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. وحرة

Dolus ipsi adhæret, ut alvachra adhæret terræ.

St. Jerome take it, a land-crocodile, which is | cludes (Hieroz. i., p. 1073), that it is a red a large sort of lizard, a cubit long, with poisonous kind of lizard, which the Arabs which Arabia abounds; out of which language he endeavours at large to prove the From it comes the proverb: truth of this interpretation (lib. iv., cap. 1). Ged. When I wrote my version, I had little doubt of this being the land-crocodile, the σKiуkos of Dioscorides, and the scincus of Pliny; but on comparing Forskal with Hasselquist, I am inclined to think that the animal here forbidden is the lacerta cordylus of Linnæus.

Gesen., Lee.-., m. pl. D. (a) Arab.

Au. Ver.-The snail.

Bp. Patrick.-Bochartus, with great probability, still thinks Moses speaks of a sort of lizard called here chomet, because it lies in the sand, which, in the Talmudic language, is called chometon (ib., cap. 5).

Ged. Bochart labours to prove that this is another species of lizard, called by the , lacertæ species. A kind of lizard: Arabs chulaca, 87, which is said to live in lacerta stellio, Lev. xi. 29; Bochart. Hieroz., the sand; but his arguments are more i. 1044.-Prof. Lee. specious than solid. Etymology is evidently Rosen.-potius videtur esse Lacerta against him, but favours the snail. In Egyptia cauda verticillata, squamis denti- Chald. signifies incurvation, in se reculatis, pedibus pentadactylis, Hasselquist, flectere. The principal Jewish rabbies, and p. 353. Vocant enim Arabes hanc lacertam the mass of modern interpreters, have snail. etiamnum (Dabb) ipso nomine Hebraico. Gesen.-, m. Levit. xi. 30 only, proSyrus habet, quo nomine hodie apud bably a kind of lizard. LXX, σαυρα. Egyptios Lacerta Stellio appellatur, teste Vulg., lacerta. Hasselquisto, p. 352. Arab. scribitur

.

30 Au. Ver.-The ferret. Bp. Patrick.-30 Ferret.] Out of the Arabic, and the Syriac and Samaritan paraphrase, Bochartus proves, that anaka signifies another sort of lizard, which the Latins called stellio, and in those countries, hath a shrill cry (see there, cap. 2). Ged. The newt.

Prof. Lee.-A sort of lizard, apparently. No satisfactory etymology has been found. The modern Jews, translators, &c., the

snail.

Au. Ver.-The mole.

Bp. Patrick.—Mole.] It is apparent that the word thinsemeth, which we here translate a mole, is of a very doubtful signification for in the eighteenth verse of this

Gesen. A kind of lizard, lacerta Lin., chapter, it signifies a sort of fowl; as here,

Levit. xi. 30.

Au. Ver.-The chameleon.

Bp. Patrick. Most of the ancient interpreters take coach for another sort of lizard [so Prof. Lee], which is the strongest (as this name imports) of all other; and in these countries was famous for its encounters with serpents and land-crocodiles; as Bochartus shows out of the Arabian writers (ib., cap. 3).

in all probability, another sort of lizard. And if we may guess what sort, by the original of the word, it probably signifies the chameleon, which gapes to draw in air (see Bochart. Hieroz., par. i., lib. iv., cap. 6). But, after all that can be said, it must be acknowledged, the significations of all these words are lost among the Jews; as Aben Ezra confesses upon this verse: Neither these eight sorts of creeping Ged. The green lizard. The name of things, nor the birds before mentioned, are this animal seems to be derived from its known to us, but by tradition." Which is strength. The green lizard is three times as much as to say, they are not known at bigger than the common grey lizard. It all; for there is no tradition about them, as appears to be the lacerta stellio of Linnæus. the Talmudists acknowledge; who send

Au. Ver. The lizard.

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those who are doubtful what birds are

lawful, and what not, to be informed by those that are masters of the art of fowling. Which might help to convince the Jews, were they not resolved to shut their eyes, that difference of meats is now ceased, because they know not what is forbidden,

and what not, in many cases. And, con- skal. 1. c., p. 13. Postquam dixisset, lasequently, the Messiah is come, to whom certam Gecko ab Ægyptiis vocari, the gathering of the people was to be (ac-i.e., pater lepræ, leprosus, addit: nominis cording to their father Jacob's prophecy, origo inter Ægyptios lepida est, si enim Gen. xlix. 10), so that they should be no salivam demittat in sal, mensæ usibus destilonger separated, but all nations collected natum, lepram inducit homini illud gustanti. into one body, and converse freely together, Nomen animalis ortum putant alii a simiwithout any danger of being defiled. For litudine coloris lepræ. Per totum enim idolatry being abolished by him, there was dorsum, teste Hasselquistio, sparsa sunt no reason remaining for keeping up the dis- punctula minima, elevata, splendentia; crimination between Jews and Gentiles by a dorsum, caput et cauda supra albida cum different diet. This some of the ancient maculis transversis griseis. Hinc fortasse Jews saw very well, who said, that in the days of the Messiah it should not be unlawful to eat swine's flesh, no more than it was while they were subduing the land of Canaan. This tradition is acknowledged by Abarbinel himself in his Rosch Amanah, where he disputes for the eternity of their law, and endeavours to elude this tradition of the ancient doctors by allegorical interpretations (see J. Carpzovius in Shickkard. Mischpat. hammelech, cap.5, Theorem xviii.).

Gesen., fem. 1. Levit. xi. 30, an unclean quadruped, which occurs in connexion with several species of lizards.

hæc lacerta nomen Hebraicum nacta est: nam verbum Arabice denotat maculis punctisve nigris et albis conspersus fuit.

Ver. 31.

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ταῦτα ἀκάθαρτα ὑμῖν ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν ἑρπετῶν τῶν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς.

Au. Ver.-31 These are unclean to you among all that creep. All that creep.

Ged., Booth. All ground [LXX] reptiles.

Ver. 34.

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the chameleon, from, to breathe; since, according to the opinion of the ancients, it lives solely on the air which it inhales. LXX, Vulgate, a mole. Saadias :

, lacerta Gecko.

Rosen.- miro errore LXX, Hieron., Onkelos talpam verterunt, quum tamen hoc animal vs. 29, nominatum esset (2) Syrus habet TT, centipeda, multipeda. Bochartus sequutus significationem verbi

Chaldaicam et Syriacam, spiravit, respiravit, putat, esse chamæleontem ob continuam auræ captationem. Saadias posuit

END, qua sub voce Golius hæc habet (p. 257): Stellio, quasi veneno lepram inducens (CN enim est venenum et lepra), quia in eo venenum est, quod sal amarum reddit ac corrumpit, ut lepram gignat. Quæ omnia bene conveniunt Lacerte Gecko Hasselquist, p. 358, ubi is inter alia dicit: maxime singulare est animalis hujus venenum, quod ex lobulis digitorum exhalat; quærit animalculum loca et quascunque res sale marino conspersas vel tinctas, hoc dum invenit aliquoties supercurrit et currendo venenum post se relinquit maxime noxium. Quocum conferendum est, quod habet For

καὶ πᾶν βρῶμα, ὅ ἔσθεται, εἰς ὃ ἂν ἐπέλθῃ ἐπ' αὐτὸ ὕδωρ, ἀκάθαρτον ἔσται.

Au. Ver.-34 Of all meat which may be eaten, that on which such water cometh shall be unclean, &c. mentators.]

[So most

com

on which water is "Of every sort of

food which is eaten, any
Bp. Horsley.-Rather,
come shall be unclean." The sense I take
to be, that if any kind of food had been
put into such a vessel, and water had been
meal, it should become unclean if one of
poured upon it, in order to prepare it for a
these dead chanced to fall into that water.
But the dry food was not to receive any
contamination from the like accident. (See
v. 37, 38.)

Ver. 35.

Au. Ver.-35 And every thing whereupon any part of their carcase falleth shall be unclean; whether it be oven, or ranges for pots, they shall be broken down, &c.

Ranges for pots.

Bp. Patrick. Some translate the words simply pots.

Gesen., dual, Levit. xi. 35 only.

LXX, xvτpótodes, probably, bricks which days; she shall touch no hallowed thing, are still in use by the Bedouines, upon which nor come into the sanctuary, until the days they place their pots over the fire, and which of her purifying be fulfilled. form their hearth.

Pool. She shall then continue, Heb., sit, Prof. Lee.-, m. dual, on, r., i.e., abide, as that word is oft used, as Gen. once, Lev. xi. 35. A pot, or jar, earthen xxii. 5; xxxiv. 10, or tarry at home, nor go apparently, as liable to being broken. If into the sanctuary. In the blood of her reliance is to be placed on the dual form, purifying; in her polluted and separated having, perhaps, two compartments; but, if taken as a plural, more than two.

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πλýν πηywv vdáтwv kai λákkov kai σvvaγωγῆς ὕδατος, ἔσται καθαρόν. ó de áπτóμενος τῶν θνησιμαίων αὐτῶν ἀκάθαρτος ἔσται. Au. Ver.-36 Nevertheless a fountain or

estate; for the word blood or bloods signifies both guilt, as Gen. iv. 10, and uncleanness, as here and elsewhere. See Ezek. xvi. 6. And it is called the blood of her purifying, because by the expulsion or purgation of that blood, which is done by degrees, she is purified.

Bp. Patrick. In the blood of her purifying.] In the purification of her blood: for all the following days were days of purification; not of entire separation.

Rosen., Sedeat, maneat, in sanguine purificationis suæ, hypallage, pro in purificatione sanguinis.

Ver. 7.

Au. Ver.-Who shall offer it.

Ged., Booth.-Which when the priest [Sam., LXX, Syr., and one MS.] hath offered.

CHAP. XIII. 2.

pit, wherein there is plenty of water [Heb., is nyby nipp-niye MYYƏ DİN

clean but that which toucheth their carcase shall be unclean.

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Bp. Horsley.-36 "Nevertheless a collection of water in a fountain or well shall be clean."

Au. V'er.—A fountain.

Booth.-A water [Sam., LXX] fountain.
Au. V'er.-That which.
Rosen., Ged., Booth.-He who.

Ver. 43.

Au. Ver. That ye should be defiled.
Ged., Booth.-Nor be defiled.

Ver. 45.

Au. V'er.-45 For I am the LORD that bringeth you up out of the land of Egypt,

&c.

Ged., Booth. For I the Lord am your God [Sam., Syr., and two MSS.] who have brought, &c.

CHAP. XII. 4.

Au. Ver. 1 And she shall then continue in the blood of her purifying three and thirty

ἀνθρώπῳ ἐάν τινι γένηται ἐν δέρματι χρωτὸς αὐτοῦ οὐλὴ σημασίας τηλαυγὴς, καὶ γένηται ἐν δέρματι χρωτὸς αὐτοῦ ἁφὴ λέπρας. ἀχθήσεται πρὸς 'Ααρὼν τὸν ἱερέα, ἡ ἕνα τῶν υἱῶν αὐτοῦ τῶν ἱερέων.

Au. Ver.-2 When a man shall have in the skin of his flesh a rising [or, swelling], a scab, or bright spot, and it be in the skin of his flesh like the plague of leprosy; then he shall be brought unto Aaron the priest, or unto one of his sons the priests. A rising.

Ged., Booth.-A pustule.

Rosen.-2 Indicantur signa, quæ pariunt suspicionem lepræ. S, LXX vertunt on. Syrus et Chaldæus &, signum apparens et vitiosum, macula. Michaelis vertit Finnen, tumores. Quædam lepræ species eaque non valde periculosa, ex Hillary descriptione, incipit a tumore, qui aciculæ nodulum magnitudine æquat.

Schilling, p. 135: "Quum lepra primum" the spot." And one of these two words erumpit, macula raro superat acus punc- should be everywhere substituted for "plague" turam, idemque facile præter videtur et in this chapter.

2. 23,

exploratorem fugit, quoniam inter initia Gesen., I. A stroke, blow. plerumque singularis est." Vulgatus, Levit. xiii. 3, 9, 20, 25, 27; xiv. 32, vertit diversum colorem, fórsan coll. Arab. 34; and without, ver. 22, 29, &c., a , coloravit, pinxit, under, color a re- pustule of the leprosy, also of the leprosy liqui corporis colore distinctus. Ait quoque Ebn Sina, lepram incipere nonnumquam a parvis maculis nigris rubicundis. Eandem rem fortasse exprimere voluit Saadias, qui vertit nævum nigrum.

Au. Ver.-Scab.
Ged.-Scurf.

Gesen.-, f. Scurf. Levit. xiii. 2, 6; xiv. 56; also л, xiii. 7, 8. Properly, a bald place on the head, occasioned by scurf or scald. Comp. E.

Prof. Lee.-, f. A scab, scald, either from its spreading in the flesh, or from the falling off of the hair, Levit. xiii. 2, 6–8; xiv. 56.

in clothes, ch. xiii. 47; and in walls, ch. xiv. 37, &c. Hence, 3. A person afflicted with leprosy, or suspected of it. Levit. xiii. 4, then shall the priest shut up the leper, verse 13, 17. Thus phy (verse 31) signifies, one that is afflicted with the scall, instead of which, ver. 33, only is used. In verse 50 it denotes a garment infected with leprosy.

Prof. Lee.-, (a) A stroke, blow. (d) The mark of a blow, a spot. Levit. xiii. 3, 9, 29, 31, 42, &c.

Ver. 3.

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affecti caduca; Schorf, uti Michaelis vertit vocem Hebr. Indicatur cutis summa asperities cum furfureis squammulis.

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admodum luxit. The shining, or whitish scurfy, pustule of the leprosy; which, being brighter than the preceding (2), sinking deeper into the flesh, and having white hair in it, is the sure symptom of the leprosy, Lev. xiii. 2-4, 18-23, 24-28.

καὶ ὄψεται ὁ ἱερεὺς τὴν ἁφὴν ἐν δέρματι τοῦ χρωτὸς αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἡ θρίξ ἐν τῇ ἁφῇ μεταβάλῃ λευκὴ, καὶ ἡ ὄψις τῆς ἁφῆς ταπεινὴ ἀπὸ τοῦ δέρματος τοῦ χρωτὸς, ἁφὴ λέπρας ἐστί. καὶ ὄψεται ὁ ἱερεὺς, καὶ μιανεῖ αὐτόν.

Au. Ver.-3 And the priest shall look on the plague in the skin of the flesh and when the hair in the plague is turned white, and the plague in sight be deeper than the skin of his flesh, it is a plague of leprosy : and the priest shall look on him, and pronounce him unclean.

The plague.

Booth. The wound. See notes on ver. 2.
Au. Ver. And the plague in sight.
Bp. Horsley.-Rather, the surface of

the sore."

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Rosen. Et adspectus loci infecti profundior cute carnis ejus, i.e., si tumores aut maculæ videntur aut apparent profundiores cute, eam ad carnem usque penetrant. In

Rosen.-Nomine significantur maculæ albicantes, a quibus incipere solet lepra alba, cujus colorem ita describit Schilling, p. 135: "Accedit proxime ad calcis colorem, quem in parietibus videmus, quando alicubi aliquam corruptionem passi sunt, et ex hoc obsoleto candore adspectus nascitur fundior." LXX hoc vs. vertunt navys, notat postquam, ut Gen. xviii. 13; infra vero vs. 23, τnλavynμa, quod Suidas Ex. xii. 44, al., autem ante explicat: ἀρχὴν λέπρας ἐν τῇ τοῦ σώματος apodosin. ἐπιφανεία. Chaldæus macula albicans. Syrus: pustula alba.

Au. Ver.-The plague.

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Bp. Horsley.-Rather, "the sore," or

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Ver. 4.

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ἐὰν δὲ καὶ τηλαυγὴς λευκὴ ᾖ ἐν τῷ δέρματι τοῦ χρωτὸς αὐτοῦ, καὶ ταπεινὴ μὴ ᾖ ἡ ὄψις on ver. 4. αὐτῆς ἀπὸ τοῦ δέρματος, καὶ ἡ θρίξ αὐτοῦ οὐ μετέβαλε τρίχα λευκὴν, αὐτὴ δέ ἐστιν ἀμαυρὰ, καὶ ἀφοριεῖ ὁ ἱερεὺς τὴν ἁφὴν ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας.

Au. Ver.—4 If the bright spot be white

Ver. 6.

וְרָאָה הַכֹּהֵן אֹתוֹ בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי שֵׁנִית וְהִנֵּה כְּהָה הַנָּגַע וְלֹא־עָשָׂה in the skin of his flesh, and in sight be not הַפֶּגַע בָּעוֹר וְטַהֲרוֹ הַכֹּהֵן מִסְפַּחַת הוא deeper than the skin, and the hair thereof

וגו

be not turned white; then the priest shall
shut up him that hath the plague seven
days:

Bright spot. See notes on verse 2.
In sight.

Bp. Horsley.-Rather, "the surface."
Au. Ver.-Shall shut up him that hath the
plague. So Gesen., &c.

καὶ ὄψεται ὁ ἱερεὺς αὐτὸν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ ἑβδόμῃ τοδεύτερον. καὶ ἰδοὺ ἀμαυρὰ ἡ ἁφὴ, οὐ μετέπεσεν ἡ ἁφὴ ἐν τῷ δέρματι. καὶ καθαριεῖ αὐτὸν ὁ ἱερεὺς, σημασία γάρ εστι, K.T.λ.

Au. Ver.-6 And the priest shall look on Bp. Horsley.-Literally, "shall shut up the him again the seventh day: and, behold, if sore," i.e., shall cover it to keep the air from the plague be somewhat dark, and the plague it. And so in other parts of this chapter where spread not in the skin, the priest shall proshutting up is mentioned. (See the LXXnounce him clean; it is but a scab and he and Syr.) It should seem from v. 45 of shall wash his clothes, and be clean. this chapter, that a person affected with the Plague. See notes on verse 2. leprosy in its worst stage, was not literally If the plague be somewhat dark. shut up, though excluded from the camp. Bp. Horsley. Rather, "the sore, or spot, (But see Numbers xii. 14, 15.) be contracted," or "shrivelled," or "" withered."

Gesen.-Piel

Ged.-4 The priest shall shut up the infected person, &c.] I have followed the and, mostly intrans. common idea, which supposes that is 1. To grow paler, disappear, of the spots of metonymically for the infected person: leprosy. Levit. xiii. 6, 21, 26, 28, 56. plaga pro homine plaga lepræ affecto. But in the late Bishop Law's MS. Notes, I find another version, which is very plausible: "The priest shall bind up the sore;" and (for rip). Arab., imbecillis, languidus. Cogn. id., decre

הסגיר הכהן את הנגע so throughout, he renders

Booth. Then the priest shall bind up the wound seven days.

Rosen, Plaga hic per metonymiam ponitur pro homine plaga lepræ affecto.

Ver. 5.

Au. Ver.—5 And the priest shall look on him the seventh day: and, behold, if the plague in his sight be at a stay, and the plague spread not in the skin; then the priest shall shut him up seven days more.

Plague. See notes on ver. 2. Pool.-If the plague be at a stay.] This translation is justified by the following clause, which is added to explain it. Otherwise the words are and may be rendered thus, stand, or abide in its own colour; the Hebrew word being used for colour as well as for sight.

Prof. Lee.-, f. (coner. or Participial noun of 3, for, Gram. art. 73), pl.

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Of the

his eyes

pitus fuit. Syr. ål, exhalavit spiritum
frigidum. Weak, languid, infirm.
eyes, 1 Sam. iii. 2, ning bu iy,
began (to be, nih) weak. Of the mind,
Isa. Ixi. 3,, languid, infirm, mind.
Of a light, ib. xlii. 3. Of a disease abating,
losing its virulence, Lev. xiii. 6, 21, 39, &c.
Of a breach, Nahum iii. 19, 78, not
weak, languid, ruinous, i.e., vigorous, by a
Litotes: but used here apparently as an
abstr. if matter (777) or the like is not
omitted by the ellipsis.

Pih., pres. non occ., i.q. Kal, Ezek. xxi. 12. Gesenius places here, Lev. xiii. 6, 21, 26, 28, 56. But it is evident, from a moment's inspection, that, in these places, is the mere concrete noun noticed

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