SEA. Indian Ocean, and lat. 8° S. in the Pacific. See IsoTHERMAL LINES. The temperature of the surface on sea is far less variable than it is found to be on land, and there exist extensive tracts, especially in the North Atlantic and North Indian Oceans, wher it is almost equable. the Sea. The sea consists of salt water, and from its continual motion, under the influence of currents and waves, preserves, generally speaking, uniform saltness. Under special circumstances, however, we find the saltness increased, as by the excess of evaporation over the fresh-water influx in the Mediterranean and Red Seas, and about the northern Colour and Phosphorescence of the Sea.-The and southern limits of the tropical belt and colour of the ocean, when free from admixture of decreased, by the contrary cause, in the Sea of foreign substances, as animalcules, vegetable organAzof, Black Sea, Baltic Sea, and in the polar isms, excessive rain, or the tinted waters of swollen regions. See TRADE-WINDS. The origin of the rivers, is a pure deep blue, which becomes less saltness of the sea is sufficiently accounted for marked where the water is of less depth. The origin when we consider, that the chloride of sodium of this colour is sought in the fact, that the blue rays and other soluble salts which form constituent of the spectrum are less liable to be absorbed by ingredients of the globe, are being constantly masses of transparent fluid than are the others, and washed out of the soil and rocks by rain and thus predominating in the reflected pencil, they make springs, and carried down by the rivers; and as most impression on the eye. This hypothesis is the evaporation which feeds the rivers carries none certainly supported by the numerous instances in of the dissolved matter back to the land, the ten- which it has been well ascertained that a 'different' dency is to accumulate in the sea. The principal colour of sea-water is due to the presence of some ingredients found in sea-water are chloride of foreign substance, e. g., the red, brown, and white sodium, or common salt, together with salts of patches of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, to the magnesia and lime. A more exact analysis will presence of swarms of animalcules, and the colours be given under WATER. The average specific of the Red and Yellow Seas, to matters of vegetable gravity of the sea, out of reach of the excep- origin. However, some fresh-water lakes exhibit tional action of the melting of snow, rain or river the same phenomenon, while others, for no ascerwater, is (at 62° F.) 1·0272. The slight variations tained reason, do not; and the Rhone, at its emerin the saltness of the sea must necessarily pro-gence from the lake of Geneva, exhibits an intensity duce corresponding changes in its specific gravity; of blue far surpassing that of any sea. The probaaccordingly, on the northern and southern limits bility is that we have only got hold of a part of the of the torrid zone, the mean specific gravity of explanation. The phosphorescence of the sea is due the sea is, in different longitudes, 1'0281, 10294; to the presence of myriads of invertebrata, especially while at the equatorial calm belt, it is 10272, rhizopoda, tunicata, &c. See LUMINOSITY OF ORGANIC 10279; and on the whole shews a tendency to BODIES. diminish as the latitude increases, Beechey having found it to be 10258 in lats. 55°-60° N. and S. in the Pacific, and King 10255 in the corresponding latitudes of the Atlantic. It also increases with the depth below the surface, though not at a regular rate; is considerably diminished by rains at and near the mouths of rivers, and in those inlets or semi-lacustrine arms which are the depositories of more river-water than compensates for their evaporation, as in the Black Sea, where it is only 10141. A few springs of fresh water are found in the sea, but their effect in diluting its saltness is infinitesimal. The temperature of the sea, where it is not affected by currents from a warmer or colder region, necessarily corresponds to that of the air above it; but this is true only of the water at and near the surface, for it has been found, that beyond a certain limit of depth, the temperature is constant at 39° to 39.5° F. This depth, however, is not the same at all latitudes, but appears to vary in a similar manner to the perpetual snow-line on land-being about 1ths miles under the equator, thence gradually rising to the surface, which it reaches (in the southern hemisphere) in lat. 56° 25', and in the northern hemisphere in lat. 48° 20′—67° 30′, the limits of the isotherm of 39-39° 5', and descending as the latitude increases to ths of a mile about lat. 70°. From the equator to the isotherm of 39°, the water above this line is warmer, and between this latitude and the pole is colder than it is below the line, the temperature gradually, though not uniformly, varying from the line to the surface. Of course, in a few localities where exceptional causes are at work, as in the case of the sea between Corunna and Ferrol, as found by Humboldt, violations of this rule may occur, but these are comparatively few in number. The line of greatest surface-temperature does not correspond to the equator, but, owing to the disturbing influence of currents, is found in lat. 10° N. in the Atlantic (28° N. in the Gulf of Mexico), lat. 12° N. in the Depth of the Sea.-Till very recently, it might be said that, with the exception of the more frequented strips along the coast, and such other portions as afforded anchorage-ground, our knowledge of the depth of the ocean amounted to nothing. It is true that deep-sea soundings had been frequently made, but from the necessary defectiveness of the ordinary lead,' and inattention to the effect of under-currents in destroying the perpendicularity of the line, little dependence could be placed on the results obtained. Even at the present time, our knowledge is confined chiefly to the North Atlantic, the greatest depth of which, as far as it has (according to Maury's opinion) been satisfactorily ascertained, is 25,000 feet, though there are, in all probability, considerably greater depths in the region between the United States, the Bermudas, and Newfoundland. Soundings giving a depth of 21 and of more than 3 miles were made by Lieutenant Brooke in the Pacific, and this result corresponded very nearly with the estimate of its average depth drawn by Professor Bache from observation of the time taken by the great tidewaves of December 23, 1854, originated by the terrible earthquake which occurred in Japan on that day, to traverse the ocean between Japan and California; the latter giving an average depth of 2365 fathoms, or 24 miles. From the numerou islands which stud this ocean, one would be led at first sight to assume its comparative shallowness; but the abruptness with which they rise above the surface, and the remarkable soundings which have been obtained near their shores, completely annihilate this supposition. In the Indian Ocean, Brooke made a sounding of about 8 miles, but Maury (who strenuously opposes the old belief in the great depth of the sea) throws great doubt on the correctness of this result. From the remarkable gentleness of slope of the bed of the Arctic Ocean to the north of Siberia, the line giving only 14-15 fathoms at 150 miles from the shore, and from its configuration on the north of America, it is generally concluded to be by far the shallowest of the oceans, but no one SEA-SEA-KALE. has hitherto ventured to give a deliberate estimate of its depth. Of the depth of the Antarctic Ocean, nothing is known, but it is supposed to be deeper than its antipodal kinsman. Till our chart of soundings be tolerably complete, it will be impossible to give any general idea of the conformation of the bed of the sea, but, judging from what has been lately discovered concerning the North Atlantic (q. v.), it would seem as if the land-surface under water were the counterpart as regards eminences and hollows, chasms, valleys, plateaus, &c., of the land-surface above. Motion of the Sea.-The sea is in a state of perpetual restlessness, its motion being either a vertical oscillation, or an actual transference of its waters from one place to another. The first motion, which constitutes waves, is due either to the attraction of the sun and moon on such a mobile body as the sea (see TIDES), or to the impulsive action of the winds which blow over its surface (see WAVES); the second arises from the sun, which, directly through its heat, and indirectly by scorching dry winds, produces evaporation to a great extent, of the parts most exposed to its influence, and by its similar action on the atmosphere (see TRADE-WINDS), causes a transference of this vapour to remote latitudes, where it descends as rain, and, destroying the equilibrium of the sea, gives rise to currents. The nature of these currents is described under GULF STREAM, and the chief currents of each ocean are found under its own head. This constant motion of the sea is of great service in tending to equalise the temperature of different parts of the globe; it also produces remarkable changes in the form of coasts, eating into rocks, converting low-lying lands into shoals and sand-banks, or carrying away the earthy materials, and depositing them in some distant region. The erosive action of the sea is generally almost imperceptible during several years, but in course of two or three centuries, the magnitude of the changes effected by it is almost incredible. The sea, like the land, teems with animal life; representatives of the four great divisions of the animal kingdom are found abundantly, and though its temperature is far more equable, the limitation of the zonal range of animals is not a whit less definite the profound depths of ocean would appear to be as barren of vegetable and animal life as are the lofty summits on land; and the inhabitants of the deep seem to suffer as much from being taken even a little out of their depth, as would a land imal removed to an unaccustomed altitude. On the economic value of the sea as a purifier, and as a commercial highway, it is unnecessary to dilate. For some of the peculiar phenomena of the sea, see ICEBERGS, AURORA BOREALIS, WHIRLPOOLS, the five great OCEANS (q. v.), CORAL, &C. The term Sea is also applied in a more limited though indefinite sense, to an offshoot of one of the oceans, as to the Black, Baltic, Okhotsk Seas, to any portion of an ocean which from its position or configuration is considered deserving of a special name, and to the two great inland salt lakes of Central Asia, the Caspian and Aral Seas. SEA, SOVEREIGNTY OF THE. Blackstone lays it down that the main or high seas are part of the realm of England, as the Courts of Admiralty have jurisdiction there; but adds that they are not subject to common law. But the law of nations, as now understood, recognises no dominion in any one nation over the high seas, which are the highway of all nations, and governed by the public law of the civilised world. Such a right has, however, long been claimed over the four seas surrounding the British Isles. It was strongly asserted by Selden, and denied by Grotius, and measures were taken to vindicate the right in the reign of (harles I. Every nation has undoubtedly a right to the exclusive dominion of the sea within a certain not very welldefined distance from the shore, depending on the usage of the country. This right of lordship includes the right to free navigation, to fishing, to taking wrecks, the forbidding passage to enemies, the right of flag, of jurisdiction, &c. By the law of England, the main sea begins at low-water mark; and between low and high-water mark the common law and admiralty have a divided jurisdiction, one on land when left dry, the other on the water when it is full sea. By the law of Scotland, the sea-shore is not considered to extend beyond the point which the sea reaches in ordinary tides. See BLOCKADE NEUTRALS. SEA CUCUMBER. See HOLOTHURIA. natural order Gnetacea, a natural order consisting of SEA GRAPE (Ephedra), a genus of plants of the characters to the Conifere, and by many botanists a small number of species, closely allied in botanical united with that order, although differing much in shrubs, with opposite or clustered branches and appearance. The Gnetacea are small trees, or twiggy jointed stems, whence they are sometimes called JOINT-FIRS. They secrete not resinous but watery matter. The development of the ovule is very peculiar; it has a projecting process formed from the intimate covering of the nucleus. SEA'HAM HARBOUR, a thriving seaport in the county of Durham, 6 miles south of Sunderland. Its excellent harbour is furnished with wharfs, quays, and jetties, and the town contains most extensive bottle-works, blast furnaces, ironfoundry, and chemical works. It communicates by railway with collieries in the vicinity, and the principal articles of export are coals and agricultural produce. The town has nearly doubled its population during the last ten years. Pop. (1851) 3538, (1861) 6137, (1865) 7000. SEA-HORSE, in Heraldry, a fabulous animal, consisting of the upper part of a horse with webbed feet, united to the tail of a fish. A scalloped fin is carried down the back. The arms of the town of Cambridge are supported by two sea-horses, proper finned and maned or. Sea-horse. SEA-KALE (Crambe maritima; see CRAMBE), a perennial plant with large roundish sinuated seagreen leaves, found on the sea-shores in various parts of Europe, and in Britain. The blanched sprouts have become a very favourite esculent in Britain, although as yet little known on the continent. The common people, on some of the shores of England, had long been in the practice of watching them when they came through the sand, and using them as a pot-herb, but the cultivation of the plant in the kitchen garden became general only at a comparatively recent date. It requires a deep rich soil, and the care of the gardener is bestowed upon the blanching, without which the sprouts are not tender and agreeable, but even acrid. The blanching is accomplished in various ways, by earth, sand, boards, earthenware pots, &c. Sea-kale is generally raised from seed, although also sometimes propagated by offsets or by cuttings of the roots. The seedlings do not yield a crop till the third year; but a plantation of sea-kale remains productive for many year & SEAL It is planted in rows, four to six feet apart. It sends its tap-root very deep into the ground. SEAL (Lat. sigillum, Fr. sceau), an impression on wax or other soft substance made from a die or matrix of metal, a gem, or some other material. The stamp which yields the impression is sometimes itself called the seal. In Egypt, seals were in use at an early period, the matrix generally forming part of a ring (see GEM, RING). Devices of a variety of sorts were in use at Rome, both by the earlier emperors and private individuals. The emperors, after the time of Constantine, introduced bulla or leaden seals, and their use was continued after the fall of the Western Empire by the popes, who attached them to documents by cords or bands. On the earlier papal seals are monograms of the pope; afterwards the great seal contained the name of the pope in full, and a cross between the heads of St Peter and St Paul, while the papal privy seal, impressed not on lead but on wax, known as the Seal of the Fisherman, represented St Peter fishing. In the 9th and 10th centuries we find Charlemagne, the Byzantine emperors, and the Venetian doges, occasionally sealing with gold, and we have an instance as late as the 16th c. of a gold seal appended to the treaty of the Field of the Cloth of Gold, between Henry VIII. and Francis I. Seals were not much used in England in AngloSaxon times, but they came into general use after the Norman Conquest. On the royal great seals was the king in armour on a caparisoned horse galloping, his arms being shewn on his shield after the period when arms came into use; and the reverse represented the king seated on a throne. The great seals of Scotland begin with Duncan II. in the end of the 11th c., and have also for subject the king on horseback; the counterseal, with the seated figure, being used first by Alexander I., and the earliest appearance of the arms of Scotland being on the seal of Alexander II. In both countries there were also the privy seals with the royal arms ouly. Ecclesiastical seals first appear in the 9th c., and attained great beauty in the 13th and 14th. They are of the pointed oval form known as Vesica piscis; and have for subjects, a figure of the bishop, sometimes of the Trinity, the Virgin, or a patron saint, seated under an elaborate architectural canopy. The arms of the bishop are often added. Under the Norman monarchs of England, sealing became a legal formality, necessary to the authentication of a deed; and from the 13th c. onwards, the seals of all persons of noble or gentle birth represented their armorial ensigns. The seal was generally appended to the document by passing a strip of parchment or a cord through a slit in its lower edge; and the ends being held together, the wax was pressed or moulded round them a short distance from the extremity, and the matrix impressed on it. Occasionally the seal was not pendant, but the wax was spread on the deed. The coloured wax with the impression was sometimes imbedded m a mass of white wax forming a protective border to it. In England, a seal is still an essential to all legal instruments by which real estate is conveyed; but since subscription has also become necessary, the practice of sealing has degenerated into a mere formality. The custom was gradually introduced of covering the wax with white paper, on which the impression was made, and latterly wafers have been considered a sufficient substitute for seals. In Scotland, every freeholder was obliged by statutes of Robert III. and James I. to have his seal of arms, an impression of which was kept in the office of the clerk of court of the shire; and among the Scottish armorial seals of the 14th and 15th centuries are some of wonderful beauty of execution. Act 1540, c. 117, for the first time made subscription an essential formality to deeds; but sealing still continued to be necessary till 1584, when it was dispensed with in the case of deeds containing a clause of registration, and soon afterwards the practice was altogether laid aside. The use of corporate seals by towns and boroughs dates as far back as the 12th century. The earlier corporate seals bear the town gates, city walls, or some similar device; the use of corporate arms did not begin till the latter half of the 14th century. The principal use of seals in the present day is in closing letters, and even for this purpose they have of late years been less used than formerly, owing to the fashion of using stamped adhesive envelopes. The study of medieval seals is of great importance and interest in connection with many branches of archæology, including heraldic and genealogical investigations. See GREAT SEAL; PRIVY SEAL SEAL. SEAL (Phoca) a Linnæan genus of Mammalia, how forming the family Phocide, and including all hat family except the Morse (q. v.), or Walrus. The name S. is from the Anglo-Saxon Seol. The Phocide constitute, in Cuvier's system, a section Carnivora (q. v.) designated Amphibia. Their Skeleton of Seal, with outline of the figure. structure is most perfectly adapted to an aquatic life, and they live chiefly in water, but spend part of their time on shore, reposing and basking in the sunshine on rocks, sand-banks, icefields, or beaches; and they bring forth their young on shore. The body is elongated, and tapers from the chest to the tail; the head somewhat resembles that of a dog, and in most of the species the brain is large; the feet are short, and little more than the paw projects beyond the skin of the body; all the feet are thoroughly webbed, and five-toed; the fore-feet ar. placed like those of other quadrupeds; but the hind-feet are directed backwards, like a prolongation of the body, and between them is a short tail. The toes, particularly those of the hind-feet, are capable of being spread out very widely in swimming, so as to give great propulsive power. The movements of seals in the water are very rapid and graceful; on land, they are very peculiar; even the fore-feet being little used or not at all, but the body contracted by an upward bending of the spine, and so thrown forward by a succession of jerks; in which way, however, a S. makes its escape very rapidly from an assailant. The flexibility of the spine in seals is very ren arkable, and depends on the very large intervertebral cartilages, formed of fibrous concentric rings. The muscles, which are connected with the pine on all sides, are of great strength. The teeth differ considerably in the different genera, but in all are adapted for the seizure of slippery prey, the chief food of seals being fishes, although they do not reject other animal food, and are said even to feed in part on vegetable substances. Their incisors are either six in the upper jaw and four in the lower, or four in the upper and two in the lower; they all have large and strong canine teeth; and the molars, usually five or six on each side in each jaw, are either sharp-edged or conical, and beset with points. Seals have a remarkable habit of swallowing large stones, for which no probable reason has yet been conjectured. Their stomachs are very often found to be in part filled with stones. The stomach is quite simple; the gullet (aesophagus) enters it at the left extremity; the cœcum is short, the intestinal canal long. The respiration of seals is extremely slow, about two minutes intervening between one breath and another, when the animal is on land and in full activity. A S. has been known to remain twentyfive minutes under water. Their slowness of respiration, and power of suspending it for a considerable time, is of great use, as enabling them to pursue their prey under water. The fur of seals is very smooth, and abundantly lubricated with an oily secretion. There is generally an inner coating of rich fur, through which grow long hairs, forming an outer covering. Another adaptation to aquatic life and cold climates appears in a layer of fat immediately under the skin-from which Seal Oil is obtained-serving not only for support when food is scarce, but for protection from cold, and at the same time rendering the whole body lighter. The nostrils are capable of being readily and completely closed, and are so whilst the S. is under water; and there is a similar provision for the ears; whilst the eye, which is large, exhibits remarkable peculiarities, supposed to be intended for its adaptation to use both in air and water. The face is provided with strong whiskers, connected at their base with large nerves. Seals produce their young only once a year; sometimes one, sometimes two, at a birth. Not long after their birth, the young are conducted by the mother into the sea. Many, if not all, of the species are polygamous. Terrible fights occur among the males. Seals are very much on their guard against the approach of man, where they have been much molested; but where they have been subjected to no molestation, they are far from being shy, and approach very close to boats, or to men on shore, as if animated by curiosity. They are much affected by musical sounds. A flute is said to attract seals to a boat, where they have not learned caution from sore experience; and the ringing of the church bell at Hoy, in Orkney, has very often caused the appearance of numerous seals in the little bay. Seals possess all the five senses in great perfection. The Common S. and some of the other species are very intelligent; but there is considerable difference in this respect among the species. The Common S. and some others have often been tamed, and are capable of living long in domestication, if freely supplied with water. They become very familiar with those who attend to them, are very fond of caresses and of notice, recognise their name like dogs, and readily learn many little tricks, of which advantage has been taken for exhibitions. Seals are found in all the colder parts of the world, most abundantly in the arctic and antarctic regions; some of them also in temperate climates, as far south as the Mediterranean, and as far north as the La Plata. Some of them ascend rivers to some distance in pursuit of salmon and other fish. They are found in the Caspian Sea, and even in the freshwater Lake Baikal. The species are numerous, but in no group of Mammalia does more remain for further investiga tion. Seals are divided into two principal groupsSeals, more strictly so called, and Otaries (q. v.); the former distinguished by the complete want of external ears, which the latter possess, and by their dentition. The true seals have been further subdivided into genera, chiefly characterised by their dentition. In the restricted genus Phoca, or Calocephalus, the incisors are pointed and sharp-edged, six above and four below. The Common S. (Phoca vitulina) is found in the northern parts of the Atlantic Ocean, and in the Arctic Ocean. It is common on the wilder and more unfrequented parts of the British coast, particularly in the north. It is remarkably distinguished, even among its nearest congeners, by the oblique position of the molar teeth. The fur is yellowish, variously spotted, and marked with brown. The whole length is from 3 to 5 feet. Its love of salmon is so great that it has been known to haunt the neighbourhood of a salmon-net for a long time, and to take the fish after they were entrapped in it. The Common S. is generally seen in small herds. Its skin and oil are of considerable mercantile importance. The skin is dressed with the fur on, to make caps, &c., or is SEALING-WAX-SEAL OF CONFESSION. tanned and used as leather. The oil, when made before decay has begun, is colourless and nearly inodorous; it is much superior to whale-oil. The flesh is much used for food in very northern countries, as is that of all the other species which they produce. It is not easy to shoot a seal. Whilst flint-locks were in use, the S. always dived so quickly on seeing the flash as generally to escape the ball. The popular name SEA-CALF, and the specific name vitulina, have reference to a supposed resemblance of the voice to that of a calf.-The HARP S. (P. Grænlandica) receives its popular Harp Seal (Phoca Granlandica), attitude on land. name from a large, black, crescent-shaped mark on each side of the back. It is sometimes seen on the British coasts, but belongs chiefly to more northern regions. It is from 6 to 8 or even 9 feet in length. The GREAT S., or BEARDED S. (P. barbata), also found on the British coasts, and plentiful on the coasts of Greenland, is generally about 9 or 10 feet long, sometimes more. The ROUGH or BRISTLED S. (P. hispida) frequents quiet bays on the coasts of Greenland, where many thousands are annually killed for their skins and oil. It is the smallest of the northern species.-The GRAY S. (Halichoerus griseus), which has a very flat head, and attains a Common Seal (P. vitulina), attitude when swimming. size nearly equal to the Great S., occurs on the British coasts, but is much more common in more northern latitudes, and in the Baltic Sea. The CRESTED S. (Stemmatopus cristatus) is remarkable for the elevation of the septum of the nose of the adult male into a crest, which supports a hood covering the head, and capable of being distended and elevated or depressed at pleasure. The use of this appendage is not known. This S. is plentiful on the coasts of Greenland and the northern parts of North America.-The seals of the southern seas are quite distinct from those of the northern. One of them is the SEA LEOPARD, or LEOPARD S. (Leptonyx Weddelli), so called from its spotted fur It is found on the South Orkneys and other very southern islands. By far the largest of all the seals is the ELEPHANT S., or Sea Elephant of the southern seas. See ELEPHANT, SEA. Seals are to some extent migratory, although thei migrations do not extend to very great distances and are probably regulated by the abundance o scarcity of food. The time of the return of certain species to certain coasts, is very confidently reckoned upon by the natives of the north and by sealhunters. Seal-hunting-or fishing, as it is often calledrequires great patience and skill. Most of the seals, if not all, are gregarious, and one seems to be always placed on the watch, where danger is to be apprehended from bears or from hunters. They climb up through holes in the ice-fields of the polar seas, even when there is a height of several feet from the water, but it is difficult for the hunter to get between them and the hole. Nor is seal-hunting unattended with danger, an enraged S. being a formidable antagonist, at least to the inexperienced. Seal-hunting is the great occupation of the Greenlanders, but it is also extensively prosecuted in other northern parts of the world; great numbers are taken on the coasts of Newfoundland and other northern parts of America; whale-fishers kill seals as they find opportunity; and vessels are fitted out expressly for the purpose, from the northern parts of Europe and of America. was far more SEALING-WAX. A composition of hard resinimpressions of seals. Simple as it may appear, its ous materials used for receiving and retaining the manufacture is one of great importance, and formerly gummed envelopes having to a great extent superso than at present-the use of seded it. Common beeswax was first used in this Country and in Europe generally, being mixed with less, it was difficult to preserve it, as a very small earthy materials to give it consistency. Nevertheamount of heat softened it. sealing-wax to Europe, and the Spaniards received The Venetians, however, brought the Indian it from the Venetians, and made it a very important branch of their commerce. The great value of the Indian wax consisted in the fact that it was made only of shell-lac, coloured with vermilion or some other pigment, and this has been found superior to all other materials. In addition to the shell-lac and colouring material, there is always added to the wax made in Europe a portion of Venetian turpentine (see TURPENTINE), and of resin. SEA-LION. See OTARY. SEA-LION, in Heraldry, a monster consisting of the upper part of a lion combined with the tail of a fish. SEAL ISLANDS, or LOBOS ISLANDS. See PERU. SEALKOTE, a town in the Punjab, near the left bank of the Chenab, 65 miles north-north-east from Lahore. It contains about 20,000 inhabitants, and carries on the manufacture of paper. S. was formerly a military station, and at the period of the outbreak of the Indian mutiny, there was a riflepractice dépôt here. All the European troops had been removed in July 1857 to repress disturbances that had broken out elsewhere, and on the 9th of that month the native troops fired on their officers. A considerable number of Europeans were killed, and the survivors suffered great privations until the sepoys, having plundered the station, started off in the direction of Delhi. SEAL OF CONFESSION. See CONFESSION and CONFIDENTIALITY. |