'And who knoweth not, that all presbyters in cases of necessity, may absolve and reconcile penitents, a thing in ordinary course appropriated unto bishops! And why not, by the same reason, ordain presbyters and deacons in cases of like necessity* Dean Cosin says: 'I do not see but that both you and others that are with you may (either in case of necessity, when you cannot have the sacrament among yourselves, or in regard of declaring your unity in professing the same religion, which you and they do) go other whiles to communicate reverently with them of the French Church.' Bishop Stillingfleet, in Irenicum, maintains that the stoutest champions for Episcopacy had admitted that ordination by presbyters in case of necessity is valid. Dean Sherlock says: 'I do not make Episcopacy so absolutely necessary to Catholic communion as to unchurch all Churches which have it not.' Archbishop Sancroft exhorts his clergy to warmly and affectionately exhort them (the Protestant Dissenters) to join with us in daily fervent prayer to the God of peace for the universal blessed union of all Reformed Churches both at home and abroad, against our common enemies.' § Archbishop Wake says: Ecclesias Reformatas etsi in aliquibus a nostra Anglicana dissentientes, libenter amplector.'|| Archbishop Secker says: Our inclination is to live in friendship with all the Protestant Churches. We show our regard to that of Scotland as often as we have an opportunity.'¶ Bishop Tomline says: 'I readily acknowledge that there is no precept in the New Testament which commands that every Church should be governed by bishops.'** Archbishop Howley speaks of the foreign Reformed Churches as 'the less perfectly constituted of the Protestant Churches of Europe.' ++ Archbishop Sumner, as is well known from the recent controversies on the subject, declared his belief in the validity of non-episcopal ordination. Besides this, to say nothing of the practice of the Church Missionary Society, the whole bench of bishops has had for more than a century the direction of the Venerable Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, and with its sanction this society has constantly sent forth to preach the Word and administer the sacraments, those who have had only non-episcopal ordination.

So far also were the Reformers and divines of our Church from holding that non-episcopal divines were 'incompetent to teach' our people, that Cranmer invited Martyr and Bucer to the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, to train up the clergy; and the Convocation of Canterbury, with Archbishop Whitgift at its head, appointed only one book besides the Bible to be studied by the clergy, and that was a work by Bullinger, of Zurich, a non-episcopal divine.‡‡ "With such testimony as this, who can reasonably deny that the recognition

* Of the Church, ed., 1628, lib. 3, c. 39, p. 156.

+ Conclusion of a letter written from Paris, in 1650, to a Mr. Cordel.

Vindication of Protestant Principles. Gibson's Preserv. Vol. III. p. 410.

§ D'Oyly's Life of Sancroft, I. 325.

Mosheim, by Maclaine, Vol. VI. p. 184, ed. 1826.

Answer to Mayhew, p. 68.

**Exposition of Art. 23, ed. 1799, p. 397.

++ Statement respecting Jerusalem Bishopric, p. 5. Preface to Bullinger's Decades, ed. Parker Soc.

of non-episcopal orders is in accordance with the spirit, the history, and the standards of our church?" pp. 20-24.

Dr. Smith might have brought forward much more evidence, al. though he has presented enough to establish his position. Keble, in the preface to his edition of Hooker, expressly admits that the allow. ance of the validity of non-episcopal ordination in this "judicious" author was designed to cover the case of the Continental Protestant Churches, that there might be no rupture of fellowship with them. The reader who has not access to the original authorities will find by turning to Hallam's "Constitutional History of England" (an unquestioned authority) full confirmation of the ground taken by Dr. Smith respecting the position of the English Episcopal Church in the age of Elizabeth. The Zurich Letters embracing the correspondence of the Anglican with the Helvetian Reformers are replete with proofs of the entire mutual fellowship between the English and the Calvinistic Churches, and of the full and cordial recognition of the latter on the part of Jewel and the other great men to whom the Church of England looks up as to its founders and oracles. The Episcopalian denomination, as far as it denies the validity of non-episcopal ordination, forsakes the example of the fathers and takes up an intensely narrow and sectarian position. For the honor of our common Christianity, it is to be hoped that vituperation of journals, like the Church Review, will not blind the eyes of American Episcopalians to the facts of. history and induce them to give power into the hands of the party that would unchurch all Protestant Christendom except the members of a single denomination. At any rate let not this narrow ecclesiasticism pretend to bolster itself up by reference to the Reformers who organized their Church and formed its Articles; for the idea of excluding from ecclesiastic fellowship their Protestant brethren never occurred to their thoughts. Well does Dr. Smith observe, that if the opinion that non-episcopal orders are lawful is not to be tolerated in the Episcopal Church, then they are bound "to all the logical consequences which its denial involvesto the monstrous assumption that this Church is the Church of Christ in this land, that in her alone are treasured up the covenanted blessings of grace, and that all outside of her fold are left to the uncovenanted mercies of God. It is impossible, in this country, and this nineteenth century, to accept such a position and such consequences as these."

We have no space left for extracts from Dr. Muhlenberg's in

teresting letter addressed to a friend. He is too old an offender against sectarian prejudices to feel very badly at incurring the censure of the Bishop. He affords no indication of any purpose to change his course; and on the whole, the Bishop must rise from the reading of these various replies with the feeling that his lot is cast among an incorrigible generation.

GOULBURN'S DEVOTIONAL STUDY OF THE HOLY SCRIPTURes.*This neat little book gives, in eleven chapters, the author's ideas as to the devotional use of the Bible, with seven skeleton meditations as specimens, aud an appendix consisting of two sermons developing more fully particular points. It treats of the function of the Bible in the plan of salvation, as the established ordinance through which God addresses man; of attention and thought, and the distinction between them, as parallel to the receiving and the digesting of food; of some general analogies between the Bible and nature which go to prove the necessity of meditation in the use of the former; of times and places appropriate for such meditation; of the Old Testament as adapted to man's moral nature; of the New Testament as also adapted, the Gospels to his affections, the Epistles to his reason, the Apocalypse to his imagination; of the necessity of the teaching of the Holy Spirit throughout. The last chapter is an example of a meditation on our Lord's words, "Give me to drink," and the two sermons are, one on the true idea of the Holy Communion, the other on the changes in the method of revelation as the early church was developed.

The book is disfigured by an excessive and inconsistent use of capital letters. The inconsistencies may be due to the American proof-reader, but the original weakness must be charged, we judge, upon the English clergyman. Even the brief preface bristles with "Adults," "Youth," "Religious Exercises," "Sixth Edition." In spite of this trifling blemish, it contains many valuable suggestions, and we need not say to those who have read Dr. Goulburn's "Thoughts on Personal Religion" (republished here about two years ago) that this new work breathes throughout a spirit of pure, humble, and practical piety. It has indeed certain defects of style, occasional affectations, and an excess of imagina

* An Introduction to the Devotional Study of the Holy Scriptures. By EDWARD MEYRICK GOULBURN, D. D. New York: D. Appleton & Company. 1866. pp. 193. New Haven: H. C. Peck. Price $1.25.

tion, but these are forgotten in the interest of the thoughts. The only serious objection we have to the book is the fear that its suggestions cannot be observed without danger of formalism. It seems hardly possible to act upon a series of directions so minute, guiding the exercise of the memory, the reason, the affections, the imagination, the will, in the act of devotional meditation,-to follow them consciously, we say, without falling into a mechanical formality, which would be fatal to devotional meditation. If one can avoid this, the book will be precious to him, as its predecessor mentioned above, has been to many earnest Christians.

BIOGRAPHICAL.

THE LIFE OF SAMUEL ADAMS.*-This work, in the exterior finish of its topography, in the careful researches in which it is founded, and in the judicious and impartial character of its contents, forms a beautiful and substantial addition to the department of American history. It is a worthy monument to a great patriot, erected by one of his descendants. For various reasons, the career of Samuel Adams had never been adequately described. He was an older man than his kinsman John Adams, than Jefferson, than Washington, and most of the leading actors in the Revolution. In respect to age, he stood mid-way between Franklin, who was born in 1706, and the generation of men to which belong the names just mentioned. His services were mostly on a more confined theatre, and were performed with his pen. But he, more, probably, than any other individual, laid the foundations on which other men built. He was much more prudent and consistent than his great associate in the work of constitutional resistance to the aggressions of Great Britain, James Otis. He took no rash step. Yet he was fearless, and prompt to act in an emergency. He was employed for a long series of years in drafting the remonstrances, the petitions, the addresses, and other patriotic papers, which emanated from the town of Boston and the Assembly of the Massachusetts colony, and by which the fire of liberty was fanned into a

*The Life and Public Services of Samuel Adams, being a narrative of his acts and opinions, and of his agency in producing and forwarding the American Revolution, with extracts from his Correspondence, State Papers, and Political Essays. By WILLIAM V. WELLS. Three vols. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. 1865. New Haven: Judd & White. Price, $12.

flame at home, at the same time that the real posture and claims of America were made known abroad. He was disinterested, unambitious, simple and frugal in his personal habits and mode of life, and absorbed from early youth in the cause of American rights. He not only wrote and spoke in an official capacity, but he was also a frequent contributor to the newspapers, and, indeed, omitted no effort which might conduce to the securing of the liberties of his countrymen. He served in the Congress after the war began; and after it closed, he became Governor of Massachusetts. He was an adherent, in his old age, of the Republican or anti-Federal party, an opponent of Jay's treaty, and a friend and correspondent of Jefferson.

It should be stated that Mr. Bancroft has made a careful study of the life and character of Samuel Adams, and has done him full justice. These volumes of Mr. Wells, however, of course enter much more into details, and constitute a fine narrative of the events which prepared the way for the Revolutionary War, as well as of interesting features of the conflict itself.

FROTHINGHAM'S LIFE AND TIMES OF JOSEPH WARREN.*—It is a happy circumstance that the memoirs of two such men as Joseph Warren and Samuel Adams should be given to the public so nearly at the same time. The memoir of each throws light on the career of the other. Mr. Frothingham says of them what was once said of Hampden and Pym: "These great men went in perfect harmony together. They shared the same beliefs and purposes, the same hopes and resolves, the same enemies and friends, in common to the end."

The life of Warren has been written before by several biogra phers, but on a much smaller scale. The story of his generous devotion to the cause of his country has been rehearsed, also, on more than one public occasion, by the most eloquent and best known of American orators. Still there was room for another

tribute to his memory. Warren not only died for his country, the first martyr in the War of Independence, but he rendered services which, up to the time of his death, can hardly be ranked second to those of any other man. Yet the most valuable of these services

Life and Times of Joseph Warren. By RICHARD FROTHINGHAM. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. 1865. 8vo. pp. 558. New Haven: Judd & White. Price, $3.50