The Lion of Egypt: Sultan Baybars I and the Near East in the Thirteenth CenturyLongman, 1992 - 321 עמודים Contemporary and opponent of St Louis of France and Edward I of England, Sultan and Baybars I of Egypt (c. 1220-1277) began his career as a military slave but died, like his contemporaries, a conqueror, a formidable ruler and one of the dominant personalities of the 13th century world. Though little known in the west today, he was in fact a key figure in world history. He turned back the Mongol invasion force and saved Islam and Christendom alike from the hitherto-invincible successors of Genghis Khan. Baybars more than any other Sarecen leader, finally threw the Crusaders out of the Holy Land. He was also the true founder of the Mamluk Sultante that ruled Egypt and Syria until the Ottoman conquest in 1517. |
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Abaqa Abū Shāma According to Ibn Acre Akhbar al-Kamil al-Malik al-Mughith al-Nāṣir Aleppo Antioch Arabic sources Armenian Assassins atābak attack Ayalon Aybak Ayn Jālūt Ayyubid Badr al-Dīn Bahriyya Barhebraeus Baybars al-Manṣūrī Baybars sent Baybars's Berke Cairo caliph campaign castle Christian chronicler citadel Crac des Chevaliers Crusades Damascus Dhayl Egypt Egyptian embassy envoys Eracles Frankish Franks garrison Gaza Geschichte Gestes Golden Horde governor Ḥamāh Hethum Hülegü Husn I/ii Ibn Abd al-Zahir Ibn al-Dawādārī Ibn al-Furāt Ibn Shaddad Ibn Taghribirdī Ibn Wasil idem ilkhan Islam Izz al-Din Jerusalem Jumādā Kanz Karak Khān King Mamluk Mamluk army Mamluk sultanate Maqrīzī military Mongols Mufaḍdal Mufarrij BN 1703 Muḥammad murder Muslim Nihāya Nuwayri prince Qalawun Quatremère IA Quțuz Rashid al-Din Rawḍ Röhricht ruler Runciman Șafad Saladin Sayf al-Din Schregle Seljuk Shafi Shajarat al-Durr Shaykh siege Spuler stronghold sultan Sulūk Syria Ta'rikh Taʼrīkh Templars territory treaty Tripoli troops Tuhfa Waṣil Yūnīnī Zubda