CHAPTER IV. WORKS WHICH HAVE BEEN CONSULTED IN THE The Works which have been consulted are mostly the same as those used in the preparation of the first volume, of which a list is there given. I have only to add to that : I.-OF CHINESE WORKS. 87+18.The Philosopher Mo, in fifteen Books, with one Book on the Titles of his Essays.' This Work was edited and annotated in the forty-eighth year of Ch'ien-lung (A.D. 1784), by Pi Yuan (), lieutenant-governor of Shen-hst. From the notes appended to Mo's Essay on 'Universal Love "in the last chapter, it will be seen that the task of editing has been very imperfectly executed. I suppose it is vain to express a wish that some foreign scholar would take it in hand. 五百家註音辯韓昌黎先生全集, 'The Collected Writings of Han Ch'ang-li, with the Verbal and Critical Notes of five hundred Scholars.' Ch'ang-lt is a local designation for Han Yü, styled Tai-chih (Z), and canonized as Wăn-kung (X4), or 'Prince of Literature.' I have said, p. 12, that he was a scholar of the eighth century, but he extended on into the ninth, dying A.D. 824. He stands out as perhaps the most distinguished scholar of the long space between the Han and Sung dynasties. The edition of his Works which I have, with such a collation of commentators, was first published by a Hsu Tâo-cht (†), in the twenty-eighth year of Ch'ien-lung (A.D. 1761). II. OF TRANSLATIONS AND OTHER WORKS. MENG TSEU, vel MENCIUM, inter Sinenses Philosophos, Ingenio, Doctrina, Nominisque Claritate, CONFUCIO PROXIMUM, edidit, Latina interpretatione, ad interpretationem Tartaricam utramque recensita, instruxit, et perpetuo commentario, e Sinicis deprompto, illustravit Stanislaus Julien. Paris, 1824-1829. CHAPTER I. 1. Mencius went to see king Hui of Liang. 2. The king said, 'Venerable sir, since vou have not counted it far to come here, a distance of a thousand l, may I presume that you are provided with counsels to profit my kingdom?" The philoso-COUNTRY PROSPEROUS. 1. 'King Hûi of Liang.' was one TITLE OF THE WORK. pher Mäng.' The Work thus simply bears the-In the time of Confucius, Tsin () name, or surname rather, of him whose conver- of the great States of the nation, but the power sations and opinions it relates, and is said to of it was usurped by six great families. By have been compiled in its present form by the B.C. 452, three of those were absorbed by the author himself. On the use of, after the other three, viz. Wei, Chao, and Han ( surname, see on Analects, L. i. The surname and ), which continued to encroach on the and this were combined by the Romish small remaining power of their prince, until at missionaries, and latinized into Mencius, which last they extinguished the ruling house, and it is well to adopt throughout the translation, divided the whole territory among themselves. and thereby avoid the constant repetition of the word philosopher,' Măng not being dis tinguished, like 'ung (Confucius), by the crowning epithet of "The Master.' TITLE OF THIS BOOK.-A The sovereign Wei Lieh), in his 23rd year, B.C. 402, conferred on the chief of each family the title of Marquis (). Wei, called likewise, from the name of its capital, Liang, 'King Hai of Liang, in chapters and sen- Chao lying to the west and north-west of it. occupied the south-eastern part of Tsin, Han and tences, Part I.' Like the Books of the Con- The Liang, where Mencius visited king Hai, is fucian Analects, those of this Work are headed said to have been in the present department of by two or three charactors at or near their com- K'ai-fang. Hûi, 'The Kindly,' is the posthumencement. Each Book is divided into two mous epithet of the king, whose name was Yung parts, called 'Upper and Lower." This (*). The title of king had been usurped by arrangement was made by Chao Ch't(), Ying, at some time before Mencius first visitod a scholar of the eastern Han dynasty (died A. D. him, which, it is said, he did in the 35th year 201), by whom the chapters and sentences were him on invitation, it must be supposed, and the of his government, B. c. 336. Mencius visited also divided, and the 章句上章句下ample見-被招往見 remain to the present day, a memorial of his work. 1. BENEVOLENCE AND RIGHTEOUSNESS MENCIUS'S ONLY TOPICS WITH THE PRINCES OF HIS TIME; 2. Mencius was a native of Tsau (), in Lû, the name of which is still retained in the Tsau district of the AND THE ONLY PRINCIPLES WHICH CAN MAKE A department of Yen-châu (JH), in Shan 乘乘其而以以何亦 之君國利利以有 家國 為萬弒必身家吾義 不取其千萬上士國而 乘乘 多 三 孟子對日王何必日 大已何 交人夫矣。必 日日王曰 篇 取百 千弒利何何日利 6 3. Mencius replied, Why must your Majesty use that word profit?" What I am provided with, are counsels to benevolence and righteousness, and these are my only topics. 4. If your Majesty say, “ What is to be done to profit my kingdom?" the great officers will say, "What is to be done to profit our families?" and the inferior officers and the common people will say, "What is to be done to profit our persons?" Superiors and inferiors will try to snatch this profit the one from the other, and the kingdom will be endangered. In the kingdom of ten thousand chariots, the murderer of his sovereign shall be the chief of a family of a thousand chariots. In a kingdom of a thousand chariots, the murderer of his prince shall be the chief of a family of a hundred chariots. To have a thousand in ten thousand, and a hundred in a thousand, cannot be said not to be a large allotment, but if righteousness be put last, and profit be put first, they will not be satisfied without snatching all. tung. The king, in complimentary style, calls | But this is too farfetched. Wang Yin-chih the distance from Tsâu to Liang a thousand i. inclines to consider as for the most part It is difficult to say what was the exact length of the ancient . At present it is a little more than one-third of an English mile. The 'also,' occasions some difficulty. With refer ence to what is it spoken? Some compare the merely a helping particle; especially does he re gard it so after in an interrogative clause. Observe the force of, delicately and sugges 亦...乎with 不亦平, Analects, Li tively putting the question. 3. 對,marking Others say that the king refers to the many the answer of an inferior, used from respect scholars who at the time made it their business to the king.is 'to say,' followed directly to wander from country to country, as advisers by the words spoken. It is not 'to speak of.' to the princes — You also, like other scholars, mark very decidedly Mencius's &c. Then, when Mencius, in par. 3, replies 亦有仁義 they any that he refers to Yao, purpose to converse only of t and nd 義. Shun, &c., as his models:-'I, like them,' &c. E-here-, to take. E, mutually 樂孟鹿立而君者饜後 此子日於孟者也未義 不對賢沼子也未有而 賢日著上見何王有仁先 者賢亦顧梁必亦義而利 雖者樂鴻惠日日而遺不 有而此應王利仁後其奪 此後乎。麋王 義其親不 5. There never has been a benevolent man who neglected his parents. There never has been a righteous man who made his sovereign an after consideration. 6. Let your Majesty also say, "Benevolence and righteousness, and let these be your only themes." Why must you use that word——“ profit ?”’ CHAP. II. 1. Mencius, another day, saw king Hui of Liang. The king went and stood with him by a pond, and, looking round at the large geese and deer, said, 'Do wise and good princes also find pleasure in these things ?” 2. Mencius replied, Being wise and good, they have pleasure in these things. If they are not wise and good, though they have these thinge, they do not find pleasure. to take ;' i. e. superiors from inferiors, and in. | compare Analects, VI. vii, but for which passage feriors from superiors. I should translate here-'over a pond,' i. e. in some building over the water, such as is still a in 4th tone, carriage or chariot.' The sovereign's domain, = 1,000 & square, produced 10,000 war chariots. A kingdom producing 1,000 chariots was that of a háu, or marquis. He is here called very common in China. mears 'large geese, and is the name for a large kind of deer, but they are joined here, as adjectives, to 之家, instead of 百乘之君, because 鴈 and 鹿賢者-賢者之君 the sovereign has just been denominated by that term. 後 and 先 are verbs. See Analects, VI. xx. 5. The and here are supposed to result from the sovereign's example. 2. RULERS MUST SHARE THEIR PLEASURES WITH THE PEOPLE. THEY CAN ONLY BE HAPPY WHEN 王立 THEY RULE OVER HAPPY SUBJECTS. I. 6 worthy princes.' It does not refer to Mencius, as some make it out. The reply makes this |plain. The king's inquiry is prompted by a sudden dissatisfaction with himself, for being occupied so much with such material gratifications, and = 'Amid all their cares of government do these pleasures find a place with good princes ?” 3. See the Shih-ching, III. i. Ode VIII. ct. 1, 2. The ode tells how his people (The king stood;' and the meaning is not that delighted in king Wăn. Mencius found him by the pond. The king For 鶴 the Shih seems to have received him graciously, and to ching reads is read wú, an interjec have led him into the park. 於沼上一tion. 古之人 referring to king Wăn, but |