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Sed quum
clamoris notio voci
idonea ratione tribuatur, ego, coll. Arab.

Ged. The cormorant.
Booth. The sea-gull.

Prof. Lee.-A certain unclean bird, most
likely the rough-billed pelican, which has a
sort of bag attached to the lower part of his
bill. See Boch. Hieroz., ii., p. 275.
Rosen. Di omnes veteres vertunt noc-

dicari videtur ea noctuæ species, quam
Latini vocant bubonem longioribus circa
aures pennis, nos, gehörnte Eule. Ceterum
in nonnullis codd. pro di legitur dia, quod
etiam invenit Hieronymus. Plura vid. in
Michaelis Suppl., p. 1236, sqq.

, terra dura et sterilis, dictionem He- Gesen.- Levit. xi. 17; Deut. xiv. 16; braicam verterim filiam deserti, quemad- Ps. cii. 7, according to the versions: owl. modum pater desertorum, unum est ex According to Bochart. (Hieroz., p. ii., p. struthionis nominibus apud Arabes. Ce-267,) pelican, from Di, cup, which he refers terum designare struthionem femi- to the bag in its crop, comp. in Latin truo nam, verisimile est Bocharto, qui feminæ from trua. esum nominatim prohibuisse putat ideo, quod feminæ struthiones sæpius et facilius capiuntur, mares vero, quum sint velocissimi, in manus hominum raro incidunt. Sed quum struthionis nomen genericum Hebræi nullum habeant, ne horum unum prohibens, tuam. LXX, VUKTIKOρaka, quo nomine invideretur alterum concedere, necesse habuisse Mosem, utrumque diserte prohibere, idque fecisse addito p, quod Bocharto est nomen struthionis maris, a o, inique agere, ob immanitatem in pullos, quod ova in arena relinquere solet, illi inditum, quemadmodum et Arabes struthionem vocabulo prorsus synonymo, p, impium, iniquum Bp. Patrick.-Cormorant.] Though Bovocant (vid. Hieroz., t. ii., p. 832, sq.), qui chart doth not approve of this translation, et sexum hujus avis ita distinguunt, ut yet he acknowledges the Hebrew word feminam nomine D, marem nomine salach signifies some sea-bird, which sits designent. LXX, Vulgatus, et Onkelos upon rocks; and strikes at fishes with great noctuam vertunt, quod sequutus Edmann (Vermischte Sammll., p. iii., p. 45), 27 putat esse strigem Otum Linn. (die mittlere Ohreule, der kleine Schuhu), hoc maxime argumento nixus, quod ? Arabibus significat unguibus vulnerare, quod huic avi apprime conveniat, quæ, ut auctor est Hasselquist Itiner., p. 291, ubi vespera fenestras invenit apertas, ædes intret, et infantes, custode destitutos, necet. Quasi vero non quævis alia avis rapax a vulnerando unguibus nominari possit.

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Au. Ver.-The cormorant.

So Booth.

force, and draws them out of the waters.
And so the Talmudists, in the treatise called
Cholin, expound it; and the gloss upon it
there says, it signifies the crow of the waters,
that is, a cormorant.

Ged. The sea-gull.

Gesen.-, m. Levit. xi. 17; Deut. xiv. 17, probably the plungeon [so Parkhurst, Horsley, Rosen.], κатapáкTηs of the ancients, Pelecanus Bassanus, Linn. It derives its name from the characteristic habit of watching on high cliffs, and on perceiving a fish in the water, of darting down like an arrow, and seizing its prey. LXX, Karaрákтηs. Vulg., mergulus, Syr. and Chald, trahens pisces. Comp. Bocharti Hieroz., p. ii., lib. ii., cap. 21. Edemann's Vermischte Sammlungen aus der Naturkunde, H. iii., p. 68. Michaelis, Orient. Bibliothek, th. iii., p. 63.

There are

Au. Ver. The great owl.
Bp. Patrick.-Great owl.]
various translations of the Hebrew word
jansaph, which St. Jerome takes for a stork,
and others for a bustard; but Bochart

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-acknowledges the Syriac and Chaldee trans וְאֶת־הַכּוֹס וְאֶת־הַשָּׁלָךְ וְאֶת־הַיַּנְשׁוּף :

καὶ νυκτικόρακα, καὶ καταράκτην, καὶ ἴβιν. Au. Ver.-17 And the little owl, and the cormorant, and the great owl.

The little owl.

lation to be the most probable, which is the
same with ours.

Bp. Horsley.-Perhaps the bittern. (See
Parkhurst.)

drrépus. a species of heron. Perhaps the . Isaiah pelican, from, with reference to the fatos or expansion of the pouch.

A. Ver.-The pelican. So Geddes, Boothroyd.

Ged., Booth-The Bis. Gegening, m. and xxxiv. 11, an unclean bird, which occurs Levit. xi. 17: Dest. xiv. 16. in connexion with several other water-fowls, and in Isaiah xxxiv. 11, with ravens as an inBp. Patrick. That the Hebrew word habitant of the widemess. Neither the last signifies a pelican is not disputed. ancient translators, nor the etymol gy, give here any thing certain; the LXX and Vulgate express it by. Ibis comp. Elemana's Sammlungen) ; Syr. and Chald.. Į2220, 987, perhaps owl; Arab., in a pigeon-hawk, or gos-hawk; in I-ai. xxxiv. 11, >". bustard, a sort of large fowl. and ruins (Hieroz., part. ii., p. 281, &c., express it Ps. cii. 7,

باشق .the Pentatouch

الدحدري

a

Bchart

But that it also signifies the bird we call a
heron, is not improbable; being joined with
ers in Ps. cii. 6, which is a bird that makes
an unpleasant noise. especially that kind of
them that cries like a bittern, and is called
by later writers butorius.
Gen.
xtat, const, meg, a water-fowl, Levit. xi. 18;
Deut. xiv. 17 which also frequents deserts
Isai. xxxiv. 11; Zeph. ii. 14;
according to the old translators,

fem. with the art.

by owl, from, twilight; others compare pelican. Root probably 8, to vomit, from

, a bat, from Ais, noctu ragari. Prof. Lee.—, according to Bochart, Hieroz. ii., p. 281, seq. Chald. and Syr., the oul. Gesenius, the common crane or heron ("der Trompeter-vogel "), from its cry, as derived from, blew. Bochart, on the other hand, takes as the root. One thing only is certain, that it was proscribed as unclean.

Ver. 18.

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היחם :

καὶ πορφυρίωνα, καὶ πελεκᾶνα, καὶ κύκνον. An. Ver.-18 And the swan, and the pelican, and the gier eagle.

the habit of throwing up shells and other indigestible things which it swallows, com mon to the pelican, with other water-fowls.

Prof. Lee.-, the name of a waterbird: according to Bochart, the word is used both for the pelican and the heron. Au. Ver.-The gier eagle.

Bp. Horsley.-Probably some species of water-fowl.

There are

Bp. Patrick.-Gier eagle.] many various opinions about this bird, which the Hebrews call racham. But Bochart hath shown out of the Arabian writers, that Tit signifies, a kind of eagle, or vulture: for names, sometimes by the other. It being sometimes they call it by one of these of a dubious kind, between an eagle and a The swan. So Vulg., Ged., Booth. vulture; and therefore happily by us transBp. Patrick.- -Swan.] In this translation lated a gier-eagle, that is, a vulture-eagle, we follow St. Jerome; but Jonathan takes which Aristotle calls yvraieros. See Hieroz., it for a kind of owl, which he calls otia. par. ii., lib. ii., cap. 25-27, where Bochart Whereby he means, no doubt, that bird shows it is such a harmless and goodwhich Aristotle calls drós: which he saith natured bird, that thence it had the name of is like an owl, having tufts of feathers racham, and in Arabic of rachama; and was about its ears, from whence it hath the made the hieroglyphic of mercy and tendername of otus (lib. viii., cap. 12). And so the Chaldee, the Syriac, and the Samaritan ness among the Egyptians, if Horus Apollo may be believed. here translate the Hebrew word thinsemeth, which a great many modern interpreters follow: who take this for that which the Latins call noctua, as the former for that owl which they call bubo,

Booth. The king-fisher.

رجعة and

رخم

Deut. xiv. 17, the carrion-kite, vultur, Gesen.-, m. Levit. xi. 18, and 27, perenopterus [so Geddes, Rosen.], Linn. Arab. See Bocharti Hieroz., t. ii., p. 297-322. pium esse; from which this bird receives its name (like app, the stork). See Bochart., 2202, j p. 318, 319.

Bp. Horsley. now. The goose. (Michaelis.)

Gesen bn, Levit. xi. 18; Deut. xiv. 16: an unclean water-fowl. LXX, πоp¶уpiшv, the sea-gull. Vulg., the swan. Syr.

, בהם Root

Ver. 19.

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καὶ ἐρωδιὸν, καὶ χαραδριὸν, καὶ τὰ ὅμοια αὐτῷ, καὶ ἔποπα, καὶ νυκτερίδα.

Au. Ver.-19 And the stork, the heron after her kind, and the lapwing, and the

bat.

Bp. Patrick.-Lapwing.] The Hebrew doctors take dukiphah for a mountain-cock, which had a double crest, and thence hath its name, according to R. Solomon. Or rather it may be so called from the place where it resorts; for dik in Arabic is a cock, and kapha a rock, from whence Bochart probably conjectures this bird had its name, because it lives in mountainous

Stork. So Gesenius, Lee, and most com- places. And he thinks the LXX and the

mentators.

Vulgar have rightly translated it ояа, and Gesen., fem. the stork, prop. (avis) upupam: which is the sense also of four pia, thus named on account of being praised Arabian interpreters. It is a portentous by the ancients for tenderness towards its kind of bird, which hath a crest from its bill young, Levit. xi. 19; Deut. xiv. 18; Job to the hindermost part of its head; and one xxxix. 13; Ps. civ. 17; Jer. viii. 7; Zech. of the principal birds used in the ancient v. 9. Vid. Bocharti Hieroz. ed. Rosen- superstitions of the magicians and augurs, müller, t. iii., p. 85, &c. Others, the heron. as he observes cap. 31. Rosen.— LXX, Aquila, Theodotion interpretantur pwdiòv, ardeam, quod sequutus Vulgatus. Onkelos: milvus albus;

, הוּרְבָא Syrus

Gesen.-, f., Lev. xi. 19; Deut. xiv. 18, an unclean bird, according to the LXX, Vulg., and Arab., hoopoe. There is nothing nomen obscurum; Arabes to be determined from etymology, although it pet po, fortasse milvus. Bochartus may be compared with the Arab. word, probare studuit, esse ciconiam, quam signifying a cock; the last syllable ♫ is interpretationem plerique sunt sequuti. Sed nemo ex antiquis de ciconia cogitavit, deinde derived by Simonis from, excrevit Ps. civ. 17, dicitur, ni habitare in altis abietibus, quod non cadit in ciconias, quippe quæ non in Europa solum, sed etiam in Asia in tectis ædium nidulantur.

Au. Ver.-Heron. So Ged., Booth. Bp. Patrick.-Heron.] There are at least ten different interpretations of the Hebrew word anapha; among which ours is one. But it being derived from a word which signifies anger, Bochartus rather takes it for a mountain-falcon, which is a fierce bird, and very prone to anger.

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stercus, who translates, dunghill-cock. Chald. wood-cock, probably according to the etymology, 27, rock-cock. Comp. Bocharti Hieroz., tom. ii., p. 346.

5

Prof. Lee.-, f. The name of a certain unclean bird, Lev. xi. 19; Deut. xiv. 18. Bochart. Hieroz., ii., col. 334, proposes the Arabic , Cock, and Chald. or Syr. NE, rock, i.e., cock of the rock; by which he seems to mean a woodcock twice the size of the common one; and for this he cites several Rabbinic writers. The LXX give ἔποπα, Lat. upupa: and, after them, the Arabic versions, . Gesenius proposes +

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?. i.e., Arab. Lord, and Chald. rock : i.c., Lord of the rock; which he says is the same thing as gallus montanus. But, is the particle

ever found in any shape whatever com

Rosen. LXX, xapadpiov, nomen avis cujusdam, quæ in paludibus vivit et insectis vescitur; magnitudine cornicis vel pounded with either Hebrew or Syriac pici cornicini, et frequens in Egypto in- words? And, if it were, are we at last any feriori. Quatuor ejus species descripsit more certain about this word than we were Hasselquist, p. 308, sqq. Apud Leskium, before? I think not.

p. 272. Regenpfeiffer, Gall., Pleuver, Angl., Rosen-, in textu Samar., Plover. Onkelos vertit, cujus nominis LXX, Vulgatus, Arabs uterque vertunt significatio ignota est. Syrus retinet vocem upupam, quam significationem defendit Hebræam. Arabes: psittacus. Bochartus. Syrus habet Au. Ver. The lapwing. So Ged., Booth. verba Castellus (Lex Heptagl., p. 3950)

quæ

vertit upupam ;

confuted by observing, that in the cited
passage of Levit. ?, according to its
kind, is placed with each of them.

sed Bochartus gallum not different kinds of locusts, but different agrestem S. montanum. Sequitur eum colours of the same species are denoted, is Michaelis Suppll., p. 416, additque, Ephræmum et plerosque Judæorum intelligere gallum montanum. Posse etiam pro hac significatione vocis Hebrææ id afferri, quod Arab. T gallinam et ? petram significat. Attamen ob veterum auctoritatem upupam intelligere mallem.

Ver. 21, 22.

Au. Ver. The bald locust.

Ged. It is supposed to be the gryllus eversor.

Gesen.-, m. a four-footed, winged, and eatable kind of locust, Numb. xi. 22 only. Root in Chald., to devour, consume [so Bochart], i.q. .

Au. Ver.-Beetle.

Bp. Patrick. This sort of locusts called

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seems to have its name from the . מִמַּעַל לְרַגְלָיו לְנַתֵּר בָּהֵן עַל־הָאָרֶץ: .vast company wherein they fly together 22 אֶת־אֵלֶה מֵהֶם תּאכֵלוּ אֶת־הָאַרְבֶּה but it is not fitly translated a beetle ; for לְמִינוֹ וְאֶת־הַפָּלְעָם לְמִינֵהוּ וְאֶת־

footed, with legs to learn withal. Therefore הַחַרְגָּל לְמִינֵהוּ וְאֶת־הֶחָנָב לְמִינֵהוּ : לו קרי 21 .v

21 ἀλλὰ ταῦτα φάγεσθε ἀπὸ τῶν ἑρπετῶν τῶν πετεινῶν, ἃ πορεύεται ἐπὶ τέσσαρα, ἃ ἔχει σκέλη ἀνώτερον τῶν ποδῶν αὐτοῦ, πηδᾷν ἐν αὐτοῖς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς. 22 καὶ ταῦτα φάγεσθε ἀπ ̓ αὐτῶν. τὸν βροῦχον, καὶ τὰ ὅμοια αὐτῷ. καὶ τὸν ἀττάκην, καὶ τὰ ὅμοια αὐτῷ, καὶ ὀφιομάχην, καὶ τὰ ὅμοια αὐτῷ, καὶ τὴν ἀκρίδα, καὶ τὰ ὅμοια αὐτῇ.

none ever ate beetles; nor are they four

chargol is another sort of locusts, unknown
to us in these countries: and so is that
which follows; for a grasshopper is not a
sort of meat : but there were locusts of that
shape, which were large and feshy in the
eastern countries, and very good food.

Ged. It is supposed to be the gryllus
verrucivorus of Linnaeus.

Gesen., Levit. xi. 22 only, the name Au. Ver.-21 Yet these may ye eat of of a kind of locust, eatable, and winged. every flying creeping thing that goeth upon (Arabic,, a drove of horses, and, a all four, which have legs above their feet, to leap withal upon the earth;

22 Even these of them ye may eat; the locust after his kind, and the bald locust after his kind, and the beetle after his kind, and the grasshopper after his kind.

Ged. Yet those of them, which although they crawl on four feet, have moreover legs, for leaping on the earth, ye may eat; 22 Such as, &c.

Booth.-21 Yet those of every kind of fowl that creep, going upon all four, which have legs above their feet, to leap with upon the earth, ye may eat. 22 Even of them

ye may eat, &c.

22 Au. Ver.-The locust.

swarm of locusts.)

Prof. Lee.-, m. once, Lev. xi. 22.

Arab. JA, Ch. 27, locustæ genus

impenne, dvipakos. Diosc. ii. 57. Castell,
"Arab., saliit, saltitavit equus
"a saltando dicta," Gesenius. But the
Arabic word has no such sense. A locust,
having no wings, Hieroz. Bochart., ii., lib. iv.,
c. ii., p. 457, where the error, now adverted
to, was probably first committed.

Au. Ver.-The grasshopper.

Bp. Patrick.-The Hebrew word chagab signifies a sort of locusts, the original of whose name Aben Ezra intimates may be found in the Arabic tongue. In which ghahageba signifies to cover as with a veil: and in such troops these locusts fly, that sometimes they seem to darken the sun

Gesen.-, m. The locust, (Root 27, to multiply), Exod. x. 4, &c.; Levit. xi. 22; Joel i. 4; Ps. lxxviii. 46. It is often mentioned with other kinds of locusts, in which the East so much abounds (Bochart. Hieroz., t. ii, p. 411), and denotes then a itself. But by what marks these were dispeculiar species; perhaps the most common of all, gryllus gregarius [so Geddes], the locust of passage. The idea, that by these different names (Levit. xi. 22; Joel i. 4),

tinguished from one another, the Hebrews
differ so much, that it plainly shows they
are wholly ignorant in this matter. The
most that can be made of what they say, is

(as a man very learned in these things hath gerit immundus sit. Vivis enim animalibus observed, Job Ludolphus, in his dissertation immundis, ut asinis, canibus, etc., uti de Locustis, cap. 23), that chargol hath licebat Israelitis. Hine LXX, τῶν θνησι both a bunch on its back and a tail also: paíwv avτwv. arbeh hath neither: solam only a bunch, and not a tail; and chagab a tail, but no bunch.

Ver. 29, 30.

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לְמִינֵהוּ :

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.30 .v ל' רבתא

coronatus of Linnæus. Michaelis was of opinion that the four names above were only one insect, at different periods of its existence, and in his German version thus renders the colon: "Die heuschrecken nach

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29 καὶ ταῦτα ὑμῖν ἀκάθαρτα ἀπὸ τῶν ἑρπε

der ersten, zweiten, dritten, und vierten τῶν τῶν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς. ἡ γαλὴ, καὶ ὁ μᾶς, καὶ ὁ hautung." But this, in my opinion, is κροκόδειλος ὁ χερσαῖος, 30 μυγάλη, καὶ highly improbable, and repugnant to the χαμαιλέων, καὶ χαλαβώτης, καὶ σαῦρα, καὶ text, which adds after every one of ἀσπάλαξ. the four insects. This alone destroys Michaelis's conjecture.

Gesen.-, A locust, according to Lev. xi. 22, it is a winged and eatable species. Prof. Lee.-, m. pl. 2, A sort of locust, so called, perhaps, because their flight is said to conceal the sun (, velavit); but this is extremely doubtful.

Ver. 26.

něnan-bab

Au. Ver.-29 These also shall be unclean unto you among the creeping things that creep upon the earth; the weasel, and the mouse, and the tortoise after his kind,

30 And the ferret, and the chameleon, and the lizard, and the snail, and the mole. 29 The creeping things.

Rosen.— h. 1. non significat animalia reptilia, ut vermes, serpentes, etc., sed animalia quadrupedia, quæ habent pedes ita breves, ut incedendo venter prope terram

29 Au. Ver.-The weasel.

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.20 .contingat, et ad vs פַּרְסָה וְשָׁמַעוּ אֵינֶנָּה שֹׁמַעַת וְגַרָה אֵינֶנָּה מַעֲלָה טְמֵאִים הֵם לָכֶם כָּל־

interpreters follow this translation of the הַכֹּגֵעַ בָּהֶם יִטְמָא :

καὶ ἐν πᾶσι τοῖς κτήνεσιν ὅ ἐστι διχηλοῦν ὁπλὴν, καὶ ὀνυχιστῆρας ἀνυχίζει, καὶ μηρυκισμὸν οὐ μηρυκᾶται, ἀκάθαρτα ἔσονται ὑμῖν.

πᾶς ὁ ἁπτόμενος τῶν θνησιμαίων αὐτῶν ἀκάθαρτος ἔσται ἕως ἑσπέρας.

Au. Ver.-26 The carcases of every beast which divideth the hoof, and is not cloven-! footed, nor cheweth the cud, are unclean · unto you every one that toucheth them

shall be unclean.

Ged. All beasts of which the hoof, although divided, is not cloven into two [Syr.], and which chew not the cud, are to you unclean whatsoever toucheth their carcases [LXX, and seven MSS.], shall be unclean.

Booth.-All [two MSS.,, Ken.] beasts whose hoof is divided, but is not cloven, and chew not the cud, to you shall be unclean; whatsoever toucheth their carcases [LXX, and seven MSS.] shall be unclean.

Rosen.-26, Quisquis ea (vel potius per antecc, eorum cadavera) teti

Bp. Patrick.-Weasel.] Though most

Hebrew word choled, yet Bochartus hath
alleged a great many probable reasons that
it signifies a mole, and one is, because it is
joined here with the mouse. See Hierozoicon,
par. i., lib. iii., cap. 35, where he treats of
this very largely.

Rosen., Ged., Gesen., Lee.-Mole.
Au. Ver.-Mouse.

Bp.Patrick.—All acknowledge the Hebrew word achbar signifies mouse, and more especially a field-mouse [so Gesen.], which doth great mischief there; and thence hath its name, as Bochartus shows in the foregoing chapter of that book. But all sorts of mice are here to be understood, as Jonathan observes, who thus paraphrases this word, "the black mouse, the red, and the white;' for they are of so many colours.

Prof. Lee. 72, the jerboa. Dipus jaculus of Linnæus.

Au. Ver.-The tortoise.

Bp. Patrick.-Bochartus has taken a great deal of pains to prove that tzab doth not signify a tortoise; but, as the LXX and

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