of Constantinople; died A.D. 370. He was successively an Arian, a semi-Arian, and an Aëtian; a learned, but a verbose and obscure writer. Large fragments of his discourse, de Incarnatione Dei Verbi, are extant. Eunomius, the secretary and disciple of Aëtius, but more famous than his master. He was made bishop of Cyzicus A. D. 360, banished soon after, wandered much, and died about A. D. 394. He wrote on the epistle to the Romans, many letters, his own creed, and an Apology for it. Only the two last are extant. He held Christ to be a created being, and of a nature unlike to that of God.

Meletius, bishop of Sebastia in Armenia, and (360) of Antioch. He was banished A. D. 361, returned under Julian; was banished again under Valens, and restored by Gratian, and died while attending the general council of Constantinople, A. D. 381, at an advanced age. There is extant (in Epiphanius, Hæres. 73, c. 29-34) an able discourse, which he delivered at Antioch in 361, when, holding up three fingers, and then closing two of them, he said: 'We conceive there are three persons, but we address them as one.'

Titus, bishop of Bostra in Arabia, was driven from his see, under Julian, A. D. 362; returned under Valentinian; and died about the year 371. He wrote contra Manichæos libri iii. which are extant in a Latin trans

lation, in Biblioth. Patr. t. iv. [and in Syriac, edited by Dr. Lagarde. Ed.] A discourse, likewise, on the branches of palm, Gr. and Lat., and a commentary on Luke, in Latin, have been published under his name, but are questioned.

Paphnutius, a celebrated Egyptian monk, who flourished A. D. 370. He wrote the life of St. Onyphrius, and of several other monks, still extant.

Cæsarius, younger brother of Gregory Nazianzenus, was a learned physician of Constantinople, and was elevated to civil office.

He is said to have written several works, and particularly a treatise against the pagans. There are extant, under his name, four Dialogues, Gr. and Lat. on 195 questions in theology; in Fronto le Duc's Auctarium Biblioth. Patr. 1624, t. i. But they are supposed not to be his, as they show the head of a well-read theologian. Evagrius, archdeacon of Constantinople, in 381, and after 385, an Egyptian monk. He was a pious and learned man, and a considerable writer. Several of his devo

tional and practical works are extant, in the different collections of the works of the fathers.

Nemesius, bishop of Emesa, after being a Christian philosopher. He flourished A.D. 380, and, with Origen, held the pre-existence of human souls; as appears from his book, de Natura Hominis, extant in the Aucterium Biblioth. Patr. 1624, t. ii. also printed Gr. and Lat. Oxford, 1671, 8vo.

Nectarius, bishop of Constantinople A.D. 381-398, orthodox and pious. One of his discourses is extant, inter Opp. Chrysostomi, who was his successor.

Flavianus, a monk, and bishop of Antioch A.D. 381-403. He first divided the choir, and taught them to sing the Psalms of David responsively. He was strenuous against the Arians; but fragments only of his discourses and letters remain.

Theophilus, bishop of Alexandria A. D. 385-412, was famous for his contention with the Nitrian monks, and for his opposition to Origenism. Of his works only a few epistles, and considerable extracts from his other writings, are extant.

John, bishop of Jerusalem A. D. 386-416, famous for his contests with Epiphanius and with Jerome, respecting Origen's character. Numerous works, perhaps without foundation, are published as his. They consist of Commentaries on Scripture, and homilies. The homilies are printed among the works of Chrysostom; and the whole are published as his works, Brussels, 1643, 2 vols. fol.

Hieronymus of Dalmatia, a presbyter, and a monk, who flourished A. D. 386. He is author of Lives of the Egyptian Monks; the original Greek, though preserved, has not been published, because the Lausiac History of Palladius is nearly a literal translation

of it.

Sophronius, the friend of Jerome, and translator into Greek of some of his works, particularly of his book de Viris Illustribus. He flourished about A. D. 390; and was, as Jerome says, 'apprime eruditus;' yet he is little noticed by other contemporary writers. Tr.]

Concerning Hilary, the Benedictine monks have given an accurate account in their Histoire Littéraire de la France, tora. ii. [tom. i. pt. ii.] p. 139—193, [à Paris, 1733, 4to.] The best edition of his works is that of the French Benedictines. [by Cou tant, Paris, 1693, fol. revised and improved by Scip. Maffei, Verona, 1730, 2 vols. fol.]

For

Hilary of Poitiers was a native of Gaul, of respectable parentage, and well educated. He was a pagan till he had attained to manhood. His consecration to the episcopal office was about the year 350. twenty years he stood pre-eminent among the Gallic bishops, and did much to arrest the progress of Arianism in the West. In the council of Beziers, A.D. 356, he handled the Arian bishops, Saturninus, Ursacius, Valens, and others, so roughly, that they applied to the emperor Constantius, and had him banished to Phrygia. During the four years he was an exile in Asia, he wrote most of his works, and was so active in opposing Arianism there, that the heretical clergy, to get rid of him, procured his release from banishment. He returned to his church a more able and more successful antagonist to the Gallic Arians than he was before. He was the principal means of rolling back the Arian current, which was sweeping over the West. His great work is his de Trinitate libri xii. He also wrote three different tracts addressed to the emperor; an account of the synods in the East against the Arians; concerning the councils of Ariminum and Seleucia, and the events that followed to the year 366; Commentaries on Matthew, and on the Psalms. Besides these, he wrote several works which are lost, such as commentaries, hymns, epistles, &c. See Jerome, de Viris Illustr. c. 100. Fortunatus, de Vita Hilarii, libri ii. (prefixed to the Opp. Hilarii, ed. Bened.); Coutant, Life of Hilary, prefixed to the Benedictine edition of his works; Tillemont, Memoires, vii. 442, &c. 745, &c.; and Shroeckh, Kirchengesch. xii. 253-342. Hilary was learned, but his style is exreedingly swollen and obscure. Tr.]

Heumann

Of Lactantius also, the Benedictines have given an account, in their Histoire Littéraire de la France, ii. 65, &c. His works have been through numerous editions; the latest and best are by the celebrated Bunemann [Lips. 1739, 8vo], the venerable [Gotting. 1736, 8vo], and Lenglet dn Fresnoy [Paris, 1748, 2 vols. 4to, and Zweyb. 1786, 2 vols. 8vo. Lucius Cælius Lactantius Firmianus was probably a native of Italy; studied under Arnobius in Africa; removed to Nicomedia in the reign of DioVOL. I.

cletian, and opened a school for rhetoric, in which he had but few pupils. He was made private tutor or governor to Crispus, the eldest son of Constantine the Great, when an old man; and probably died a little before 330. He was learned, though not a profound theologian, and the most elegant of all the Latin fathers. Some think him the best writer of Latin after the days of Cicero. His works still extant are,Divinarum Institutionum libri vii. written about 320. This is his great work. It may be called a Guide to true Religion, being designed to enlighten the pagans, and convert them to Christianity. Institutionum Epitome; an abridgment of the preceding. It is imperfect, extending over the three last books only. De Ira Dei, and de Opificio Dei, or on the works of creation, particularly on the physical structure and powers of man. These two works are, properly, a continuation of the first, being written in furtherance of the same designs. De Mortibus Persecutorum; an account of persecutors and persecutions, from Nero to Maxentius, A. D. 312. There is no good reason to doubt its genuineness. An English translation of this valuable treatise, with a long preface, was published by Gilb. Burnet, 1687, 18mo. Symposium; a juvenile performance, extant as the work of a fabled Symposius. The Carmen de Phonice is perhaps his. His lost works are,-Grammaticus; ddoπopikov, a poetic account of his voyage to Nicomedia; ad Asclepiadem libri ii.; ad Probum Epistolarum libri iv.; ad Severum Epistolar. libri ii.; ad Demetrianum Epistolar. libri ii. See Jerome, de Viris Illustr. c. 80. Cave, Historia Litterar. Lardner, Credibility, &c. vol. vii. Schroeckh, Kirchengesch. v. 220-262. Tr.]

2 The Benedictine monks of France published his works in two large folio volumes [1686-1690. Ambrose was the son of a prætorian prefect of the same name, who was governor-general of Gaul, Britain, and Spain. After a good education for civil life, he became an advocate, counsellor to Probus, the prætorian prefect of Italy, and at last governor of Liguria and Emilia, resident at Milan. In 374, Auxentius, bishop of Milan, died; and the Arians and orthodox became tumultuous in the church, when met

to elect a successor. Ambrose entered the church to quell the riot, and a little child happening to say, 'Ambrose bishop,' the mob presently cried out, 'Let him be the bishop.' He was constrained to submit; gave up all his property, and his worldly honours, was baptized, and became a laborious and self-denying bishop. An irruption of barbarians in 377 obliged him to flee; and he went to Illyricum, and thence to Rome. In 381, he presided in the council of Aquileia. In 383, the emperor Valentinian sent him as ambassador to Maximus the usurper in Gaul. Next came his contest with Symmachus, prefect of Rome, respecting the rebuilding the pagan altar of Victory in that city. In 386, he had much contention with the Arians of Milan. Afterwards he was sent on a second embassy to Maximus. Three years after, he debarred the emperor Theodosius the Great from Christian ordinances, and required him to do penance, for the slaughter of the citizens of Thessalonica by his order. In 392, civil war obliged him to leave Milan for a time. He soon returned, but died A. D. 397, aged sixty-four years. He was devout, energetic, orthodox, and a very useful bishop. His writings were numerous. On the Scriptures he wrote much. He wrote several treatises and discourses on monkery; de Officiis libri iii.; de Mysteriis liber; de Sacramentis libri v., which are greatly corrupted, if not altogether supposititious; de Poenitentia libri ii.; also de Fide, or de Trinitate libri v.; and de Spiritu Sancto libri iii.; the two last were, in great measure, compilations from Greek fathers, and were addressed to the emperor Gratian. Several discourses and eulogies, and about ninety epistles, of his production, are extant; besides a great number of short sermons, scholia on the canonical epistles, and tracts of different kinds, which are falsely ascribed to him. His life is written by Paulinus, his private secretary. See Opp. Ambrosii, t. ii. Appendix, ed. Benedict. Cave, Hist. Litt. Tillemont, Mémoires, x. 78-306, 729, &c. G. Hermant, Vie de S. Ambroise, à Paris, 1678, 4to. Schroeckh, Kirchengesch. xiv. 148-332, and Jos. Milner, Church History, cent. iv. ch. 12-16, 18. Tr.]

The defects of Jerome are learnedly

exposed by Jo. le Clerc, in his Quæstiones Hieronymianæ, Amstelod. 1700, 12mo. His works have been published by the Bene dictines [ed. Martianay, Paris, 1693—1706), in five volumes folio. This edition was republished, with considerable additions [and improvements in the arrangement, the prefaces, and the explanatory notes] by Vallarsius, Verona [1734-43, eleven volumes, folio.-Hieronymus Stridonensis, or Jerome of Stridon in Dalmatia, was born of Christian parents, about 331. His father, Eusebius, gave him the best advantages for education. He was early sent to Rome, where he studied many years, and under the best masters. About 363 he was baptized and left Rome to travel for improvement in knowledge. He journeyed through Gaul and resided a few years at Treves, where he became a monk, and devoured many books. On his return he spent some time at Aquileia, where he formed a close friendship with Rufinus. In 373 he left Aquileia, ar! embarked for Syria, in company with several friends, and carrying his own large collection of books. Landing in Thrace, he passed the Bosphorus, and travelled overland to Antioch. Here his friend Innocentius diel, and he himself was dangerously sick. After recovering, he was induced by a dream to renounce for ever the reading of the para classics. From Apollinaris the younger b obtained farther instruction in biblical interpretation. In 374 he retired into the wilderness eastward of Antioch; and, supported by his friends, he there spent abot: four years in the character of a learned hermit and author, who, nevertheless, hel correspondence with the world, and took part in the passing religious controversies In 378 or 379, he returned to Antioch, and was ordained a presbyter. The next year he visited Constantinople, to enjoy the instructions of Gregory Nazianzen. Here be continued two or three years, formed a better acquaintance with the Greek fathers, and translated some of their works; in particular, Eusebius' Chronicon, which he continued down to A.D. 378; and Origen's Homilies on Jeremiah. In 382 he accompanied Paulinus and Epiphanius to Rome, respecting the contests in the church of Antioch. Damasus, bishop of Rome, was

much pleased with him, employed him occasionally as a private secretary, and prompted him to write on several biblical subjects, and, at length, to undertake a correction of the vulgar Latin Bible. Jerome likewise did much to promote monkery in Italy. But the ardour that he kindled upon this subject among the Roman ladies, created him enemies among the other sex. He also gave offence to the clergy of Rome, and thought it best to leave Italy in 385, and return to the East, with Paula, and Eustochium her daughter, wealthy Roman ladies, whom he had rendered enthusiastic in regard to monastic institutions. He first went to Antioch, and thence to Jerusalem, where he and his ladies performed a winter's pilgrimage. In the spring of 386 they went to Alexandria, and thence to visit the Nitrian monks. Returning the same year to Palestine, they took up their permanent residence at Bethlehem. Here Paula erected four monasteries, three for nuns, and one for monks. In this last, Jerome passed the remainder of his days in reading, composing books, and contending with all who presumed to differ from him on any subject in which he took interest. He is said to have died on the 30th of September, A.D. 420, aged ninety years. Jerome was the best informed of all the Latin fathers, in sacred literature. The Latin, Greek, and Hebrew languages, were all familiar to him; and he had a very extensive acquaintance with the best writers of both the Latin and the Greek churches. He likewise possessed genius, industry, and literary enterprise, in no ordinary degree. He was also acute and discriminating; but his vivid imagination, and his choleric temper, which scorned all restraint, rendered him caustic and abusive. When he has no antagonist, and sees no enemy, he is a charming writer, yet enthusiastic, and often hasty and injudicious. The greater part of his works, and particularly his translations and commentaries on the Bible, were written at Bethlehem, As given to us in the Benedictine edition, in five volumes, Vol. I. contains his translations of the whole Bible; the canonical books of the O. T. from the

Hebrew; Job, Psalms, Tobit, and Esther, translated from the Greek; and the whole N. T. with copious notes, from the Greek. Vol. II. contains some glossaries, and numerous tracts and letters on a variety of subjects in sacred literature. Vol. III. contains his commentaries on all the prophets. Vol. IV. contains his commentary on Matthew, and on the epistles to the Galatians, Ephesians, Titus, and Philemon; and about 120 Letters and Essays, narrative, polemic, apologetic, &c. The fifth vol. contains only works falsely ascribed to Jerome. See Cave, Hist. Lit. Tillemont, Mémoires, xii. 1-356. Martianay, Vie de St. Jerôme, Paris, 1706, 4to. J. Stilling, Acta Sanctor. Septembris, viii. 418-688, Antw. 1762, fol. Schroeckh, Kirchengesch. xi. 3-239. J. Milner, Church Hist. cent. iv. ch. 10. Tr.]

After the edition by the theologians of Louvain [Antwerp, 1577, 10 vols. fol.] the Benedictine monks gave a neat and accurate edition of Augustine's work [Paris, 1689— 1700, 11 vols. fol.] This was reprinted, with enlargements, in Holland, or, as the title says, at Antwerp, under the eye of Jo. le Clerc, with the assumed name of Jo. Phereponus [1700-1703, 12 vols. fol. Amsterdam; reprinted at Venice, 17291735.] The Jesuits censure many things in the Benedictine edition. [They think the editors leaned too much towards the Jansenists.-Aurelius Augustinus was born Nov. 13, A. D. 354, at Tagaste, an obscure village in Numidia. His father, Patricius, was a pagan, till near the close of life. mother, Monica, was eminently pious. He had a good school education in grammar and rhetoric, but he would not study Greek. At fifteen he came home, and lived idle and vicious. At seventeen he was sent to Carthage, where he shone as the first scholar in the rhetorical school. But he was dissipated, and became a Manichæan. He kept a mistress, who bore him a son when he was but eighteen. This son, named Adeodatus, was well educated, became pious, was baptized at the same time with his father, at the age of fifteen, and died

His

soon after. While a student at Carthage, Augustine lost his father. Ry reading Cicero's Hortensius, he became enamoured with philosophy, and began to seek it in the Bible; but not finding there that sublime system of which Cicero had given him an ideal, he threw aside the sacred volume. At the age of twenty, he had read and mastered nearly all the_liberal sciences, as they were then taught. He now returned to Tagaste, and there opened a school for rhetoric. About 380, he again settled at Carthage, where he taught rhetoric about three years. During this period, his attachment to Manichæism diminished. He was restless, debauched, and unprincipled; yet was a fine scholar, and quite popular. In 383 he went to Rome, and the next year to Milan, in the character of a teacher of rhetoric. The eloquence of Ambrose drew him to attend public worship; and under the discourses of that able and faithful preacher, Augustine's mind was gradually enlightened, and his conscience awakened. He had sharp and painful convictions, and became altogether a new man. He was baptized A.D. 387, set out for Africa the same year, buried his mother, stopped at Rome, and did not reach Africa till A. D. 388. He sold his estate, and devoted the avails to charitable purposes; and for three years lived as a recluse, with a few devout young men ; and spent much time on scientific and metaphysical subjects. In 391, he went to Hippo regius (now Bona in Algiers), where he was made a presbyter, and preached and laboured with great success. Four years

after, Valerius, his aged bishop, who was a native Greek, and who felt the need of such an assistant, caused him to be ordained his colleague bishop. From 395 to 430, Augustine, as bishop of Hippo, was indefatigable in preaching, writing, combating error and vice, and infusing life and spirituality into the churches and clergy, far and near. He died on the 28th of August, 430, aged seventy-six years. See Cave, Hist. Lit. Tillemont, Mémoires, xiii. ed. Paris (it is omitted in the Brussels ed.) J. Stilling, Acta Sanctor. Augusti, vi. 213-460; Schroeckh, Kirchengesch. xv. 219-530; Jos. Milner's Church Hist. cent. v. ch. 2-9; and especially Augustini Confessionum libri xiii.; written about 400; Opp. i. ed. Benedict. The works of Augustine are so numerous, that even their titles cannot be here enumerated. Volume I. of the Benedictine edition,

contains his Retractations, or corrections of his own works, in two books, written A.D. 426; his Confessions, in 13 books; and 13 works composed before he was a presbyter, on scientific, moral, and polemic subjects. Vol. II. contains 270 Epistles. Vol III. contains 16 Treatises on Biblical questions and subjects. Vol. IV. contains his Exposition of the Psalms. Vol. V. contains 394 of his popular sermons, and 317 falsely ascribed to him. Vol. VI. contains 31 Tracts on moral, monastic, and practical subjects. Vol. VII. is occupied by his 22 books de Civitate Dei, or history of the visible kingdom of God, from the creation to his own times;' - a most learned work. Vols. VIII., IX., and X., contain his polemie works; against the Manichees, the Arians, the Antitrinitarians, the Origenists, the Jews; the Donatists; and the Pelagians. eleventh vol. contains his life, indices, &c. Tr.-Cave says that Augustine was not made bishop until 396, and then against his will; he considering his appointment uncanonical. He was set apart for it by Mgalius of Calama, primate of Numidia. 8]

The

After the edition of Gab. Albaspinæus, [Paris, 1631, and 1679, fol.] Lud. Ell du Pin, doctor of the Sorbonne, published the works of Optatus, with judicious illustra tions, [Paris, 1700, fol.-Of Optatus, all that is known is stated by Jerome, de Firis Illustr. c. 110; namely, that he was an African, and bishop of Milevis, who was on the side of the Catholics; and that he wrote, during the reign of Valentinian and Valens (A.D. 364-375), six books against the slander of the Donatists; in which he maintains that the wrong-doing of the Donatists is erroneously charged on us His work is entitled, Contra Parmeniany sectæ Donatisticæ apud Carthaginem episo » pum, de Schismate Donatistarum Libri vii It is a polemic work, in answer to a book by Parmenianus; and contains much of the history of that schism, as well as of the arguments by which each party maintained its own principles, and defended its own conduct. Tr.]

2 The best edition of Paulinns is that published by Jo. Bapt. le Brun, Paris, 1685, 4to. [in two volumes: which L. A. Muratori republished with some additions, Verona, 1736, fol.-Meropius Pontius Anicius Paulinus, a Roman of patrician rank, was born st Bourdeaux a. D. 353. He first studied under the poet Decius Ausonius; then went to Rome, became a popular advocate, and was