PARTICIPLES. 129. Participles are adjectives formed from verbs. They differ from ordinary adjectives in having variations of form to show whether the action is unfinished, finished, or intended: 130. The Imperfect Participle is formed by the suffix -ing: speak-ing, writ-ing. 131. The Perfect Participle is formed (1) by the suffix -en, or -n, (2) by the suffix -ed, -d, or -t, and (3) the suffix is lost. The root is sometimes changed (speak, spok-en), and sometimes unchanged (wound, wound-ed). I. (a.) -en or n: beat, beat-en; grow, grow-n. (b.) -en or -n and root changed: tread, trodd-en; wear, wor-n. II. (a.) -ed, -d, or t: mend-ed, call-'d, burn-t. (b.) -d or -t and root changed: tell, tol-d; bring, brough-t. III. (a.) suffix lost: burst, come, shut, run. (b.) suffix lost and root changed: bind, bound; dig, dug ; build, built; send, sent. EXERCISE 22. 1. What are Participles? How do they differ from other adjectives? 2. Give the Imperfect and Perfect Participles of beseech, bear, hurt, wake, make, take, break, shear, hear, fear, cleave, weave, leap, teach, lie, lay, fly, flee, flow, grow, speed, need, gird, lead, read, sing, hit, trust, thrust, change, fall, tell, wind, wound, slay, stay, pray, cry. GERUND. 132. The Gerund is a verbal noun, i.e. a noun formed from a verb. It has two forms: one with the suffix -ing, teach-ing; the other with the Preposition to, to teach. It is thus declined: 133. The form in -ing may be the subject or the object of a verb: Reading is pleasant' (Nom.), ' He likes reading' (Acc.). The form with to (for) indicates a purpose, and is used with Intransitive and Passive verbs and with adjectives: They came to complain,' 'The tree was planted to shade the house,' 'easy to do,' 'difficult to explain.' It must not be confounded with the Infinitive, which is usually the subject, object, or complement of a verb: To read is pleasant,' 'He likes to read,'' His object is to learn.' EXERCISE 23. 1. What is the Gerund? How is it formed? How does it differ from the Imperfect Participle and from the Infinitive? 2. Point out the Imperfect Participles, the Infinitives, and the Gerunds in the following sentences: (a) The lowing herd winds slowly o'er the lea. (b) I thought that going out of the way, when we are in, was easier than going in when we are out. (c) Far other aims his heart had learned to prize, More bent to raise the wretched than to rise. (d) You have this night trespassed on me by trampling and lying on my ground. (e) Looking before them they espied a man walking as they did. (f) Learning once made popular is no longer learning. (g) Well had the boding tremblers learned to trace The day's disasters in his morning face. (h) Reading furnishes the mind only with materials of knowledge; it is thinking that makes what we read our own. (2) Getting up in the morning early and walking up and down in his fields, he caught Christian and Hopeful asleep in his fields. (k) Making a round of calls upon the poor cottagers, he learned to share their joys and to take part in their sorrows. AUXILIARY VERBS. 134. The tenses of the English verb, with the exception of the Present and Past Indefinite, are formed by means of Auxiliary verbs, i.e. certain verbs employed with the Gerund or the Perfect Participle instead of suffixes, to form the tenses of the regular verb. They are be, shall, will, have, do, and go. The Gerund and the auxiliary be are used to |