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"leaned on his Lord's breast at the last supper There are twenty-two chapters in the book of Revelation, and Irenæus quotes from thirteen of them, producing more than twenty-four passages, some of considerable length. The candid and judicious Lardner, after an examination of this evidence, says, "His (Irenæus's) testimony for this "book is so strong and full, that, considering the age of Irenæus, he seems to put it beyond all question, that it is the work of John the Apostle "and Evangelist j.”

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The testimony of Irenæus may be supposed to extend from about thirty or forty years after the date of the Apocalypse, to about eighty years after the same period, viz the year of our Lord 178, when he is said to have published the books which contain this testimony. But during this period of eighty years, other writers appear to have quoted, and acknowledged the Apocalypse, We will now, therefore, take a retrospect of their quotations and allusions, which will give additional weight to the testimony of Irenæus; while, from a recollection of his evidence, theirs also will derive support.

Ignatius is mentioned by Michaelis as the most ancient evidence that can be produced, respecting the authenticity of the Apocalypse. He lived in the apostolical times, and died by a glorious

Irenæus, lib. iv. 37, 50, 27.

+ Cred. Gosp. Hist. art. Irenæus.

See Cave and Lardner.

martyrdom

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martyrdom in the year 107, as some writers state, though others have placed this event a few years later. He is commonly supposed to have made no mention of the Apocalypse; and this his silence amounts, in the opinion of Michaelis, to a rejection of the book. If Ignatius," says he, "had seen and acknowledged the Apocalypse the work of John the Apostle, he would "probably, when he wrote his Epistles to the "Christian communities at Ephesus, Philadelphia, " and Smyrna, have reminded them of the praises, which, according to Rev. ii. 1-7. 8—11. iii. "7—12. their Bishops had received from Christ, more particularly when he addressed the "Church of Ephesus; because, in his Epistle to "that Church, he particularly reminds them of "the praises bestowed on them by St. Paul."

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The connection of idea and train of thought, expected from Ignatius upon this occasion, is indeed natural, but it is not necessary; so that the want of it will not amount to any proof that Ignatius had never seen, or that he rejected, the Apocalypse. Ignatius was not a Bishop of any of the Seven Churches to which it was addressed, nor of any of the Churches in Asia properly so called, but of Antioch in Syria; and his familiarity with so obscure and mystical a book, would depend much upon his own turn of mind, and bent of study. We know that many eminent divines of our own times have been very little conversant with the Apocalypse; and we know

that

that many of those, who are conversant with the book, are little inclined to quote it in their sermons and popular addresses; for they appeal to those books of Scripture with which they suppose their auditors most acquainted.

Besides, we are to take into our account the peculiar circumstances under which this Father of the Church wrote his Epistles, which are the only remains of his works. He was a prisoner, upon travel, guarded by a band of soldiers, whom for their ferocity he compares to leopards, and by them hurried forward, in his passage from Antioch to Rome, there to be devoured by wild beasts. In such circumstances, he would write at uncertain seasons, with frequent interruption, his train of thoughts necessarily broken; and his quotations, depending probably on memory alone, would be inaccurate. From these causes it has happened, that the references of Ignatius to sacred Scripture, in his hasty Epistles, may be styled allusions, rather than quotations; and to many of the sacred books, he appears not to allude at all. The Epistle to the Ephesians is the only book expressly named by him. Of the Gospels, he only quotes, or even plainly alludes to, those of St. Matthew and St. John. And it will appear dubious, to those who examine the writings of this Father, whether the Acts of the Apostles, or any of the Scriptural Epistles, are either indubitably quoted, or alluded to by him,

Ad Romanos, sect. v.

except that to the Romans, the First to the Corinthians, to the Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, and the Second to Timothy. But shall we affirm, that Ignatius rejected two of the Gospels, and fourteen other books of sacred Scripture, because no evident allusion to them can be found in these his hasty Epistles? No one will make this affirmation. The authenticity and divine inspiration of these books are supported by other and sufficient evidence: and the conclusion which Michaelis invites us. to draw, from the silence of Ignatius respecting the Apocalypse, must appear rash and unfounded. It is in contradiction to the remarks of this able critic himself, in his observations on the same subject, in another passage of his work. For he tells us, after having first assigned the reasons on which he grounds his assertion, that "It is therefore no objection to the New Testament, if it is so "seldom cited by the Apostolic Fathers; and 66 even could any one be produced, who had not "made a single reference to these writings, it "would prove as little against their authenticity, "as St. Paul's never having quoted the Epistles "of St. Peter, or the Gospels of St. Matthew "and St. Luke." But if this holds good, as applied to the Scriptures in general, it is peculiarly applicable to a book of mysterious prophecy, and of so late publication as the Apocalypse. And we cannot conclude even if it should appear that Ignatius has not mentioned the Apocalypse, nor

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alluded

alluded to it, that "it was unknown to him: "nor if it was known to him, that he did not "believe it genuine; nor yet, that his silence "concerning it amounts to a rejection of it.” This answer to Michaelis may be applied, and I trust effectually, in case it shall be concluded that Ignatius "has passed over the Apocalypse in silence. But there are some passages in his Epistles, which may perhaps be admitted to allude to this sacred book. It may be thought, that if Ignatius had not seen the Apocalypse, he would not have used certain expressions, which he has employed in the following passages. I shall present them at length, because they have never yet been produced,

Rev. i. 9.

Εν ὑπομενη Ιησε Χριστο

Ignat. ad Rom. ad fin,

Εν ὑπομονη Ιησε Χριστο

The text of the Apocalypse is here taken from the approved edition of Griesbach; and it is a confirmation to be added to his supports of this text, that it was thus read by Ignatius. This expression, though the idea be quite scriptural, is to be found, I believe, in no other passage of the New Testament, but in this of the Apocalypse only,

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