be substituted; this was met with an affirmative by a unanimous determination, and I am sure, that "The Republican" will be read with the same gratifying spirit, as was shewn me, when I brought forward my motion for its introduction.

I am, Sir, yours respectfully,

A- B

TO MR. RICHARD CARLILE, 62, FLEET STREET.

SIR, July 26, 1826. CLARKE, PERRY, and I, were removed yesterday from Newgate to the Giltspur Street Compter, and as there can be no doubt now of our having to endure our full sentences, I wish to make known to our friends, in London in particular, that I shall be glad to receive employment from any of them that can give it to me, at my trade as BOOT AND SHOEMAKER. I have been long desirous of making such an application; but the state of uncertainty in which we have been during the last four or five months, has induced me to delay it until the present time. Any person may obtain admittance here between the hours of 12 and 2, each day; on Sundays visitors are allowed to remain in till 4, but they must be in before 2: those who could not come at these times could possibly leave a parcel at the gate, or at 62, Fleet Street, which should be properly attended to, and returned to wherever. requested. I shall be obliged to your inserting this, or something to the same effect in "The Republican." Those who will employ' me, may depend on their having their old soles well repaired, and their whole bodies set on a good foundation.

We have received a Subscription from Sheffield, and it is requested that a notice of it should appear in "The Republican." I enclose a slip for that purpose, if you think right to insert it. I am, Sir, your obedient Servant,

WILLIAM CAMPION.

TO MR. WILLIAM CAMPION, NEWGATE.

CITIZEN, Sheffield, July 1826. I TAKE this opportunity of transmitting to you for yourself and Messrs. Clark, Perry and Hassell, the enclosed tokens of respect and fellow feeling, from your' friends in Sheffield: it has been long delayed owing to the pressure of the times; and, perhaps, it is less than it would have been, had we felt less of the blessings "dispensed from the portals of an ancient constitutional monarchy." However that may be, events I think are working for us; and we shall witness some momentous changes ere long: we have nothing to do but to stand calmly by, increase the information of the multitude, and when the proper opportunity arrives, establish what we have so long and so successfully shown the superiority of PURE REPUBLI-İ

CANISM.

No. 3. Vol. XIV.

I have mislaid your last letter to me, but I recollect your saying, you have heard I am going to leave Sheffield, and enquiring if it be true? At that time I had not decided, but now I think I have. I find that if I stay longer, I shall embarrass myself beyond the powers of retrieving myself out of difficulty; I therefore think it prudent to move in time. I have made myself obnoxious to the Sheffield people by displaying to their horror-stricken eyes, the God Jehovah, and other things tending to overthrow their superstition; and by rescuing a few individuals from the trammels of so degrading a mythology as the Christian one; and they therefore will not support me as a bookseller. The friends I have gathered round me in Sheffield I shall leave with regret; but they are too few, and in too humble circumstances to enable them to render my stay amongst them permanent. I, however, conceive that my residence in some measure has furthered the cause to which I am devoted. I have, in Derbyshire, and the West Riding of Yorkshire, been the means of circulating about 540 Infidel alias Rational Publications, exclusive of Republicans, Magazines, &c. These must produce some effect, the principles they contain are too well founded in truth, to glide over the mind and have no impres

sion.

I hope to see you soon and then we will talk over minor matters. If your gaolers should move you to the Compter, you will find some good and pleasant rooms in the front of that prison; where I should suppose they will put you, to prevent your contaminating the other prisoners by mixing with them, I am Citizen, with respects to Messrs. Clark and Perry,

Yours truly,

s. d.

W. Hardwick

5 0

3

0

Percy Noel Holmes

4

3 6.

T. Rase

2 6

J. Milner

2 6

Wm. Gray

2 6

0 6

PHRENOLOGY.

IT is frequently the case when a man makes a new discovery in science, that he is not content with displaying what he really has discovered, but he must pretend to a great deal more; instead of leaving the affair to time and the labour of many scientific heads, he pretends almost to perfection at once. Such has been the case with many discoveries in the medical science; the new medicine, or mode of treatment, has been put forth to the world as a specific, a certain cure for particular diseases. Such conduct is injurious, for when upon trial some of the promises are found to be fallacious, the whole is often discarded. But such has been and is the conduct pursued by the teachers of Phrenology. That the first principles of the science are well founded must be evident to every intelligent man who will take the trouble to examine them; but the superstructure built upon this good foundation,

has been erected too hastily; for however correct the details of the science may eventually appear to be, it is wrong to put them forth with so much assurance without more proof in their support. The phrenologists complain of being met with ridicule instead of examination and argument; but they have themselves only to blame for it, in pursuing the conduct which I have been reprobating.

I have been a phrenologist, as far as I could understand the science from books, for some time past. Having heard of Mr. De Ville, the professor of Phrenology in the Strand, I one day paid him a visit during the hours that he has appropriated for public examination. I was there before the manipulizing commenced, and was much gratified with examining the different busts, of which he has a large collection. Mr, De Ville began with an explanation of the first principles of the science, and, excepting bad grammar, bad pronunciation, and cockneyisms, he succeeded pretty well. He certainly might have made his illustrations more clear, more easy of comprehension to those who knew nothing previously of the science, and of such he ought always to suppose his auditory to be composed; but he said nothing then, as he afterwards did, to make me thankful that I was not known to the company as a Phrenologist.

He next proceeded to speak of the uses of the science; and in respect to education and the prevention or cure of idiotism, he spoke, as it appeared to me, very much to the purpose. I fully agree with him that every schoolmaster should understand Phrenology, in order to suit his method of teaching to the capacities. of his pupils. Some boys have a very quick conception, and such have, universally, their perceptive organs strongly developed. For boys of this description the kinds of study cannot be too varied; but their progress must be ascertained, not by the quantity of lessons which they might have learned, but by frequently catechising them, in an irregular manner, on the subjects they have been studying: for quick conceptions are not lasting, and hence it is necessary that they should be brought often to mind in order to be firmly fixed. On the contrary, boys, whose perceptive organs are weak, should be led on by slow degrees and without much variation in their studies; and though they will master but comparatively few lessons, the teacher may depend that this will not be soon forgotten.

He spoke of the objections which were at first made against the science, and amongst others those made on the ground that it led to fatalism and materialism. "These objections," said he, "occasioned me to stop in my career; I laid upon my oars for a time in order to give the subject a little further consideration.' But he did not tell us what were the results of "his further consideration;" whether he believed the science to lead to fatalism and materialism, or to the doctrine of free-will; but his present

zeal in its promulgation tells us that he did not think it would lead to any thing hurtful to society. I would just hint to Mr. De Ville, that when in search of truth the truly honest philosopher would not stay his researches to inquire where they were calculated to lead him; his only aim would be the truth, and this he would endeavour to find out and explain, whatever may be the doctrines it tended to support.

Then followed the manipulizing which I so much wished to see. He first began with the children, but not content with stating that only which his real knowledge of the science warranted, he descended to such trifling particularities as must have left an impression on any of those present, who were not Phrenologists, that himself and science were nothing more than an old gipsy and her pretended knowledge of futurity from the lines of the hand. He might with safety have gone so far as to say that one possessed a fine organization; that the anterior portion of the brain was much more strongly developed than the posterior portion; and that hence the education of the child would not be attended with much difficulty, as his animal propensities and passions would be kept in check by his intellectual faculties, which being strong would also enable him to acquire knowledge with facility. That a second possessed a good share both of the animal and intellectual man, and would therefore make a bright character if proper attention were paid to his education. And that a third possessed a preponderating share of the animal propensities and passions, and would consequently require great care and exertion to prevent his becoming a bad member of society. Thus much he might have said with credit to himself and the science, but he pretended to tell the parents that one child would be fond of music and acquire it with great facility; that another would make the most progress in the mathematics; that in learning languages. one would readily acquire a knowledge of the principles of grammar, but would find the acquisition of words very difficult; and that another would readily acquire the words but would find it a hard task to understand the rules of their proper combination; that another would be very fond of acquiring wealth, another passionate but soon appeased, another passionate and sulky; that one would readily make an apology for any injury he might have done, while another would apologize for nothing whether right or wrong; with a great deal more in the same nonsensical strain. His examination of adults was not much better. "Fine organization, madam, upon my word, music very large, very large indeed." "O, my dear Sir! I have no capacity at all for music." "Stop, stop, I did not say so. Let me see. Yes, the organ of number rather deficient. Yes, that's how it is, madam, that's how it is; you have but little capacity but you have a great taste, you are wery fond of music I am fully conwinced." “Yes, Sir, I like to hear it well enough." "Yes, yes, I knew that, I knew that,

yes, yes. Yes, passions rather too strong, curious thoughts now and then, curious thoughts. A little too pettish with friends now and then, yes, a little, a little, yes a little pettish now and then. Soon, up and soon down though, yes, a little pettish but soon over. What a pity that a new, useful, and well-founded science should be so abused!

When speaking of education, Mr. De Ville was led into some remarks on the effects produced on the brain by exercising particular organs. He said, and I think justly so, that a careful education would materially alter the organization of the head; that is, improve, or enlarge the anterior, and lessen the activity of the posterior portion. He produced a diagram showing the alteration which had taken place, in the course of twenty-one months, in the shape of the head of a child. The anterior portion of the head, measuring from the orifice of the ear, had increased five-eights of an inch, while the posterior had decreased, if I recollect rightly, two-eights. The shape of the head as first taken was decidedly bad, but the increase in one way and decrease in the other gave it a pretty tolerable appearance. Mr. de V. supposed this change to have arisen from the manner in which the child had been treated: every endeavour had been made to bring the intellectual organs into play, principally by light studies and amusements; while equal care had been taken to prevent the passions from being aroused. This change is the more remarkable when we consider that the opposite is generally found to be the result of increased age; nine children out of ten having more brain in the anterior part of the head than full grown persons.

There is, generally, a great deal of scepticism respecting this change of the cranium after once formed; but the point can be clearly proved. Those organs of the brain which are most exercised, are supposed, to increase in size; while those which are seldom brought in action decrease: thus the organ of amativeness in a young bull increases in size till the animal is three or four years of age, and this increase distinguishes it from the ox; but if at this age the bull be castrated, the organ will decrease and continue so to do till the distinguishing character of the bull is lost. This shows that the brain will increase in size by frequent exercise, like the muscles of any other part of the body, and that the cranium will follow the brain when it decreases as well as give way to it when it increases. This supports, too, what I have before stated concerning the good which may be affected by proper education, by bringing into activity such, organs only as are likely to prove beneficial to their possessors.

It must be recollected that this science is but just in its birth, and requiring much labour and observation to bring it to any thing like perfection; and hence it is necessary to guard against following too implicitly the deductions of those who write upon it; but it is well deserving general attention, and more especially