144 Divisions in foreign languages often must be, arranged in ways that compel the violation of their rules. Yet rules cannot be entirely abrogated. The good compositor should understand the theory as well as the practice of making syllables; but his acquired knowledge of the elementary principles of etymology and his memorizing of fixed rules will not prove so serviceable in every-day work as a knowledge of correct pronunciation. Much as the writer dislikes clippings and abbreviations in a text, he would not hesitate to render though as tho' at the end of a line in which it would be impossible to crowd the three following letters of the word. The occasional reprinting in a foreign language of sentences, sometimes in the form of entire paragraphs, calls for the division of words by a compositor who knows nothing of the structure or the true pronunciation of the words. The remarks in Appendices B, C, and D, prepared by an author who has had the technical education of a printer and long experience as an editor, will be found of material service in the composition of French, Italian, and German. The rules for the division of words in Spanish have been copied, in Appendix E, from Knapp's Spanish Grammar, by permission of the publishers, Messrs. Ginn & Co. SMALL CAPITALS WRITER'S desire for small capitals in print is indicated in manuscript by underscoring the specified words with two lines. For purposes of emphasis or display the small capitals have been rated as superior to italic, but this superiority is not apparent. In regular fonts the small capitals are no taller than the round letters of the lowercase, are on a narrower set and usually of a lighter face, and are obscured by more connecting lines. In many fonts they are really the weakest and least distinct of the five correlated series (roman capitals, lower-case, and small capitals, italic capitals and lower-case) furnished as a complete font of book type. For this reason small capitals are seldom selected for any division of the book for which more distinctness or emphasis is desired. 146 Small capitals following the initial They are freely used for the side-headings of short articles or separate paragraphs, for running titles, and for the catch-lines of title-pages, not so much for the purpose of display as for the making of a change in the monotony of a text of all large capitals or all lower-case. They would be more useful if the characters were taller and wider. Small capitals are often selected for the first word after a blank line and for the first word of a new chapter. H ISTORY recommends itself as the Long quotations of poetry introduced into the text are sometimes treated in a similar manner, but short quotations of poetry or prose seldom begin with small capitals. The medieval practice was to put a very large capital after the initial; then came letters in smaller capitals, and after these the regular text letter. This method is obsolete : the letters of the first word that follow an initial are now set in capitals of uniform size. When the first word of a chapter has only one or two letters, the characteristics of the small-capital style are not readily discerned, and it then seems Should truly line with the initial 147 necessary to use small capitals for the second word to make the attempted distinction apparent. IT YONSOLATOR optime, So I came to pass that CDulcis hospes anime When a chapter begins with the proper name of a person, each part of the name of two or more words must be put in capitals or small capitals. When small capitals have been selected, the first letter of each word in this name should be in larger capitals to give the name the required distinction. ENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW, most H admired of recent American poets, is When a large initial three or more lines high has been selected for the first letter of a new chapter, large capitals are occasionally used, but they sometimes meet with the old objection that they savor too much of the style of the short advertisement of newspapers. When this initial is an ordinary two-line letter, it should be selected of a height that gives to it exact alignment with the small capitals of the upper line as well as with the lower line of the text letter. ROVIDENCE made Mendelssohn a hunchback Pin order to teach the rabble in a very strik ing manner that men are not to be judged by outer appearance, but by inner worth. Initial of proper height. 148 Small capitals for tables of contents The initial is badly chosen when it leaves a high gap of white, as appears in the following exhibit. HEINRICH HEINE justifies his gay trifling in these words: Life is in reality so terribly serious that it would be insupportable without a union of the pathetic and the comic, as our poets well know. SUMMARIES OF CHAPTERS Summaries of chapters under the regular chapter heading are sometimes set in long paragraphs of small capitals of the text type, but they are not so readable as they would be in lower-case letters. on a smaller body. The dull monotony of compact characters without letters ascending above or descending below the line becomes wearisome when protracted in three or more lines. The density of the small capital may be made less unpleasing by hair-spacing and wide leading, but these are expedients not practicable in solid and compact composition. The paragraph of many lines of small capitals on a small body can be made more readable by the occasional use of large capitals at the beginning of important words, but the change so made is seldom pleasing. Tables of contents, often set as two or more pages of small capitals, may be wide leaded and have full capitals for important words, when it can be done, to their great improvement. The size selected should be one or |