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Adverbs are either of quantity, or quality. Of quantity; as

enough, too-much, altogether.

Adverbs of quality be of divers sorts:

First, of number; as once, twice, thrice.
Secondly, of time; as to-day, yesterday, then,
by and by, ever, when.

Thirdly, of place; as here, there, where, yonder.
Fourthly, in affirmation, or negation; as
I, or ay, yes, indeed, no, not, nay.
Fifthly, in wishing, calling, and exhorting :
Wishing; as O, if.

Calling; as ho, sirrah.

Exhorting; as so, so; there, there. Sixthly, in similitude and likeness; as so, even so, likewise, even as.

To this place pertain all adverbs of quality whatsoever, being formed from nouns, for the most part, by adding ly; as

just, justly; true, truly;

strong, strongly; name, namely.

Here also adjectives, as well positive as compared, stand for adverbs:

When he least thinketh, soonest shall he fall. Interjections, commonly so termed, are in right adverbs, and therefore may justly lay title to this Such are these that follow, with their like: as ah, alas, woe, fie, tush, ha, ha, he.

room.

st, a note of silence : Rr, that serveth to set dogs together by the ears: hrr, to chase birds away. Prepositions are also a peculiar kind of adverbs, and ought to be referred hither. Prepositions are separable or inseparable.

as

Separable are for the most part of time and place;

among, according, without,
afore, after, before, behind,

under, upon, beneath, over,
against, besides, near.

Inseparable prepositions are they which signify nothing, if they be not compounded with some other words; as

re, un, in release, unlearned.

CHAP. XXII.

OF CONJUNCTIONS.

CONJUNCTION is a word without number, knitting divers speeches together : and is declaring, or reasoning. Declaring, which uttereth the parts of a sentence: and that again is gathering, or separating. Gathering, whereby the parts are affirmed to be true together: which is coupling, or conditioning. Coupling, when the parts are severally affirmed; as

and, also, neither.

Conditioning, by which the part following dependeth, as true, upon the part going before; as if, unless, except.

A separating conjunction is that whereby the parts (as being not true together) are separated; and is

severing,

or

sundring.

Severing, when the parts are separated only in a certain respect or reason; as

but, although, notwithstanding.

Sundring, when the parts are separated indeed, and truly, so as more than one cannot be true; as either, whether, or.

Reasoning conjunctions are those which conclude

one of the parts by the other; whereof some render a reason, and some do infer.

Rendering are such as yield the cause of a thing going before; as

for, because.

Inferring, by which a thing that cometh after, is concluded by the former; as therefore, wherefore,

so that, insomuch that.

THE SECOND BOOK OF THE

ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

OF SYNTAX.

CHAP. I.

OF APOSTROPHUS.

S yet we have handled etymology, and all the parts thereof. Let us come to the consideration of the syntax.

Syntax is the second part of grammar, that teacheth the construction of words; whereunto apostrophus, an affection of words coupled and joined together, doth belong.

Apostrophus is the rejecting of a vowel from the beginning or ending of a word. The note whereof, though it many times, through the negligence of writers and printers, is quite omitted, yet by right should, and of the learneder sort hath his sign and mark, which is such a semi-circle (') placed in the top. In the end a vowel may be cast away, when the word next following beginneth with another; as, Th' outward man decayeth ;

So th' inward man getteth strength.

If y'utter such words of pure love, and friendship, What then may we look for, if y' once begin to hate? Gower, lib. 1. de Confess. Amant.

a The Latins and Hebrews have none.

If thou'rt of his company, tell forth, my son,
It is time t' awake from sleep.

Vowels suffer also this apostrophus before the consonant h.

Chaucer, in the 3d book of Troilus.
For of fortune's sharp adversitie,
The worst kind of unfortune is this:
A man t have been in prosperitie,
And it to remember when it passed is.

The first kind then is common with the Greeks; but that which followeth, is proper to us, which though it be not of any, that I know, either in writing or printing, usually expressed: yet considering that in our common speech nothing is more familiar (upon the which all precepts are grounded, and to the which they ought to be referred) who can justly blame me, if, as near as I can, I follow nature's call. This rejecting, therefore, is both in vowels and consonants going before:

There is no fire, there is no sparke,
There is no dore, which may charke.

Gower, lib. iv.

Who answered, that he was not privy to it, and in excuse seem'd to be very sore displeased with the matter, that his men of war had done it, without his commandement or consent.

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