of the Mussulmans should be: Preserve our honor or give us death." Moslems in India Such a frantic appeal indicates better than anything could do the effect in India of Turkish defeat. Mass-meetings of Moslems were held in every part of India, from Madras to the northwest frontier, to protest against the action of Italy and, more recently, to secure aid and victory for the armies of the Sultan against the Balkan Allies. At a great meeting held in Rangoon, October 6, it was resolved that cables be sent to the Turkish Government, beseeching her to "decline a disgraceful peace with Italy by abandoning the Arabs in Tripoli; otherwise they will lose the sympathy of the Moslem world"; it was also resolved to open a Turkish aid fund, and in an appeal to His Majesty's Government, a strong protest was made against the continued occupation of Northern Persia by Russian troops. Not only was the interest in India. raised to a high pitch because of the war, but extreme disappointment followed throughout the whole Moslem community, the decision of the Government of India to allow no affiliation of colleges with the proposed Mohammedan university. The Government wisely has declined to support a scheme which would promote pan-Islamism in India without helping forward higher education. Some are demanding a return of all subscriptions. In some cases there were individual donations of £100,000, and the humblest Mohammedans have contributed their mite. Others are boldly demanding that the entire sum raised for the university be sent as a war fund to help Turkey. The Lahore Moslems went so far as to secure a fetwa from one of the ulema at Lucknow, to the effect that at the great feast no animal should be sacrificed by Indian Moslems, but the price of the sacrifice be given to the Turkish relief fund. This would have abrogated one of the fundamental institutions of Islam for the sake of saving Turkish dominion in Europe, and, in the words of the appeal sent forth by Bombay Mosof Turkey and so keep up the prestige lems, "to help preserve the integrity of the Ottoman Empire with which the sentiments of the Moslem world are so deeply and indissolubly tied up." What must have been the effect in India of the long succession of telegrams telling of defeats and disasters, when prayers were being offered in every mosque for the victory of Turkish arms and subscriptions collected to aid them! About the middle of November a Moslem bank in Lahore proposed to sell its shares amounting to two million rupees, and give the whole as a loan to the Turkish Government. The pathos of the situation will only be increased when every Moslem in India learns the actual results of the conflict, and when Turkey has lost prestige among those who have shown such devotion for her salvation. In Afghanistan In Afghanistan news travels less rapidly than in India, but here, too, the after effects of peace with Italy and the war in the Balkans are being felt. The Turkish generals who have been drilling the troops of the Amir have doubtless prophesied victory for the Sultan again and again, only to have their predictions belied by the course of events. The Pioneer's cor respondent states that at a durbar held at Kabul during the last feast, the Amir addrest the assembled populace, exhorting them to be loyal to the Mohammedan faith and to their rulers, and telling them that while new light was breaking out over all the world, they must take advantage of education also. After a plea that all Moslems should be in close sympathy with each other, the durbar closed with public prayers for all the rulers of Islam. There have been rumors in the Egyptian press that the Amir of Afghanistan has offered his services to the Sultan in the present struggle. Nothing has occurred since. In the Chinese Republic One wonders whether the Moslem population of Tibet, which is estimated at no less than 100,000 by Mr. J. R. Muir, and the 2,000 Moslem families who live at Lhasa, have also been stirred by recent events. Are they praying under the shadow of the Potala for Turkey's victory? Recent news from China would seem to indicate that Turkish visitors are there also keeping alive the panIslamic spirit. In China's Millions we read of a clash between Christian and Islamic propaganda in the Anwhei Province, due to one of them. When the missionaries distributed Arabic literature, which was eagerly welcomed, the Moslems posted up a placard in the mosque, urging the people to cleave to Islam, and they exprest evident alarm when they heard that Arabic literature was being circulated throughout the Chinese Empire. The Nile Mission Press at Cairo has had orders for Christian literature in Arabic from every pro vince of China, including Chinese Turkestan, and there are indications of a revival of Arabic learning among the mullahs of the new republic. Doubtless the revolution and the intellectual awakening will have their influence also on the Moslem population. A missionary writes that "those who have given little attention to Islam in China will be astonished one day to learn how widespread the Moslem population is." He thinks that the conservative estimate given by Marshall Broomhall in his recent book, may require revision, and that the total Moslem population will be considerably larger than anticipated. Mauritius and South Africa It is a far call from China to Mauritius and South Africa: yet here also we can see signs of the times on the horizon. Who has ever connected the Island of Mauritius with a panIslamic movement? Yet for the past two years a weekly journal has been published by the Moslems there, in French and English, of which sample copies show that here, too, Mohammedans are on the alert to watch and interpret the course of events. In South Africa Islam is making such progress that special efforts are called for on the part of the missions. The chief method of propagation seems to be intermarriage of Moslems with natives, mixed marriages between Europeans and natives, and the adoption of orphan children. Conditions. are said to be serious. At Cape Town they are trying to meet the situation by the publication of literature in Dutch for Moslem readers on such subjects as "Wie is Jezus," "Bijbel of Koran," etc. According to the Cairo papers, the Moslems of Port Elizabeth and Cape Town are also sending their contributions for the Red Crescent fund and the war. Islam in Russia No recent news reaches us of Moslem activity in Russia, but we know that Islam is spreading in its border provinces, as was shown by the accurate statistics gathered by Mrs. Bobrovnikoff in the first number of The Moslem World. Her article led to the publication of the new Russian review, Mir Islama (the Moslem World), edited by W. Bartold and published at St. Petersburg. Before it appeared there were already two other journals published in Russian dealing with the character and spread of Islam; one from a purely Mohammedan standpoint and edited by Moslems, called "In the World of Islam" (St. Petersburg), and the other published by the Academy of Kazan. In looking around the horizon of the Moslem world to-day we must not forget that, as Bartold says, "the Moslems of Russia are the clite of Islam," compared with the Turkish Empire, Central Asia or Arabia. In literature, the arts and social progress, their influence is felt far beyond the bounds of Russia. Witness, for example, the educational mission of Gasprinsky to India and the recent critical editions of the Koran published at Kazan. Arabia, Egypt and Turkey Turning from India, Russia and the bordermarches of Islam to the heart of the Moslem world, we consider Arabia, Egypt and the Turkish Empire. Here the currents of unrest are even stronger and deeper, for the stream is older and broader. These three lands contain the three capitals of Islam. Constantinople, Mecca and Cairo feel the shock and the impact of recent events more perhaps than any other cities. One would like to hear how the war was discust under the shadow of the Kaaba, and know the real sentiments. of the Meccans regarding the future of the Caliphate. When the Cairo press openly advocates its removal from Stamboul to Arabia, and when Turkey seems unable to defend even the coast line of the sacred territory against Italy, what must be the feeling of those who look to her as the custodian of the sacred cities. The long promised railway to Mecca. has only reached as far as Medina, and it is doubtful whether it will be ish finances. Meanwhile the Bedouin extended in the present state of Turktribes, who live on plunder, find the general condition of anarchy exactly to their liking. Arabia never was a political unit, yet never was more divided politically and religiously than it is to-day. The various provinces are under different tribal rulers, and Turkish authority does not extend much beyond the range of Turkish rifles. The war in Yemen to suppress the rebellious Zaydites. was scarcely ended when new complications arose because of the peace with Italy and the war in the Balkans. It is extremely doubtful whether Turkey can hold Yemen now that troops have been withdrawn and the general unrest increased by the loss of Turkish prestige; and unrest here means revolution. From Oman we hear that the prohibition of the gun traffic, always from the rest of the Moslem world not only geographically but religiously. The Sultan is not regarded as the caliph of true believers, as the Abadhis are no more orthodox than the Zaydites. Turkish Arabia on the north has felt the effect of the war most of all The financially. An embargo was placed to the detriment of the latter. British enterprise is welcomed by the merchant classes, but as Moslems they can not help feel jealous over the loss of Turkish prestige. For all these years there have been no light houses in the Gulf, but now one is in course of erection at Tamb, and others will be erected at other points. Marconi installations are to be put up at Bahrein, Kuweit and Linga. against the Balkan States, the offer, if made, was not accepted. Leading articles about the war published in European capitals are translated at Cairo, and altho much belated, are read with interest at Riadh and Hail. In this respect, the Moslem press is the weakness as well as the strength of Islam. Not only victory, but defeat, is published everywhere. The exaggerated ideas, which were current even a few years ago, of the strength of the Turkish navy and its invincible army, are no longer accepted by intelligent Arabs, especially those whose eyes have been opened by a visit to Bombay or Aden. It surely is a matter of interest, if not of alarm (to the Moslems of Arabia) that a chain of mission stations is slowly extending around the from Mosul, Bagdad, peninsula, — from Amara and Busrah to Kuweit, Bahrein, Muscat, Aden and Hodeida. From these centers the influence of Western ideas, as well as the witness. of the Cross, is slowly penetrating to distant villages. The total annual attendance at the mission hospitals on the Arabian littoral already greatly exceeds the total number of annual pilgrims to Mecca, and many of them It is evident to all observers that The Disintegration of Moslem Power With the rising of the Cross and the increase of Christian prestige everywhere, the Arab sees before his very eyes the disintegration of the Turkish Empire and the waning of the crescent. There are Arabs living who can almost remember the various steps of this disintegration. In 1830 Greece became independent, the French occupied Algeria, and Servia was lost to Turkey. In 1862 Rumania became autonomous, Montenegro in 1878, and Bulgaria in the same year. In 1885 Eastern Rumelia was annexed to Bulgaria, and in 1878 Cyprus was ceded to England. Three years later Tunis became a French Protectorate, and the following year Egypt was occupied by Great Britain. In 1898 Crete became autonomous; in 1911 Tripoli was occupied by Italy and lost, and now they see most of Turkey's European provinces forever lost to the empire. Persia, alas, has also lost its independence. Constitutional government became anarchy; international treaties a cover for international brigandage; and "spheres of Russian and English influence" became the boundary lines for occupation, while all the Moslem world watches the course of events. The situation in Constantinople is typical of the situation in Turkey everywhere. Suspicion is found on every hand. Fear stalks through the streets. The old as well as the new Sultan have their admirers, and be tween the extreme right of the party of Union and Progress and the extreme left of the old regime, there is every shade of political opinion and ambition. The question is not whether the empire is in decay and dissolution (that is openly advertised by the press), but what remedy must be applied to restore its strength and unity. Those who were formerly optimistic and sanguine regarding the possibility of reforms, and who were looking forward to the daybreak of liberty have been disappointed. Since the constitution there have been some improvements in education and economic development, but the oppression and brutality of the Turk toward Greeks, Armenians and Syrians have not ceased. The long story of Armenian persecution is a terrible tale that has lost its edge by frequent repetition, but the last chapter has not yet been written. Only a few months ago two Armenian villages were pillaged and most of the inhabitants killed by the Kurds. Christians in the interior of Turkey out of touch with the protection of foreign consulates, live in continual terror. The Moslem population is also far from being satisfied. Letters have come from leading Mohammedans in Syria to Viscount Kitchener, proposing British occupation when the empire of the Turks is divided. correspondent who seems to be well informed regarding the actual situation writes: massacre "At the present day rumblings of louder in Armenia, and Turkish offiare growing louder and cials are openly offering the unhappy Armenian villagers the alternative of Islam or death. Latest telegraphic dispatches inform us that Greece, Bulgaria, and Servia have demanded for their nationals in Turkish States the right to bear arms. The Armenians have repeatedly and earnestly demanded their rights to bear arms. on soil of their own fatherland, but this right is denied them, while Kurds and Circassians, fully armed, murder unarmed Armenians, and |