to that of poynder. In a few cases, the term pundler is still employed. PU'NIC WARS, the name commonly given to the three great wars waged for supremacy between Rome and Carthage. The Latin word punicus, or panicus, was the name given by the Romans to the Carthaginians, in allusion to their Phoenician descent. For an outline of the struggle between the two rival powers, see CARTHAGE, ROME, HAMILCAR, HANNIBAL, and the SCIPIOS.-The Romans, who believed, not without reason, that the Carthaginians never sincerely meant to keep any treaty of peace, employed the phrase punica fides, Punic faith,' to denote a false and faithless spirit. PU'NICA. See POMEGRANATE. PUNISHMENT, in this country, usually means the deprivation of property or liberty, or the infliction of pain on the body of one who commits a criminal offence. It is not applicable, generally, to civil actions, though these are also followed with PUNISHMENT, FUTURE. See HELL in the British service, include death, by shooting, if PUNISHMENTS, MILITARY AND NAVAL. These, for a disgraceful offence; for serious crimes, flogging, for an offence against discipline-or by hanging, if not exceeding 50 lashes, inflicted with the cat-o'nine-tails on the bare back (see FLOGGING); for minor offences, degradation of rank, imprisonconduct pay, stoppage of leave, &c. Death, degra ment, extra drill, stoppage of grog, loss of gooddation, and loss of leave are the only punishments of those named above which can be inflicted on sentence of a court-martial; he may be cashiered, an officer. An officer can only be punished by dismissed the service, deprived of his regiment or ship; or, in the navy, reduced in rank by being placed at the bottom of the list of officers of his ment is inflicted on the men in the form of strokes grade. In certain of the German armies, punishwith a cane or with the flat of a sabre. PU'NJAB (the Pentapotamia of the Greeks, derives its name from two Persian words, signifying five rivers') is an extensive territory in the northfive great affluents-the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, west of Hindustan, watered by the Indus, and its Beas, and Sutlej, and forms a British possession the Suliman Mountains, on the N. by Cashmere, and since February 1849. It is bounded on the W. by lower course, is called the Ghara. In shape, the on the E. and S. E. by the Sutlej, which, in its territory of the P. resembles an isosceles triangle, the apex of which is at the junction of the Indus and the Punjnud, in lat. about 29° N.; and the base, about 450 miles in length, runs along the Himalayas. The sides are about 600 miles in length. According to the latest returns published in the last statistical tables of the Colonial and other Possessions of the United Kingdom (1862), the area of the P. is 100,406 square miles; and the pop. 14,794,611. The physical character of the northern contrasts strikingly with that of the southern districts. In the north, the whole surface is traversed by spurs from the Himalayas, which enclose deep valleys. In the south, the surface is unbroken by any important eminence, with the exception of the Salt Range, about 2000 feet high, between the Indus and the Jhelum. The country, divided into five doabs, PUNKAH-PURÂN'A. or interfluvial tracts, and frequently spoken of as in the case of a female, one under the age of 12 the plains of the Indus, has a general slope towards years. the south-west. The climate in the plains is most oppressively hot and dry in summer, indicating in Lahore 112°, in a tent artificially cooled; but cool, a and sometimes frosty, in winter. Little rain falls except in the districts along the base of the Himalayas. The soil varies from stiff clay and loam to sand; but, in general, is sandy and barren, intermixed with fertile spots. The rivers afford abundant means of irrigation. The indigenous vegetation of the P. is meagre. Trees are few in number and small, and fuel is so scarce, that cow-dung is much used in its stead. With an efficient system of agriculture, however, the territories of this part of India might be rendered very productive. Of the ordinary crops, wheat of excellent quality is produced in considerable quantities, and indigo, sugar, cotton, tobacco, opium, buckwheat, rice, barley, millet, maize, and numerous vegetables and fruits are grown. The manufacturing industry of this region is very considerable, and is carried on for the most part in the great towns, as Amritsir (q. v.), Lahore (q. v.), Multan (q. v.), &c. Spices and other groceries, dye-stuffs, cloths, metals, and hardware, are imported from the more eastern provinces of British India; and grain, ghee, hides, wool, carpets, shawls, silk, cotton, indigo, tobacco, salt, and horses are exported. The inhabitants are of various races, chiefly Jats, Gujurs, Rajputs, and Patans Two-thirds of the whole population are Moslems, and of the remaining third, one half are Hindus, and the other half Sikhs. The Jats are the most prominent of the races of the P., and are said to have formed the 'core and nucleus' of the Sikh nation and military force. Of the history of the P., all that is important will be given under the heading SIKHS. PUNKAH, a gigantic fan for ventilating apartments, used in India and tropical climates. It consists of a light frame of wood, covered with calico, from which a short curtain depends, and is suspended by ropes from the ceiling; another rope from it passes over a pulley in the wall to a servant stationed without; the servant pulls the punkah backwards and forwards, maintaining a constant current of air in the chamber. PUNT, a heavy, oblong, flat-bottomed boat, useful where stability and not speed is needed. Punts are much used for fishing. Some are fitted for oars; but the more usual mode of propulsion is by poles operating on the bottom. Punting is a very laborious exercise. PUOZZOLA'NO. See CEMENTS. PUPA (Lat. a girl, or a doll), the second stage of insect life after the hatching of the egg. The first stage after the egg is that of Larva (q. v.). In those insects of which the metamorphosis is complete (see INSECTS), the pupa is generally quite inactive, and takes no food. This is the case in the Lepidoptera, the pupa of which is called a Chrysalis or Aurelia, and in the Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Diptera. Manifestations of life may indeed be produced by touching, or in any way irritating, the pupa, but it is incapable of locomotion and of eating. It is quite otherwise with the pupa of other orders, which are often very voracious, and resemble the perfect insect in almost everything but that the wings are wanting. The peculiarities of the pupa are noticed in the articles on the different orders and genera of insects. PUPIL. See EYE. PUPIL, in the Law of Scotland, means, in the PU'PPET, a name (derived from the Lat. pupus, child or boy, Fr. poupée, a doll) signifying a childlike image. The Italian fantoccini (from fantino, a child), and the French Marionettes (q. v.) are other names for puppets. Puppet-plays, or exhibitions in taken by miniature figures worked by wires, while which the parts of the different characters are the dialogue is given by persons behind the scenes, limbs have been found in the tombs of ancient are of very ancient date. Figures with movable Egypt and Etruria. Originally intended to gratify In China and India they are still made to act children, they ended in being a diversion for adults. dramas either as movable figures or as shadows behind a curtain ('Ombres Chinoises'). In Italy and France puppet-plays were at one time carried to a considerable degree of artistic perfection, and even Lessing and Goethe in Germany thought the subject worth their serious attention. In England, they are mentioned under the name of Motions by many of our early authors, and frequent allusions occur to them in the plays of Shakspeare, Ben Jonson, and the older dramatists. The earliest exhibitions of this kind consisted of representations of stories taken from the Old and New Testament, or from the lives and legends of saints. They thus seem to have been the last remnant of the Moralities his contemporaries that the most popular of these of the 15th century. We learn from Ben Jonson and exhibitions at that time were the Prodigal Son, and Nineveh with Jonas and the Whale. Even the Puritans, with all their hatred of the regular stage, did not object to be present at such representations. In the reign of Queen Elizabeth, puppet-plays were exhibited in Fleet Street and Holborn Bridgelocalities infested by them at the period of the Restoration. The most noted exhibitions of the kind were those of Robert Powel in the beginning of the 18th century. (See Chambers's Book of Days, vol. ii. 167.) So recently as the time of Goldsmith, scriptural Motions' were common, and, in She Stoops to Conquer, reference is made to the display of Solomon's Temple in one of these shows. The regular performances of the stage were also sometimes imitated; and Dr Samuel Johnson has observed, that puppets were so capable of representing even the plays of Shakspeare, that Macbeth might be represented by them as well as by living actors. These exhibitions, however, much degenerated, and latterly consisted of a wretched display of wooden figures barbarously formed, and decorated without the least degree of taste or propriety, while the dialogues were jumbles of absurdities and nonsense. The mechanism of puppet-plays is simple. The exhibiter is concealed above or below the stage, works the figures by means of wires, and delivers the dialogues requisite to pass between the characters. The exhibition of Punch (q. v.) is perhaps the only example of this species of acting which exists in this country at the present time. PURAN'A (literally old,' from the Sanscrit purâ, before, past) is the name of that class of religious works which, besides the Tantras (q. v.), is the main foundation of the actual popular creed of the Brahminical Hindus (see HINDU RELIGION under INDIA). According to the popular belief, these works were compiled by Vyasa (q. v.), the supposed arranger of the Vedas (q. v.), and the author of the Mahabharata (q. v.), and possess an antiquity far beyond the reach of historical computation. A critical investigation, however, of the contents of the |