The Litvaks: A Short History of the Jews in Lithuania

כריכה קדמית
Berghahn Books, 2000 - 283 עמודים
Discusses some aspects of antisemitism in Lithuania, especially in socioeconomic terms, in the Middle Ages and under the Russian tsars. The 20th-century interwar period saw the introduction of anti-Jewish laws that negatively impacted on Jewish political involvement, economic activity, and physical security, and the situation worsened with a right-wing coup, at which time Nazi influence grew among the German minority. The peak of antisemitism is treated in pt. 4 (pp. 187-247), "World War II, the Holocaust, and the Jewish Survivors". Although Soviet rule in 1940-41 ended many restrictions, it harmed Jews culturally and economically; many were arrested or exiled. The Nazi occupation which followed led to the destruction of Lithuanian Jewry. Even before the arrival of the German army, ca. 10,000 Jews were murdered by Lithuanians. German troops brought the Final Solution, in which Lithuanian collaboration was massive. Discusses ghettos, forced labor, and concentration camps, as well as Jewish partisan resistance. 96% of Lithuanian Jews were killed. Popular antisemitism was revived in postwar Lithuania. The issues of Lithuanian-Nazi collaboration and the Lithuanian association of Jews with communists to justify the massacre of Jews during World War II remained problems in the postwar and even post-communist periods.
 

תוכן

Introduction
6
Part I
19
From the Thirteenth Century to the First Partition of Poland 1772
21
Under Tsarist Rule 17721915
26
During World War I
30
The Interwar Years Independent Lithuania
31
World War II
32
June 1940June 1941
35
Religious Culture
92
Enlightenment and Education
95
National Movements and Political Activity
101
During World War I 19141918
106
The Deportation of Lithuanian Jewry to the Russian Interior
107
The Aftermath of the Deportations and the End of Russian Military Rule 109 The German Military Administration 19151918
109
Part IV
187
The Destruction of Lithuanian Jewry 19411945
217

The Nazi Occupation
36
The Postwar Years
38
Part II
41
The Jewish Community of Lithuania from Its Earliest Days to the Union with Poland 1569
43
The Jews in the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth 15691795
48
Crisis 16481667 and Recovery
51
The Lithuanian Jewish Council and the Kahal
53
Religious and Cultural Life
58
The First Census of Lithuanian Jews 1765
62
Under Tsarist Rule in the Russian Pale of Settlement 17951914
64
From the Crimean War to World War I 18561914
72
Demographic Change
77
Economic Activity and the Standard of Living
83
The Jewish Reaction in the Ghettos and Forests
227
In the Concentration Camps
231
Reckoning in Blood
234
The Survivors
236
In the Displaced Persons Camps of Germany
237
In Postwar Soviet Lithuania
238
The Jews in Newly Independent Lithuania
242
Epilogue by Yehoshua Trigor
249
Bibliography
254
Index of Names
265
The Jewish Communities and Localities in Interwar Lithuania
268
Names of Jewish communities that were part of Lithuania in other periods
282
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