QUEEN'S COUNTY-QUEENSLAND.

Scotland. In the Courts of Chancery in England, it is usual for a Queen's Counsel to confine himself to a particular Vice-Chancellor's court, or to that of the Master of the Rolls, so that his clients may always reckon on his attendance there; and when he goes into another court, he requires an addition to his fee. In the common law courts, however, this arrangement is impracticable, and has never been adopted. It is sometimes popularly believed that the appointment of Queen's Counsel entitles the counsel to a salary from the crown; but this is a mistake, except as to the Attorney and Solicitorgeneral. When a Queen's Counsel is engaged in a criminal case against the crown, as, for example, to defend a prisoner, he requires to get special licence to do so from the crown, which is always given, as a matter of course, on payment of a small fee. In courts of law and equity, a Queen's Counsel is entitled to preaudience over all other counsel, except those who were appointed Queen's Counsel before him. A Queen's Counsel has preaudience over all Serjeants-at-law, though many of the latter obtain patents of precedence, which also make them in effect Queen's Counsel, as well as serjeants, and prevent them being displaced by those who come after them. The order of Serjeants-atlaw is much more ancient than that of Queen's Counsel, though now it is in point of rank inferior. The practice of appointing Queen's Counsel is not older than the time of Sir Francis Bacon, who was the first appointed.

QUEEN'S COUNTY, an inland county of the province of Leinster, Ireland, is bounded N. by the King's County, E. by Kildare and Carlow, Š. by Kilkenny, and W. by Tipperary and King's County. Area, 424,854 acres, of which 342,422 are arable. Pop. in 1861, 90,750, of whom 79,959 were Catholics, 9854 Protestants of the Established Church, and the rest Protestants of other denominations. The number of acres under crop in 1863 was 143,618; cattle, 57,580; sheep, 90,311; pigs, 24,069. Q. C., for the most part, is within the basin of the Barrow, which is the principal river, and is partly navigable for barges. On the north-western border lie the Slieve Bloom Mountains, and the Dysart Hills occupy the south-east; the rest of the surface being flat or gently undulating. In its geological structure, it belongs to the great limestone district; but the Slieve Bloom Mountains are sandstone, and the Dysart Hills include coal, but not in deep or profitably-worked beds. Coarse linen and cotton cloths are manufactured in small quantities. The chief town is Maryborough; pop. (1861) 2857. Q. C. anciently formed part of the districts of Leix and Ossory; and after the English invasion, on the submission of the chief O'More, the territory retained a qualified independence. Under Edward II., the O'Mores became so powerful, that for a long series of years, an unceasing contest was maintained by them with the English, with various alternations of success. In the reign of Edward VI., Bellingham, the Lord-deputy, succeeded in re-annexing the territory of the O'Mores to the Pale (q. v.); and a new revolt in Mary's reign led to strong and successful measures, by which it was finally reduced to a shire, under the name Q. C., given to it in honour of Mary, from whom also the chief town, Maryborough, was called. There are a few antiquities of interest-a perfect round tower, and two in a less perfect condition, and some ecclesiastical and feudal remains, the most important of the latter being a castle of Strongbow on the picturesque Rock of Dunamare. Q. C. is traversed by the Great Southern and Western Railway, and also by a branch of the Grand Canal. It returns two members to parliament.

QUEEN'S EVIDENCE. See KING'S EVIDENCE QUEE'NSFERRY, SOUTH AND NORTH.-South is a royal and parliamentary burgh in Linlithgowshire, on the south shore of the Firth of Forth, about 9 miles west-north-west of Edinburgh. It was erected into a royal burgh in 1636, but was for centuries before a burgh of regality. The walks and scenery about South Q., with Hopetoun House and grounds on the west, and Dalmeny Park on the east, are very beautiful, and the town itself is a good deal resorted to for sea-bathing. The Forthmuch wider both above and below the ferry-here narrows to a width of only about two miles. It receives historical mention as early as the middle of the 11th c., as the ferry across which royal personages passed when travelling between Edin burgh and Dunfermline. A railway-bridge across the firth at this point has long been talked of. Pop. (1861) 1230, within the parliamentary bounds. North Queensferry, a small village in Fifeshire, on South Q. is one of the Stirling district burghs.the north shore of the Firth of Forth, opposite South Q.; pop. about 400.

QUEENSLAND. This new British colony occupies the whole of the north-eastern portion of Australia, commencing at a point of the east coast about 400 miles north of Sydney, called Point Danger, in lat. 28° 8' S. The greater portion of the southern boundary-line is formed by the 29th parallel of south latitude. The eastern seaboard extends about 1300 miles to Cape York, the extreme northern point of the continent, in lat. 10° 40′. The mean breadth of the territory is 900 miles, from the eastern coast-line to the meridian of 138 E. long., which forms the western boundary-line. This includes the greater portion of the Gulf of Carpentaria, which has a seaboard of about 900 miles. The whole of Q. comprises 678,000 sq. m.-nearly twelve times the area of England and Wales.

The portion of the colony extending along the eastern coast, is indented with numerous bays, which are the outlets of many navigable rivers, having their sources in the cool gorges and deep recesses of a great mountain-range, running north and south, parallel with the sea-coast, at a distance of from 50 to 100 miles. The summits of this great dividing range,' rise from 2000 to 6000 feet above the level of the sea. Numerous spurs are given off from the range in ridges sloping gradually towards the coast. These ridges are generally composed principally of quartz, and in many places form good natural roads for a considerable distance. The ridges are usually covered with a variety of fine and valuable timber. The iron-bark, bloodwood, box, and other descriptions of wood, very valuable to the farmer for fencing and building, are found here in great abundance.

Unlike almost every other portion of Australia, Q. is correctly described as 'a land of rivers and streams.' These rivers find an outlet in the many large and beautiful bays and estuaries on the eastern seaboard. One of these, Moreton Bay (q. v.), receives the waters of five rivers, which are always navigable. The largest of these, the Brisbane, is navigated by good-sized steamers for 75 miles, and is nearly a quarter of a mile wide at a distance of 15 miles from its mouth. The principal rivers on the eastern seaboard are the Logan, the Brisbane, the Mary, the Caliope, the Boyne, the Fitzroy, the Pioneer, and the Burdekin. The longest tidal river in Q. is the Fitzroy, which drains an area of not less than 50 millions of acres, and is navigable as far as Yaruba, 60 miles from its estuary in Keppel Bay. It receives, as its principal tributaries, the Dawson, Mackenzie, and Isaacs, large streams flowing for

QUEENSLAND.

several hundred miles from the north-west, west, and south-western parts of the interior. The tide at Rockhampton (40 miles from the embouchure of the river) rises 14 feet, and the stream is thus rendered navigable for vessels of considerable burden.

The banks of the rivers are usually well elevated, and in many places consist of very rich alluvium, brought down from the great mountain-ranges. This alluvial soil is frequently of very great depth, and is marked everywhere by a magnificent growth of timber, very unlike the ordinary Australian wood. The enormous fig-trees and gigantic eucalyptæ tower aloft, and spread out their great arms, festooned with vines and flowering parasites, which throw themselves over every spreading branch, and deck it with their varied and brilliant colours; the tall pine-trees shoot up their straight stems to a great height; while the cedar, the myrtle, the rosewood, and tamarind trees, display their rich and green foliage in every variety of shade. A thick evergreen hedge of mangroves covers the banks, preserving them from the wash of the stream; and at certain seasons of the year, this is fringed with thousands of flowering lilies.

Ordinarily, the eastern sea-board part of the country assumes very much the appearance of park-scenery in Great Britain, the trees standing at some distance apart, and the ground between them being covered with grass, which is generally green and luxuriant throughout the whole year. The regularity of the showers which fall in the summer season keeps the grass growing with luxuriant verdure generally during the hot months. Exceptions to this sometimes occur, and a dry summer appears to have been experienced in this part of Australia about once in every six or seven years. The summer of 1863 formed one of these exceptional seasons. The frosts of winter being generally so slight as not to injure the vegetation, the country is almost always green from January to December.

country which falls off in a succession of steep declivities, or more gradually descending terraces, from the table-land thus described, towards the lower land, which then intervenes between these terraces and the western boundary-line of the colony, in Central Australia. This portion of the territory has been rendered specially interesting from the recent discoveries, which have shewn that instead of a vast and sterile desert of burning sands, the interior of Australia is, with exceptional patches of very limited extent, well grassed and watered, and suitable for pastoral, and in many places even for agricultural occupation.

The climate of Q. is said closely to resemble that of Madeira (q. v.); the mean annual external shadetemperature taken at Brisbane being very nearly the same as at Funchal in Madeira, though it is a little hotter in the summer, and colder in the winter at Brisbane than at Funchal. Moreton Bay, now Q., has for many years been the resort of invalids from all the other British colonies in the southern hemisphere, and has been called the Mont. pellier of Australia. The summer season is hotthe thermometer rising sometimes to 90° or even 100° in the shade; but the air is dry, elastic, and healthy, and the sea-breezes temper the heat, and make it perfectly endurable, even to the out-door labourer, in the hottest time of the year. However hot the day, the night is almost invariably cool, even in the most northern parts of the colony.

Barra Barra, have been opened up, and valuable gold deposits are also being worked.

The capital of Q., and the seat of the local govern. ment, is Brisbane (q. v.), pop. 13,000. Its situation is described as exceedingly beautiful. Ipswich, Rockhampton, Maryborough, Toowoomber, Gayndah, Dalby, and Bowen, are rapidly rising towns. Rockhampton has already attained great importance, and promises ere long to be the metropolis of Queensland. Although only recently established, its population already exceeds 5000 souls, and is rapidly increasing. Situated upon the largest navigable river of Q., it forms the commercial centre and principal outlet of immense tracts of the interior country. A railway is in process of Beyond the Andes,' or great dividing-range, the construction from Rockhampton to Westwood in country presents features of still greater beauty and the direction of Peak Downs, where extensive fertility. Vast plains-10, 15, or 20 miles across-copper mines, said to vie in richness with those of stretch out their level surface unbroken by a single tree, but covered with luxuriant grass, and often purpled over with fragrant herbage. These great plains are composed of rich black soil. They are well watered with a network of streams, which trickle down from the gradual slopes of the mountain-range. The soil in this locality is admirably adapted for tillage; and within a certain distance of the mountain-range, the rains fall with great regularity. The land here is lightly timbered, and is cleared with less labour than on the lower lands, and the soil is proved to be peculiarly adapted for the growth of wheat of the finest quality. The yield per acre in this locality has sometimes been as much as 50, and even 60 bushels to the acre, of 63 lbs. to the bushel. The average yield may be estimated at 30 bushels per acre. Indian corn and other cereals, as well as all the European fruits, grow luxuriantly, and come to the greatest perfection in this highly-favoured locality, which has been called the Garden of Queensland.'

This country, west of the great dividing-range, stretches away in a series of fine plateaux for a distance of 400 or 500 miles westward, and, with the interruptions of other mountain-ranges crossing the main range at right angles, for upwards of 1000 miles towards the fertile plains bordering the shores of the Gulf of Carpentaria.

A third distinct portion of Q. is formed by the

The Alienation of Crown-lands Act, passed during the first session of the colonial parliament, revolutionised the old plan of selling land at a high upset price at auction, and established a system in its stead which is thus described in an official document issued from the Queensland Government Emigration Office in London: The Queensland Land Act enables small capitalists to choose their farms themselves on any of the Agricultural Reserves throughout the colony; and these reserves are situated within about five miles of all the larger towns, where there is a market for farm-produce. Each reserve contains at least 10,000 acres, already surveyed, and marked out in farms of from 18 to 320 acres. The price at which the land on the reserves is sold is a fixed price of £1 per acre; but this amount being paid for, say 40 acres, the purchaser is entitled to lease from the government three times as much

that is, 120 acres more, adjoining the piece he has bought, at a rent of 6d. per acre a year, for five years; and at the end of this time, he may secure the fee-simple of this leased portion by paying the government £1 an acre for it, after having had the use of the land at this mere nominal charge. The farmer cannot purchase less than 18 acres on the reserves, and must pay £18 for it; but his landorders are received by the government at their full nominal value of £30 towards the payment

QUEENSLAND-QUEEN'S REGULATIONS.

for the portion which he has purchased. Each adult, passenger in the family is entitled to landorders of the value of £30'-which land-orders are exactly the same as 30 sovereigns in purchasing land from the government. The quantity of land taken up on the agricultural reserves by purchase and lease on the terms above described during the year 1862, was 17,134 acres.

and produce cotton in large quantities, grown by European labour, at a good paying profit, to sell in Liverpool at ordinary prices. Several cottongrowing companies and a considerable number of private individuals are now engaged in cottongrowing in Q., and notwithstanding the last two unfavourable wet seasons, most of them expect to be eventually successful.

Q. is a great pastoral country; the quantity of

The operation of the land and emigration scheme thus established appears to have been most success-live-stock now pastured within the colony, as ful. An officer, under the title of Agent-general, appointed for the purpose by the local government, has been engaged in Great Britain in making known and controlling this movement; and as many as nearly 20,000 persons have emigrated to Q. under his direction during the first three years and a half. The system of free grants of land to persons paying their own full passages, has had the intended effect of attracting a large number of small and larger capitalists; while a system of assisted and free passages, established by a wise adoption of the same land-order system, has freely supplied a class of industrious mechanics, farm-labourers, and general servants. Notwithstanding this, the demand for labour of all kinds is still on the increase.

shewn by the last copy of the Queensland Statistical Register, being as follows: horses, 45,850; cattle, 880,392; sheep, 5,672,400; pigs, 7351. It was an idea generally received until within the last few years, that the quality of Australian wool would degenerate as the sheep were driven towards the north. The reverse of this, however, proves to be the case. The Q. wool is remarkable for the fineness of its quality; and this seems to be increasingly the case as the pastoral occupation of the country extends northwards towards the Plains of Promise on the Gulf of Carpentaria. The wool diminishes a little in quantity, the fleeces being lighter, but the increased fineness of the wool more than makes up for a little diminution in its quantity. The value of the exports of wool from Q. in 1863 was £776,776. This is nearly double the quantity exported in 1860. From this may be inferred the rapid occupation of the country for pastoral purposes. This has extended during the last three or four years for hundreds of miles towards the western boundary, and for a still greater distance towards the shores of Carpentaria. Sheep and cattle are now pastured on the Flinders River within about 50 or 60 miles of the gulf, and stock is now being driven along the eastern shores of the gulf towards Cape York, where a Q. settlement has recently been formed at Somerset, at the extreme northern point of the island continent of Australia.

Q. was erected into a separate and independent colony in December 1859. The first representative of the Queen is Sir George Ferguson Bowen. His advisers consist of four cabinet ministers, and a few of the highest officials. There are two Houses of Parliament-the Legislative Council, nominated at present by the governor; and the Legislative Assembly, elected by the people. The suffrage is not universal, but within the reach of every industrious man after a twelvemonths' residence. Voting is by ballot. State aid to religion was abolished by one of the first acts of the parliament.

The agricultural capabilities of Q. are not confined to the elevated table-lands before alluded to as 'the Garden of the Colony.' On the lower lands, on the rivers and bays, and on the fertile valleys and sunny slopes of the eastern side of the range, there are many millions of acres of land immediately available for settlement, and admirably suited for tillage. In this portion of the colony, settlement is advancing by a class of small proprietary farmers. The land is described as very productive, yielding two crops in the year, and capable of producing almost everything that can be grown in any part of the world. Oranges, pine-apples, figs, bananas, grapes, mulberries, peaches, nectarines, granadillas, alligator pears, guavas, flourish in great perfection and abundance, and are seen growing up side by side with wheat, maize, potatoes, and all the fruits, flowers, and vegetables of Northern Europe. The cultivation of cotton appears likely to be carried on to a large extent. The cotton-plant is said to be indigenous in this part of Australia, and in consequence of the absence of severe frosts, it is also perennial. In the Reports drawn up by the most competent judges, on the samples of cotton from all parts of the world, at the International Exhibition, we find it stated: The samples of Sea Islands' cotton from the Australian colonies are far superior to cotton from any other part of the world.' The New Orleans' variety from Q. is also spoken of in the Report as particularly good.' Seven medals were awarded to Q. growers, and the distinction of honourable mention was conferred on five more. The average yield per acre was estimated at 400 lbs. of Sea Islands, and from 600 lbs. to 700 lbs. of Orleans; being two-thirds in excess of the average yield of the two sorts taken together in America, which is 300 lbs. per acre. QUEEN'S METAL, an alloy formed by fusing The last two years have proved unfavourable for the new of copper, and 1 part of bismuth. It is a kind of 100 parts of tin with 8 parts of antimony, 4 parts enterprise by the occurrence of two wet winters-Britannia metal, and is used for tea-pots and similar the cotton-picking season in Q.; this has been quite exceptional, the weather at this season of the year being ordinarily beautiful, fine, and dry. In spite of this unfavourable circumstance, however, several farmers have done well with the cotton, and in one or two cases realised from 250 to 350 lbs. of clean cotton to the acre. It seems likely the average yield of Sea Islands will be about 300 lbs. per acre. With these advantages, and with the rapid emigration to the colony, there seems every reason to believe they will be able in Q. to compete successfully with slave-grown cotton in America,

An excellent system of primary education is in successful and vigorous operation throughout the colony. Grammar-schools are also liberally endowed by the government. The statistics of criminal courts prove that there is less crime in Q. than in Great Britain. The population in the beginning of 1865 is ascertained to be a little over 60,000, of which nearly 16,000 had been added during the last year.

articles of domestic utility.

QUEEN'S REGULATIONS, or KING'S REGULATIONS, are those collections of orders and regulations in force in the army and navy respectively, which serve to guide commanding and other officers in all matters of discipline and personal conduct. The queen's regulations for the navy also in a great degree regulate matters of finance; whereas, in the army, financial matters are left to the War-office Regulations (q. v.). The reason for this distinction is, that as regards the navy, the

QUEENSTOWN-QUERN.

QUEENSTOWN, called formerly COVE OF CORK, Ireland, a seaport town, on the south side of Great Island, in the harbour of Cork, is distant from Cork 14 miles east-south-east, and from Dublin 157 miles south-west-by-west. It rose into some importance during the French war, as the port of embarkation for troops going on foreign service, and is now an admiral's station. On the occasion of the Queen's visit in 1850, the name Q. was given to it in honour of her Majesty. The formation of the town is rather peculiar, as it occupies the sides of an amphitheatre, around which it is built in parallel streets. It enjoys a high reputation for its mild and salubrious climate, and is much frequented by invalids during the winter season. The population in 1861 was position shews that quercitrin belongs to the 8653, of whom 7240 were Catholics, 1262 Protest-glycosides, or compounds which, when broken up, ants of the Established Church, and the rest of yield sugar. other denominations.

QUESNAY-QUETELET.

by the water-mill, the use of the former being his Maximes Générales du Gouvernement Economique prohibited except in case of storm, or where there was a lack of mills of the new species. Whoever used the quern was to gif the threttein measure as multer; the contravener was to 'tine [lose] his hand-mylnes perpetuallie.' This enactment did not, however, prevent hand-mills from being largely used in Scotland down to the beginning of the present century.

Probably the oldest type of quern is that which was fashioned from a section of oak; one of this description was found in Scotland in 1831, in the course of removing Blair Drummond Moss. It is 19 inches in height by 14 in diameter, and the centre is hollowed to a depth of about a foot, so as to form a mortar, in which the grain seems to have been pounded by a wooden or stone pestle.

A less simple variety of the stone quern, known as the Pot Quern, and also of great antiquity, consists of a circular stone basin, with a hole through which the meal or flour escapes, and a smaller circular stone fitting into it, perforated with an opening through which the grain was thrown into the mill. A number of querns of this description have been exhumed in Scotland, and still more in the bogs of Ireland, in which country the pot quern is believed not to be yet altogether disused. The subjoined wood-cut represents one in the Museum of

Quern.

d'un Royaume Agricole, the notes to which occupy more space than the text; Le Droit Naturel; Analyse du Tableau Economique; Problèmes Economiques; and Dialogues sur le Commerce et sur les Travaux des Artisans, all of which are to be found in Dupont's Recueil of Q.'s writings (Leyden and Paris, 1768).

QUESNEL, PASQUIER, a French theologian, was born at Paris, July 14, 1634, and having been educated in the Sorbonne, entered the Congregation of the Oratory in 1657. He obtained even early in his career the reputation of a profound familiarity with Scripture and the Fathers; and by several popular ascetical treatises which he published, he attracted so much notice, that, at the early age of 28, he was appointed director of the Paris house of his Congregation. It was for the use of the young men under his charge that he commenced the series of his afterwards celebrated Reflexions Morales. The first specimen of this work having been much admired, Q. continued to extend it to other portions of the New Testament. Soon afterwards, he published an edition of the works of St Leo (2 vols. 4to, Paris, 1675), which has been much criticised. His residence at Paris, however, was cut short by the disputes about Jansenism. Having refused to sign certain propositions, subscription to which was, by a decree of 1684, required of all members of the Oratory, Q. left the Congregation, and retired to the Low Countries, where he attached himself to the party of Arnauld, in which he speedily rose to the first position of influence and authority. He continued at Brussels his Reflexions Morales; and in 1693-1694, the Reflections on the New Testament were published in a complete form, with the approval of the Cardinal de Noailles, Bishop of Châlons, and ultimately Archbishop of Paris. The work, however, on examination, was found to contain all the most obnoxious doctrines of Jansenius; and Q., having been denounced to the authorities, was arrested, by order of Philip V., and put into prison. He escaped, and betook

himself to concealment. But his book was

declarations of the Roman Church on this controversy may be said to have ceased. The controversy continued, but nothing, or very little, that Amsterdam, where he lived to a great age, not was new was afterwards elicited. Q. withdrew to having died till 1719, in his 85th year. Besides the Reflexions Morales, he left a vast number of treatises, chiefly ascetical. The few dogmatical essays which Leo, are all tinged with his peculiar opinions. The he published, as well as his critical edition of St Reflexions Morales falling in, in the main, with the views of one of the religious parties in the Protestant Church, has been translated into German and English, and at one time enjoyed considerable popularity both in England and in Germany.

the Scottish Antiquaries; it is of unusually large size, 17 inches in diameter, and 8 high, and was discovered in the parish of Gladsmuir, in East condemned, first by the decree of an assembly Lothian. It is made of coarse pudding-stone, and of the bishops of France, and afterwards by a is furnished with holes in the sides, to which handles decision of Clement XI. in 1711, and finally by the were probably attached. The iron ring is a modern celebrated bull Unigenitus, September 8, 1713. addition.-See Dr Wilson's Archaeology and Pre-With this condemnation, the formal dogmatic historic Annals of Scotland, vol. i. p. 211, et seq., 2d edition (London and Cambridge, 1863). QUESNAY, FRANÇOIS, an eminent French economist and physician, was born at Mérey, near Montfort-l'Amaury, June 4, 1694, and studied at Paris, where, in 1718, he passed surgeon with a high reputation. He acquired a high reputation in his profession, and at his death, in 1774, was first physician to the king. But Q.'s fame depends almost wholly on his economistic speculations, which are to be found scattered through the pages of the famous Encyclopédie (sec, for example, the articles Fermiers' and 'Grain'), the Journal d'Agriculture, and the Ephémérides du Citoyen. He is the inventor of the term 'Political Economy, and one of the earliest and most distinguished writers on the subject. His views were systematically set forth in a little treatise, entitled Tableau Economique, which was nicknamed by La Harpe, the Alcoran des Economistes. Only a few copies of this work were printed about the end of the year 1758, and these have now all disappeared. Nevertheless, the principles maintained by Q. are well known, partly from the sources above mentioned, but chiefly from other treatises that have met with a better fate than the Tableau, viz.,

QUETELET, LAMBERT ADOLPHE JACQUES, a celebrated Belgian statistician and astronomer, was born at Ghent, 22d February 1796, and studied at the lyceum of his native city, where, in 1814, he became Professor of Mathematics. In 1819, he was appointed to the same chair at the Brussels Athenæum; and in 1826, was chosen by King William I. to superintend the construction of the Royal Observa tory in the capital, of which he became director in 1828. In 1836, he was made Professor of Astronomy and Geodesy at the Brussels Military School