PUSHKIN-PUTTY. suspended from preaching by the Vice-chancellor included under the head of 'pustular diseases,' are for three years, on the allegation that his language on the subject of the Real Presence was beyond what is sanctioned by the Formularies of the Church of England. Dr P., however, protested against the proceeding, and appealed to the teaching of English divines. His other principal works are-Remarks on the Benefits of Cathedral Institutions; two treatises on the Royal Supremacy in Spiritual Matters; a treatise on the Ancient Doctrine of the Real Presence; Letters to the Archbishop of Canterbury, the (late) Bishop of Oxford, and the (late) Bishop of London, in Defence of Church Principles; On Marriage with a Deceased Wife's Sister; On the Use of Private Confession in the English Church; Translations of several foreign devotional works adapted to the use of the English Church; a Commentary on the Minor Prophets, now in progress; Lectures on the Prophet Daniel; a Catalogue of Arabic MSS. in the Bodleian Library; and numerous sermons. PUSHKIN, ALEXANDER SERGEIVITCH, a Russian poet of good family, was born at Moscow, 26th May 1799, and educated at the imperial lyceum of Tsarskoe Selo, where he acquired more reputation for his liberal opinions than for his attention to study. In 1817, he entered the service of govern ment, and soon became one of the most prominent figures in fashionable society. In 1820, he published his romantic poem of Ruslan and Liudmila, which met with a flattering reception from the public. The incidents are laid in the legendary times of Vladimir, the Russian Charlemagne. During the next five years, P. led a roving sort of life, in the course of which appeared his Plennik Kavkaskoi (Prisoner of the Caucasus, 1822), which narrates the escape of a young Russian from a Circassian horde by the help of a Circassian maid; and his Fountain of Bakhtchiserai (1824), a poem of singular beauty and interest. These were followed by Tzigani (The Gipsies, 1827), a picture of wild gipsy life in Bessarabia, and Evgenii Onaegin (1828), a humorously sarcastic description of Russian society-after the fashion of Byron's Beppo. In 1829, he published his last narrative poem, Pultava, which has for its hero Mazeppa, the famous Hetman of the Cossacks. About the same time, he wrote a dramatic poem entitled Boris Godunov, one of the best of all his works; but subsequent to this he appears to have addicted himself almost wholly to prose. Another, and less commendable change, however, took place in him. From being or seeming an enthusiastic 'liberal,' he passed-after his appointment to the office of imperial historiographer, with a pension of 6000 rubles-to the extreme of Russian conservatism. The chief thing he did in his official capacity was to write the life of the rebel Pugatschew. He was mortally wounded in a duel, and expired at St Petersburg, January 29 (February 10), 1837. P. is reckoned the finest poet that Russia has produced in the present century. His countrymen call him the Russian Byron,' and he has not a little of the bold and brilliant genius of his prototype, excelling like him in vigour of imagery and impassioned sentiment. PU'STULAR DISEASES. Under this head are included the cutaneous diseases which are characterised by pustules, or circumscribed elevations of the cuticle, containing pus; they are Ecthyma, Impetigo, Acne, and Sycosis, all of which are noticed in special articles. Pustules also occur in small-pox, and occasionally in chicken-pox, but these are on good grounds regarded as febrile diseases, in which the eruption on the skin is not the primary disorder. Boils (q. v.), although not in their nature, pustular. It article of commerce in India, where it is used both PU'TCHUK, an aromatic root, a considerable as a perfume and as a medicine, and of export to China, where it is much used for incense, as it gives out a very pleasant odour when burned. appears to be the Costus (q. v.) of the ancients, and is the root of Aucklandia costus, one of the Comof Costus, one of the Scitamineæ. posite, and not, as was once supposed, of a species Cashmere, and is called Kooth in Northern India. It grows in P. is its name at Calcutta. PUTLOGS, small timbers used in the construction of buildings. They lie between the wall and the poles of the scaffolding, and on them the floor of the scaffolding rests. Apertures called 'putlogholes' are common in buildings of all ages. PUTREFA'CTION is the term applied to the spontaneous decomposition of organic substances, when such decomposition is accompanied by an offensive odour. In other respects, it may be regarded as identical with Fermentation (q. v.). In the process of putrefaction, organic compounds of a higher order are resolved into lower organic compounds, into inorganic compounds (such as water, ammonia, sulphuretted hydrogen, &c.), or into simple chemical elements (such as hydrogen or nitrogen. The substances which most readily putrefy are the protein bodies (albumen, fibrine, caseine, &c.) and gelatigenous tissues, glue, &c.; the only necessary conditions being the presence of moisture and the access of air at the commencement of the process. Since animals are mainly composed of the protein bodies, they are especially liable to undergo this change; but many vegetable products, which are rich in these bodies (e. g., seeds), are also prone is readily accounted for when the nature of the to this form of decomposition. The peculiar smell resulting compounds is considered. by a variety of conditions, amongst which may The putrefaction of organic matters is prevented be mentioned (1) exclusion of air, (2) perfect dryness, (3) a freezing temperature (as, e. g., in the (4) a high temperature (about 250°), and (5) anticase of the mammoths preserved in the Siberian ice), putrescent or antiseptic substances of various kinds. It is worthy of notice that all bodies susceptible of and may thus induce special changes in sugar, putrefactive decomposition may act as ferments, urea, &c., which would not have occurred except in the presence of the putrefying matter. PUTRID FEVER. See JAIL FEVER. PUTTING TO SILENCE, in the Law of Scotland, is the title of a suit or action of declarator, the object of which is to put an end to certain pretended claims of marriage. The most recent illustration of this action was that in Yelverton v. Yelverton. The suit corresponds to what is called in England a suit of Jactitation (q. v.). worked into a thick paste. It is used by painters PUTTY, a composition of whiting and drying oil and glaziers-by the former for filling up holes in surfaces, previous to their being painted with oilcolours; and by the latter, for fixing panes of glass in windows, &c. It becomes remarkably hard in time, and fixes the glass immovably. This has been found rather an evil in some cases, especially where thick plate-glass is used for skylights and other roofing purposes, because it will not permit the expansion and contraction caused by the varying temperature to which the glass is exposed in such situations. Hence the addition, in such cases, has been made lately of a pound of fine Russian PUTTY-POWDER-PYEMIA. tallow to every twelve pounds of the ordinary PUTTY-POWDER, a material, consisting of peroxide of tin, in great use for polishing stone and metal work. It is also used as a colouring material for white glass, and for the white enamels of porcelain, &c. It is made by melting tin; as the surface oxidises, the scum, which is the peroxide, is raked off, and when cold, is reduced to a fine powder, which is white in colour, and the particles are extremely hard. PUY is the name commonly given in the highlands of Auvergne and the Cevennes to the truncated conical peaks of extinct volcanoes. It is perhaps connected with puit or puits, a well' or vent, and may have been given in allusion to the craters of these mountains. PUZZOLA'NA, a mineral substance, produced This prevents its becoming by volcanoes, and abundant in volcanic countries. It derives its name from Puzzuoli near Naples. It is earthy in character, consisting of particles in a very loose state of aggregation, but its chemical composition agrees with that of Basalt (q. v.). It is found of various colours-brown, yellow, reddish, colours of the P. of Italy. See CEMENTS. and gray. Brown and yellow are the ordinary PYÆ'MIA (from the Gr. pyon, pus, and hama, blood), or purulent infection of the blood, is a disease whose exciting cause is the introduction of decomposing animal matter into the circulation. The animal matter may be decomposing pus, unhealthy secretions, putrid fluid (as from decomposing hides, dead bodies, &c.), the fluid of glanders, &c.; and it may be introduced through an ulcer or a wound, through an imperfectly closed vein (see PHLEBITIS and PUERPERAL FEVER), or through a mucous membrane, as that which lines the nostrils. absorbed and diffused, and the blood undergoes The poison in these cases, if it acts at all, is rapidly certain changes, the nature of which chemistry has in very acute cases, there are severe shiverings, as yet failed to detect. Within twenty-four hours, headache, and giddiness, followed by heat, perspira hours more, the patient may be in a hopeless condition, and accelerated circulation. In twenty-four tion, delirious, and rapidly sinking. In less acute cases, the symptoms closely resemble those of typhoid fever, and in this form, the disease is a is only, however, when there are predisposing causes common cause of death, after surgical operations. It that the poison acts so severely. By their presence, they convert a comparatively slight local mischief into infection of the whole mass of the blood; while by their absence, they render the poisonous matter comparatively harmless. Mr Callender, whose essay on pyæmia is the most complete that has yet appeared (for the recognition of the disease by a special name is comparatively recent), signalises extreme prostration or exhaustion of the system as the chief predisposing causes-previous illness; from organic disease, from surgical complaints, or from difficult parturition; unhealthy occupations; over-indulgence in food, &c. PUY, LE, or LE PUY-EN-VELAY, a town of France, department of Haute-Loire, about 70 miles south-west of Lyon, is one of the most picturesque towns in Europe. It stands on the steep southern slopes of Mount Anis, from the summit of which starts up precipitously the huge basaltic mass called Rocher de Corneille, crowned by the ruins of an ancient episcopal castle. The greatest natural curiosity is the Rocher de St Michel, an obelisk of nature's own making, composed of basaltic tufa, and rising in a solitary abrupt cone from the margin of the river Borne to a height of 265 feet, with a circumference at its base of 500 feet, and at its top, of from 45 to 50 feet. The sides of this sugar-loaf are almost perpendicular; but a winding stair cut along the rock conducts to the summit, which is surmounted by a little Romanesque chapel of the The most notable buildings of Le P. are the cathedral, a splendid but heavy-looking structure of the 10th or 11th c., situated in the highest part of the town, and chiefly remarkable for a wonder-working image of the Virgin (Notre Dame du Puy). For more than 100 years, the town France with the bells for their horses and mules, Pop. 14,560. 10th century. has furnished the carriers and muleteers of Southern PUY-DE-DÔME, a large central department of France, containing an area of 5070 sq. m., and a population of 576,409. Plateau and mountain occupy three-fourths of it; plain and valley the rest. Branches of the Cevennes and of the Auvergne mountains overspread the east and west of the department. The multitude of conical hills or puys, of basaltic and lava masses, and of craters, shews the volcanic nature of the soil. See AUVERGNE. The principal river is the Allier (a tributary of the Loire), which flows in a northern direction through the middle of the department; but there are numerous lesser streams. The soil is, in general, light and poor; but its volcanic character fosters vegetation; and the splendid valley of Limagne, upwards of 70 miles long, is fertile throughout, and well cultivated. The climate is uncertain; the mountains are tormented with howling storms, and more or less covered with snow for six or seven months of the year. The chief products are wheat, rye, flax, fruits (especially cherries and nuts). Some middling wine is also produced. The high pasturelands support great numbers of cattle, sheep, and goats. The principal minerals are iron, antimony, and lead. Hot and cold mineral springs are abundant; among the most frequented are those of St Myon and Chateldon. The department is subdivided into the arrondissements of Ambert, Clermont, Issoire, Riom, and Thiers. In association with the general symptoms which have been already stated, there are often local or secondary complications. The disease is always accompanied with great danger. When secondary complications are present, the hope of recovery is very small. Practical surgeons,' observes Mr Callender, acknowledge that very little chance remains for the patient who, after an operation, is attacked with symptoms of this disease.' The only disease with which this disorder can be confounded is typhoid fever. If the poison has been received into the system by an open sore, nitrate of silver should be applied freely, after which the part should be treated with soothing fomentations or poultices. The bowels should be freely acted on by a sharp purgative (as five grains of calomel and a scruple of jalap). The action of the skin should be increased by diaphoretics, and the bowels should be daily acted on by saline draughts, with the addition of bicarbonate of potash to stimulate the kidneys. By these means, the poison may be eliminated. The depression of the nervous system, which is usually very marked, must be counteracted by opium in small and repeated doses, in addition to which, a dose of Dover's Powder (ten grains) should be taken at bed-time. Stimulants, such as brandy and sherry, should be given in small but frequently-repeated doses from almost the beginning of the disease, and light nutri tious food should be given as freely as the stomach PYCNOGONIDE-PYM. wil bear it. The internal administration of hyposulphite of soda and of the hyposulphites generally, has been lately recommended by Professor Polli of Milan. Considering that pyæmia is the cause of death in 10 per cent. of all cases of amputation, and in 43 per cent. of all fatal primary amputations, it becomes a question of great importance how it can be prevented. Persons whose health is already broken down require careful preparation before undergoing an operation. "They must be strengthened,' says Mr Callender, by tonics, such as quinine and iron; and their secretions must be set right by appropriate alteratives; this treatment must be continued for a considerable period; for if the health be much broken, it is slow of taking effect, and its employment for only a few days prior to an operation is of course simply useless. The diet should at the same time be attended to; and persons of intemperate habits should be accustomed to a more healthy mode of living, although in no case should the stimulants be too suddenly withdrawn.' On the same principles, after the operation has been performed, these patients must have their strength supported by a nutritious diet; must have stimulants freely given them, if there are any signs of incipient prostration; and should take opium in sufficient doses to quiet the system and allay irritation. that every spring they were attacked by the cranes on the coasts of Oceanus. Later writers place them at the mouths of the Nile, but we also read of northern Pygmies inhabiting the region of Thule, and of Pygmies who lived in subterranean dwellings on the eastern side of the Ganges. Greek fancy worked hard to paint the Lilliputian dimensions of these creatures. It was said that they cut down every corn-ear with an axe; that when Hercules came into their country, they climbed up his goblet, by the help of ladders, to drink from it; and that, when he was asleep, two whole Pygmy armies fell upon his right, and another on his left, hand, but were all rolled up by the hero in his lion's skin. Aristotle did not believe that the stories about Pygmies were utterly fabulous, however much they had been overlaid by fancy with the marvellous. His 'rationalistic' (if not rational) interpretation was, that they were probably some diminutive tribe in Upper Egypt, who rode very small horses, and lived in caves. PYM, JOHN, famous as the leader of the popular party in the House of Commons in the reign of Charles I., was born in the year 1584. He came of a good family in Somersetshire, and was proprietor of the lands of Woolavington Pym and Woolavington Throckmorton, near Bridgewater, in that county. He was for some years a gentlemancommoner of Pembroke College, Oxford, and afterPYCNOGO'NIDÆ, a very remarkable family of wards studied law at one of the Inns of Court. Crustacea, of the section Edentata of Milne-Edwards, Having been sent to parliament as member for and forming the order Aranciformes (Spider-like) Tavistock, in Devonshire, he attached himself to of some authors. By Cuvier and many other the popular party; and, during the later part of naturalists, a place was assigned them among the reign of James I., became noted for his vigorous Arachnida; and it is only of late that they have opposition to the arbitrary measures of the court. been decidedly referred to Crustacea, in consequence In 1626, the year after the accession of Charles I., of the discovery that they undergo metamorphoses. he distinguished himself by taking a prominent part They are all marine, and some of them live among in the impeachment of the king's favourite, the algæ, or are to be found under stones on the beach, Duke of Buckingham. In 1640, the functions of whilst others are dredged from deep water. They parliament having been in abeyance for 13 years, seem to prey by suction on during which time the popular discontents had molluscs, but probably on gradually been growing to a head, the celebrated kinds of many marine Long Parliament was convened; and from the first, animals. The legs of many, P. was by common consent recognised in it as the as in the genus Pycnogonum, leader of the opposition to the despotic policy of the are furnished with hooks monarch. For the position which he thus occupied, for taking hold, and Linnæus his qualifications were eminent. In temper, he was believed P. littorale to be bold and fearless; he was master of an eloquence, parasitic on whales; but it close, terse, and vigorous; and in knowledge of is not uncommon among parliamentary form and business procedure, it was sea-weeds on the British considered he had scarcely his equal in the House. coasts. The suctorial pro- On November 3, as soon as business had opened, boscis of these creatures he set forth to the House, in a long and elaborate may be said to form the address, the intolerable grievances under which the whole head. The abdomen nation laboured; and a week after, he boldly deis almost rudimentary. Their most remarkable char-nounced the Earl of Strafford as the 'great promoter acteristic is in their digestive cavity. The stomach of tyranny,' to whose evil influence on the mind gives off from its circumference ten long cæca, four of the king these grievances were in the main to of which on each side extend into the proper or be attributed. In the impeachment of Strafford locomotive legs, the other two into the pincer-like which followed, resulting in his execution under a rudimentary foot-jaws. These ramifications of the bill of attainder passed upon him, Pym took the alimentary canal seem to serve all the purposes of leading part. Of this master-stroke of policy, the circulatory, respiratory, and chyliferous systems which deprived the king of the one man of resolute of higher animals. This arrangement, which temper and powerful genius who adhered to his appears also among the inferior tribes of some cause, the credit must be chiefly awarded to Pym. other classes of animals, has received from M. de In the subsequent proceedings against Laud, he was Quatrefages the name of Phlebenterism (Gr. vein- also conspicuous, as in every other crisis of moment, intestineism). The stomach of the P. with its cæca up to the time when war became inevitable between floats almost freely within the general cavity of the the king and the parliament. On the breaking out body in a fluid, which is kept in agitation by the of hostilities, he remained at his post in London, and in the exercise of the functions of the execumovements of the limbs. tive there, rendered services to the cause not less valuable and essential than those of a general in the field. While the strife was yet pending, he died somewhat suddenly at Derby House, on December 8, 1643, having been appointed to the Pycnogonum littorale. PY'CNOSTYLE. See INTERCOLUMNIATION. PY'GMIES (Gr. pygmē, a measure-from the elbow to the hand), a fabulous race of dwarfs in whose existence the ancients believed. Homer says PYRACANTHA-PYRAMID. important post of Lieutenant of the Ordnance only the month previous. He was buried at Westminster Abbey with great pomp on the 13th; and in token of grief for the great parliamentary leader, was borne to his last resting-place by six members of the House of Commons. The House of Commons also voted £10,000 in payment of his debts. PYRACA'NTHA. See CRATÆGUS. PYRAMID, in Geometry, is a solid figure, of which the base is a plane rectilinear figure, and the sides are triangles, converging to a point at the top or apex.' Pyramids, like prisms, are named from the form of their bases; thus, a pyramid having a triangle for its base is a triangular pyramid, with a square base, a square pyramid, with any four-sided figure for its base, a quadrangular pyramid; or it may be pentagonal, hexagonal, &c. Pyramids may be either 'right' or 'oblique.' See PRISM. A right pyramid, with an equilateral figure for its base, has all its sloping edges equal; but this is not the case if the pyramid be oblique. The most remarkable property of the pyramid is, that its volume is exactly one-third of that of a prism having the same base and vertical height; and it follows from this, that all pyramids having the same base and height are equal to each other. A, PYRAMID, a structure of the shape of the geometric figure so called, erected in different parts of the Old and New World, the most important being the Pyramids of Egypt and Mexico. Those of Egypt were considered one of the seven wonders of the world, are seventy in number, of different sizes, are between 29° and 30° N. lat., and are masses of stone or brick, with square bases, and triangular sides. Although various opinions have prevailed as to their use, as that they were erected for astronomical purposes, for resisting the encroachment of the sand of the desert, for granaries, reservoirs, or sepulchres, the last-mentioned hypothesis has been proved to be correct in recent times by the excavations of the late General Howard Vyse, who is said to have expended nearly £10,000 in investigating their object and structure. They were all the tombs of monarchs of Egypt who flourished from the fourth to the twelfth dynasty, none having been constructed later than that time; the subsequent kings being buried at Abydos, Thebes, and other places, in tombs of a very different construction. The meaning of the word pyramid is involved in great obscurity; although attempts have been made to derive it from the Coptic piharam, yet, as in the hieroglyphs, it is found | in connection with the words ben ben or ber ber, forms of the Coptic beebe mahou, or tomb, and abmer, or sepulchre, it is probably an ancient Greek word. The Pyramids are solid mounds raised over the sepulchral chambers of the kings, the first act of an Egyptian monarch being to prepare his future eternal abode.' For this purpose, a shaft of the size of the intended sarcophagus was first hollowed in the rock at a suitable incline to lower it, and at a convenient depth a rectangular chamber was excavated in the solid rock. Over this chamber, a cubical mass of masonry, of square blocks, was then placed, leaving the orifice of the shaft open. Additions continued to be made to this cubical mass both in height and breadth as long as the monarch lived, so that at his death all that remained to be done was to face or smooth the exterior of the stepformed mound. But in some cases, the masonry passed beyond the orifice of the shaft, which involved the construction of a new shaft, having its The orifice beyond it. The Pyramid was faced by adding courses of long blocks on each layer of the steps, and then cutting the whole to a flat or even surface, commencing from the summit. The outer masonry, however, or casing, as it is called, has in most instances been partially stripped off. Provision was made for protecting the vertical joints by placing each stone half way over another. masonry is admirably finished; and the mechanical raised to their places has long been a mystery; the means by which such immense masses of stone were discovery, however, of large circular holes in some of the stones has led to the conclusion that they were wound up by machines. The stones were quarried on the spot; sometimes, however, granite taken from the quarries of Syene was partially employed. The entrances were carefully filled up, and the passage protected by stone portcullises and other chamber. There appears to have been also a door contrivances, to prevent ingress to the sepulchral or pylon at the entrance of the shaft, ornamented sides of the pyramids face the cardinal points, and with Egyptian sculptures and hieroglyphs. The the entrances face the north. The work of the labourers. The most remarkable and finest Pyralarger Pyramids was executed by corvées of mids are those of Gizeh, situated on a level space of the Libyan chain at Memphis, on the west Supposed Mode of Construction of Pyramids : (From Gliddon's Egyptian Archæology.) Section of a Pyramid; B, horizontal section of the base, rubble work, and casing of a Pyramid; C, apex of a Pyramid, shewing the process of finishing from the top downwards. bank of the Nile. The three largest are the most famous. The first or Great Pyramid, as appears from the excavations of Vyse, was the sepulchre of the Cheops of Herodotus, the Chembes, or Chemmis, of Diodorus, and the Suphis of Manetho and Eratosthenes. Its height was 480 feet 9 inches, and its base 764 feet square; in other words, it was higher than St Paul's Cathedral, on an area the size of Lincoln's Inn Fields. Its slope or angle was 51° 50'. It has been, however, much spoiled and stripped of its exterior blocks for the building of Cairo. The original sepulchral chamber, called the Subterranean Apartment, 46 feet × 27 feet, and 11 feet 6 inches high, has been hewn in the solid rock, and was reached by the original passage of 320 feet long, which descended to it by an entrance at the foot of the Pyramid. The excavations in this direction were subsequently abandoned, on account of the vast size attained by the Pyramid, which rendered it impracticable to carry on the entrance on a level with the natural rock, which had been cut down and PYRAMID. place in this Pyramid gave rise to various traditions, even in the days of Herodotus, Cheops being reported to lie buried in a chamber surrounded by the waters of the Nile. It took a long time for its construction-100,000 men being employed on it for thirty years, or more probably for above half a century, the duration of the reign of Cheops, which is dated by different chronologists at 3229, 3095, or 2123 B. C. The operations in this Pyramid by General Vyse gave rise to the discovery of marks scrawled in red ochre in a kind of cursive hieroglyphs on the blocks brought from the quarries of Tourah. These contained the name and titles of Khufu (the hieroglyphic form of Cheops); numerals and directions for the position of materials: with them were masonic marks. faced for that purpose. Accordingly, a second chamber, with a triangular roof, was constructed in the masonry of the pyramid, 17 feet x 18 feet 9 inches, and 20 feet 3 inches high. This was reached by a passage rising at an inclination of 26° 18', terminating in a horizontal passage. It is called the Queen's Chamber, and occupies a position nearly in the centre of the Pyramid. The monument-probably owing to the long life attained by the monarch-still progressing, a third chamber, called the King's, was finally constructed, by prolonging the ascending passage of the Queen's Chamber for 150 feet further into the very centre of the Pyramid, and after a short horizontal passage, making a room 17 feet 1 inch x 34 feet 3 inches, and 19 feet 1 inch high. To diminish, however, the pressure of the superincumbent masonry on the flat roof, five small chambers The second Pyramid is situated on a higher were made vertically in succession above the roof, elevation than the first, and was built by Suphis II., the last one pointed, varying in height from 1 foot 4 or Kephren, who reigned 66 years, according to inches to 8 feet 7 inches, the apex of the top one Manetho, and appears to have attained a great age. being rather more than 69 feet above the roof of the It has two sepulchral chambers, and appears to King's Chamber. The end of the horizontal passage have been broken into by the Calif Alaziz Othman was finished in a superior style, and cased with Ben-Yousouf, 1196 A. D. Subsequently, it was red syenitic granite; and in the King's Chamber opened by Belzoni. The masonry is inferior to the was the granite sarcophagus of the king Cheops, 7 first, but it was anciently cased below with red feet 6 inches long, 3 feet 3 inches broad, and 3 granite. feet 5 inches high, for whom the Pyramid was built.* As the heat of this chamber was stifling, owing to want of ventilation, two small air-channels, or chimneys, about nine inches square, were made, ascending to the north and south sides of the Pyramid. They perfectly ventilate this chamber. The third Pyramid, built by Menkara, or Mycerinus, who reigned sixty-three years, is much smaller than the other two, being only 218 feet high by 354 feet 6 inches square. It has also two sepul chral chambers, both in the solid rock. The lower sepulchral chamber, which held a sarcophagus of Section of Great Pyramid of Gizeh : (From Vyse's Pyramids of Gizeh.) rectangular shape, of whinstone, had a pointed roof, cut like an arch inside; but the cedar coffin, in shape of a mummy, had been removed to the upper or large apartment, and its contents there rifled. Amongst the débris of the coffin and in the chambers were found the legs and part of the trunk of a body with linen wrapper, supposed by some to be that of the monarch, but by others to be that of an Arab, on account of the anchylosed right knee. This body and fragments of the coffin were removed to the British Museum; but the stone sarcophagus was unfortunately lost off Cartha D, débris and remains of casing; Q, queen's chamber; K, king's chamber; 0, outer casing gena, by the sinking of line; S, N, air channels; W, well; sub., subterranean apartment. After the mummy was deposited in the King's Chamber, the entrance was closed with granite portcullises, and a well made at the junction of the upward-inclined and horizontal passages, by which the workmen descended into the downward-inclined passage, after carefully closing the access to the sepulchral chambers. The changes which took The opinion that this granite, or porphyry coffer, was a sarcophagus, has been questioned, and the theory has been advanced that it was a standard measure of capacity, of which the British quarter is the fourth part-See J. Taylor's The Great Pyramid; Why was it Built? (1859), and Piazzi Smyth's Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid (1864). 30 the vessel in which it to England. The masonry of this Pyramid is most was being transported excellent, and it was anciently cased half-way up with black granite. There are six other Pyramids of inferior size and interest at Gizeh; one at Abou Rouash, five miles to the north-west of the same spot, is ruined, but of large dimensions; another at more ruined; another at Reegah, a spot in the Zowyet El Arrian, also made of limestone, is still vicinity of Abooseer, also much ruined, and built for the monarch User-en-Ra, by some supposed to be Busiris. There are five of these monuments at Abooseer, one with a name supposed to be that of a monarch of the third dynasty; and another |