ROR The board, the heaving at the sledge could tons. ROFE yarn, among sailors, is the yarn RORIDULA, in botany, a genus of the ROT Essential character: calyx five-leaved; ROSE, in botany, the rose, a genus of ROSACIC acid. During certain diseases, the urine, when it cools, deposits a peculiar substance, which has been denominated, from its colour, which resembles bricks, lateritious sediment. During fevers, this appearance of the urine takes place; and in gouty persons, at the termination of the paroxysms, it is very abundant. And when this suddenly disappears, and the urine at the same time continues to deposit this substance, a relapse may be dreaded. It appears in the form of red flakes, and adheres strongly to the sides of the vessel. If the urine be heated, this sediment is again dissolved. This substance was formerly considered by chemists as the uric acid. If into fresh urine, a little nitric acid is dropped, it becomes muddy, and a precipitate is formed. The nitric acid and the substance to which the name of rosacic acid has been given combine together, and are deposited. The uric acid being much less soluble than the rosacic acid, it is very easy to separate them. All that is necessary is, to pour boiling water on the sediments, and to wash them on the same filter, in which case the uric acid remains behind. ROSMARINUS, in botany, a genus of the Diandria Monogynia class and order. Natural order of Verticillatæ. Labiatæ, Jussieu. Essential character: corolla unequal, with the upper lip two-parted; filaments long, curved, simple, with a tooth. There are two species, viz. R. officinalis, officinal rosemary; and R. chilensis, Chili rosemary. ROTACEÆ, in botany, the name of the twentieth order in Linnæus's Fragments of a Natural Method, consisting of plants with one flat, wheel-shaped petal. Among the genera of this order is the gentiana, the root of which is a well-known stoma chic, and makes a principal ingredient in bitters. The plants grows plentifully in the mountainous parts of Germany, from whence the roots are brought to England for medicinal purposes. The cistus, or rock-rose, and the hypincum, or St. John's wort, have been annexed also to this order. It may be observed, that gum labdanum is an odoriferous balsam, or resin, which is found on a species of the rock-rose, viz. the cistus ladanifera, that grows naturally in the Levant. This substance is collected by the natives by means of leathern thongs, rubbed gently over the surface of the shrub which produces it. From a species of the hypericum an oil is extracted, that proves an excellent vulnerary. ROTALA, in botany, a genus of the Triandria Monogynia class and order. Natural order of Caryophylleæ. Essential character: calyx three-toothed; corolla none; capsule three-celled, manyseeded. There is but one species, viz. R. verticillaris, a native of the East Indies. ROTATION, in geometry, a term chiefly applied to the circumvolution of any surface round a fixed and immoveable line, which is called the axis of its rotation, and by such rotations it is, that solids are conceived to be generated. The late ingenious M. de Moivre shows how solids, thus generated, may be measured or cubed. His method is this: for the fluxion of such solids, take the product of the fluxion of the absciss, multiplied by the circular base; and suppose the ratio of a square to the circle inscribed in it to be: then the equation expressing the nature of any circle, whose diameter is d, is y y = d x - xx. Therefore 4 dxx- -xx n 4 dxx-x3 is the fluxion of a portion of the sphere; and, consequently, the portion itself 4 d x x -xx, and the circumscribed cylinder is and therefore the portion of the sphere is to the portion of the circumscribed cylinder, as d― to d −x. ROTHIA, in botany, so named in honour of Albrecht Wilhelm Roth, physician at Bremen; a genus of the Syngenesia Polygamia Equalis class and order. Natural order of Composite Semiflosculosæ. Cichoraceæ, Jussieu. Essential character: calyx many-leaved, in a single row, equal, woolly; receptacle in the ray chaffy, in the disk villose; seeds in the ray bald, in the disk pappose. There is only one species, viz. R. andryaloides. ROTTBOELLIA, in botany, so named in memory of Christian Früis Rottboel, Professor of Botany at Copenhagen; a genus of the Polygamia Monoecia class and order. Natural order of Gramina, Gramineæ, or Grasses. Essential character: rachis jointed, roundish, in most spe cies filiform; calvx ovate, lanceolate, flat, one or two valved; florets alternate on a flexuose rachis. There are seventeen species. ROUND, in a military sense, signifies a walk which some officer, attended with a party of soldiers, takes in a fortified place around the ramparts, in the night-time, in order to see that the sentries are watchful, and every thing in good order. The sentries are to challenge the rounds at a distance, and rest their arms as they pass, to let none come near them; and when the round comes near the guard, the sentry calls aloud, "Who comes there?" and being answered, "the rounds;" he says "stand;" and then calls the corporal of the guard, who draws his sword, and calls also, "Who comes there?" and when he is anwered, "the rounds," he who has the word advances, and the corporal receives it with his sword pointed to the giver's breast. In strict garrison, the rounds go every quarter of an hour. ROUSSEA, in botany, so named in memory of the celebrated Jean Jacques Rousseau; a genus of the Tetrandria Monogynia class and order. Essential character: calyx four-leaved; corolla onepetalled, bell-shaped, four-cleft, inferior ; berry quadrangular, many-seeded. There is but one species, viz. R. simplex, this is a small climbing shrub, found by Commerson in the island of St. Mauritius. ROXBURGHIA, in botany, so named in honour of William Roxburgh, M. D. ; a genus of the Octandria Monogynia class and order. Essential character: calyx four-leaved; corolla four-petalled, inwardly keeled; nectary four, awl-shaped; leaflets on the apex of the keel of the petals, converging; anthers linear, sessile in the grooves of the keel; capsule one-celled, two-valved; seeds many, inserted in a spongy receptacle. There is but one species, viz. R. Gloriofoides, a native of Coromandel, in moist valleys between the mountains, flowering in the cold season. It is the Canipoo Tiga of the Telingas. ROYALTIES, are the rights of the King. See PREROGATIVE, ROYAL Exchange. The term royal, applied to the Exchange of London, originated with Queen Elizabeth, a princess, who, though tinctured with the arbitrary prejudices of her time, deserves the grateful remembrance of her countrymen for many wise and extremely beneficial acts, equally contribiting to increase the political and commercial prosperity of England. The word Exchange is certainly improperly applied to a building in which the act of exchanging or bartering takes place; but we are not the only people who thus misuse the appellation, as many towns on the Continent have their Places de Change. We know nothing more of the Bourse (synonymous with Exchange) frequented by the merchants of London before the reign of Elizabeth, except that it was situated in Lombard Street. It is, however, reasonable to suppose, that it was too inconsiderable in its extent, or had become ruinous by that period, as Sir Thomas Gresham then entertained thoughts of exerting his influence to ren der his fellow-citizens an essential service, and at the same time improve his own property. It is singular, that a people, celebrated for their commercial enterprise from the very foundation of their metropolis, should have proceeded through many centuries, contented with transacting their business at casual and uncertain meetings, when it seems so obvious to their posterity that a rallying point is absolutely necessary, where a trader may, at a fixed and certain hour, see and converse with those connected with him in com. merce, and meet with purchasers for his commodities. There cannot exist a doubt, that numbers of the citizens of London felt the ne. cessity for an established and convenient Exchange, which may be supposed from the faint attempt made in Lombard Street, and which might have suggested the plan arterwards executed by Gresham, whose very extensive concerns made him more particularly sensible of the deficiencies of London in this instance. The circumstances attending the founding of the original Exchange on the present site, have contributed to convey all the honour of the undertaking to Sir Thomas, when, in truth, he was only an active partner in that honour; as it as an indisputable fact, that the Corporation of London purchased, at the expense of the city, not less than eighty houses, and the ground on which they stood, for the sum of four thousand pounds: these they ordered to be taken down, and the earth prepared for building a magnificent structure. It will be perceived from this state ment, that the collective body of the citizens was by no means deficient in their wishes to second the views of Gresham, who engaged to erect the Exchange at his own expense, and the parties were mutually to enter into conveyances of the ground and building to each other, that their descendants and successors might for ever possess a joint and equal property in the subsequent profits of the concern. This covenant was faithfully complied with by the Corporation, but Sir Thomas neglected to execute his part of it. Hence it must be admitted, that the latter has no claim to the exclusive gratitude of the natives of London; on the contrary, it is very evident, the patriotism of the act should be divided between the then Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and Council, and Gresham; with this ad. mission in his favour, that it is more than probable the Corporation would never of themselves have conferred an Exchange on the city they governed. Sir Thomas laid the first stone of the edifice on the seventh day of June, 1566, which was completed with brick, and so contrived as to render the reimbursement of his expenses as certain as human foresight would permit. This he supposed might be accomplished by the fines and rents accruing from a very considerable number of vaults and shops, which inclosed the area intended for the ostensible purposes of the building. The novelty of this arrangement operated greatly in his favour, and the shops let rapidly; but the vaults, as our ancient writers term them, being partly under ground, and consequently equally dark and damp, were but partially occupied. Sensible of his mistake, and determined to retrieve it if possible, he resolved that his future tenants should take the vaults with the shops at eight marks per annum; and they proceeded thus for some time, till at length it was fully ascertained the public would not be compelled to descend to purchase commodities in the dark. The tenants, therefore, unanimously resolved to offer him four pounds per annum for the shop only, resigning all claims to the vaults. This the knight immediately ac cepted, and let them to merchants for the reception of packages, and large quanti ties of pepper, which article is still deposited in those of the present building. While the projector of the Exchange exployed every engine to increase his profits on its erection, neither himself nor his colleagues were inattentive to its original purpose; and they considered, that though it was impossible the merchants and traders of the city, and the foreigners who visited it, should not perceive the advantages it offered them in the expediting their business, yet that they might be more firmly impressed on their minds, he had recourse to a stratagem which it was amply in his power to apply. During the reigns of Edward VI. and Queen Mary, this enterprising merchant had been employed as their agent in procuring loans on the Continent, and had conducted himself with so much prudence and success, that Queen Elizabeth entrusted him with similar commissions, particularly at Antwerp, where he procured her large sums. This method of proceeding did not, however, accord with the patriotic views of our great trader, who contrived to prevail upon the sove reign to apply to her own subjects for assistance, which he more than once afforded her himself, with much profitable advice on financial matters. The stratagem alluded to was the prevailing on the Queen to go in solemn procession to the new Exchange, and there proclaim it such, under the additional sanction of her royal protection and recommendation. Had this monarch been less attached to splendid exhibitions of regal state, the claims of Sir Thomas on her gratitude were sufficiently powerful to demand a still greater favour. It is not therefore, to be wondered, that she readily consented to perform her part, particularly as it was intimately connected with the future welfare of her good city of London. Accordingly, after due preparation, her Majesty departed from Somerset House, in the Strand, on the twenty-third of January, 1570, attended by the officers of her court, and a train of nobility, to the magnificent residence of Sir Thomas, who, at a very great expense, provided a most superb entertainment for his royal guest, her attendants, and the principal citizens; after which the whole party went to the new edifice, where every possible display of rich goods was made in the shops, the occupiers of which, delighted with the condescension of their Queen, endeavoured to exceed each other in gratifying her curiosity, and expressing their loyalty and gratitude. The moment, at length, arriv ed for the accomplishment of this wellconcerted plan; and Sir Thomas and the citizens had the satisfaction of hearing a herald proclaim the place a Royal Exchange by the sound of trumpet, at the express command of her Majesty. It appeared sufficiently plain after the decease of Sir Thomas Gresham, that he had not erred in his calculations on the probable profits of the Exchange, as it was known that his lady received 751. 58. per annum in rents from it. And this result is precisely what a generous citizen would wish, that public advantage should be attended with private benefit to the successors of a public benefactor. The dithculty attending procuring the perusal of the archives of the different institutions of London has hitherto prevented the historian from giving a sketch of the existing connection between the estate of Sir Thomas Gresham, held by the Company of Mercers and the City of London; but it is certain that, after the year 1596, all the affairs of Sir Thomas Gresham's trust were managed by a committee of four aldermen and eight commoners on the part of the Corporation; and by the master, wardens, and eight of the court of assistants of the Mercer's Company. The dreadful calamity of 1666 destroyed the old Royal Exchange, when only 234. 88. 2d. belonging to the Gresham trust remained in the coffers of the Company; and yet the persons composing it contrived to employ labourers to remove the ruins within six months after the conflagration occurred, in order to prepare the ground for the present structure; and on the twenty-fifth of February the King was petitioned for a supply of Portland stone. In September, 667, the committee appointed to superintend the rebuilding of the Exchange, submitted their plans and elevations to the inspection of Charies I at the same time requesting permission to project the South portico into Cornhill. They had soon the satisfaction of hearing that the first were highly approved of, and that their request was granted. On the twenty-third of October, in the above year, the monarch went to the site, and placed the base of the pillar on the west side of the north entrance, after which he accepted of a handsome entertainment, provided at the joint expense of the City and Company of Mercers, and served under a temporary building erected on the Scotch walk. In return for this hospitality, the King knighted the Sheriffs Ganden and Davis, and gave 20. in gold to the workmen James, Duke of York, laid the first stone of the eastern pillar, on the thirty-first of October; and on the eighteenth of the following month Prince Rupert placed that on the east side of the south entrance, each being entertained in a sumptuous manner. The Committee inspecting the plan ૨૧ made by Mr. Jerman for rebuilding the Exchange, on the 9th of December, 1667, resolved" that porticos should be built on the north and south sides, according as his Majesty desires, and as are described in the aforesaid draft; and that the houses shall be built on the heads of the said porticos, and shops underneath." Mr. Malcolm has collected many particulars relating to this noble edifice, in his "Londinium Redivivum," and amongst others, the following extract from a book produced to a Committee of the House of Commons, 1747. "The said book begins the 27th of October, 1666, and ends July 12, 1676; and it thereby appears that the total expense of rebuilding the Royal Exchange amounted unto 58,9627.; the Company's moiety whereof was the sum of 29,4811. To defray which expense it appeared the Company were obliged to borrow money upon their seal, insomuch that, in the year 1682, they had taken up money on their bonds, on account of the trust of Sir Thomas Gresham, to the amount of 45,7951." It appeared on this occasion, from the evidence of a Mr. Crumpe," that the Company had hitherto contributed equally with the city in the repairing of the Royal Exchange, and paying Sir Thomas Gresham's lectures and charities; and that, in or about the year 1729, one of the lecturers of Sir Thomas Gresham filed a bill in Chancery, against the city of London, and the Mercers' Company: to answer which, it became necessary to draw out and state an account between the Mercers' Company and Sir Thomas Gresham's trust estates; as also between the City and Company and the said estate; and, accordingly, such accounts drawn up and thereby it appears, that there was due to the Mercers' Company, for their moiety of the expense of building the Royal Exchange, and other pay ments up to that time, the sum of 100,6591. 18s. 10d." Mr. Cawne, the then Clerk of the Company of Mercers, produced a continuation of this account to the Committee above mentioned, down to 1745, when the principal and interest amounted to the enormous sum of 142,8851. 7s. 1d. were the present structure, the merchants of London transacted their business at Gresham College; and the new building was opened for that purpose, September 28, 1669: in 1703, the following notice appeared in the public papers: "An act of the Lord Mayor and Court of Aldermen is affixed at the Exchange, and other places in this City, by which all persons are prohibited coming upon the Royal Exchange to do business before the hours of twelve o'clock, and after the hour of two, till evening change. Wherein it is further enacted, that for a quarter of an hour before twelve the Exchange bell shall ring, as the signal of change time; and shall also begin to ring a quarter of an hour before two, at which time the change shall end: and all persons shall quit it, upon pain of being prosecuted to the utmost, according to law. That the gates shall then be shut up, and continue so till evening change time; which shall be from the hours of six to eight from Lady-day till Michaelmas, and from Michaelmas to Lady-day from the hours of four to six; before and after which hours the bell shall ring as above said. And it is further enacted, that no persons shall assemble in companies, as stock-jobbers, &c. either in Exchange Alley, or places adja. cent, to stop up and hinder the passage from and to the respective houses there. abouts, under pain of being immediately carried before the Lord Mayor, or other Justice of the Peace, and prosecuted." There are at present numerous shops encircling the Royal Exchange, but they are confined to the ground floor, under the arches or piazza; many years past the upper rooms were used for this purpose, and it has been said to the amount of two hundred. Lloyd's Coffee House now occupies the greater part of the upper story. Before the present unhappy war, the Royal Exchange of London presented an epitome of the world, where specimens of all the varieties of man might be seen and studied; in which point of view it was equally valuable to the philosopher, as to the merchant for his extended pursuits, nor was it less useful to the observer of the manners of different nations; now, unfortunately, neither the philosopher, the observer of manners, nor the merchant, finds it a place of its original attraction. The frantic decrees against the commerce of England, on the continent, and the necessary reprisals of our own government, are the causes which have rendered the area of the |