米

有皆有蒙夫孔 不曰稷主顓子 欲 夫之且曰,

彼不陳也 也子臣在昔求 孔欲也邦者無

將焉用彼相矣且爾

矣虎兕出於柙龜玉毀於

止危而不持顛而不

矣顛就子

何域先乃

而列 列日
日吾 以 之王爾

玉爾 不不求 伐中以是 臣為突為過

於過則者任者再是東。

3. Confucius said, “K'ew, is it not you who are in fault here? 4. “Now, in regard to Chuen-yu, long ago, a former king appointed it to preside over the sacrifices to the eastern Mung; moreover, it is in the midst of the territory of our state; and its ruler is a minister in direct connexion with the emperor:-What has your chief to do with attacking it?”

“

5. Yen Yew said, " Our master wishes the thing; neither of us two ministers wishes it."

6. Confucius said, "K'ew, there are the words of Chow Jin,"When he can put forth his ability, he takes his place in the ranks of office; when he finds himself unable to do so, he retires from it. How can he be used as a guide to a blind man, who does not support him when tottering, nor raise him up when fallen?'

7. “And further, you speak wrongly. When a tiger or wild bull escapes from his cage; when a tortoise or gem is injured in its repository:——whose is the fault ?"

●mall territory in Loo, whose ruler was of the 子, to the Mung hill. 伐 is not merely to attack,"

or 4th order of nobility. It was one of the states

called 附庸, or ‘attached,' whose chiefs could

not appear in the presence of the emperor, excepting in the train of the prince within whose jurisdiction they were embraced. Their existence was not from a practice like the sub-infeudation, which belonged to the feudal system of Europe. They held of the lord paramount or emperor, but with the restriction which has been mentioned, and with a certain subservience also to their immediate superior. Its particular position is fixed by its proximity to Pe, and

but 'to attack and punish,' an exercise of judicial authority, which could emanate only from the emperor. The term is used here, to show the nefarious and presumptuous character of the contemplated operations. 2. There is some difficulty here, as, acc. to the 'Historical Records,' the two disciples were not in the service of the Ke family, at the same time. We may suppose, however, that Tsze-loo, returning with the sage from Wei on the invitation of duke Gae, took service a second time, and for a short period, with the Ke family, of which the chief was then Ke K'ang. This brings the time of the

和而寡聞之求必近有櫝 而 君為於日中

子費今是

安安不有今天誰 疾系 無 蓋 均家之夫憂不 之 均不者 者、辭。舍孔取、過 夫無患不丘日子後固 如貧貧患也欲日世而 典

8. Yen Yew said, “But at present, Chuen-yu is strong and near to Pe; if our chief do not now take it, it will hereafter be a sorrow to his descendants."

9. Confucius said, “ K'ew, the superior man hates that declining to say 'I want such and such a thing,' and framing explanations for the conduct.

10. "I have heard that rulers of states and chiefs of families are not troubled lest their people should be few, but are troubled lest they should not keep their several places; that they are not troubled with fears of poverty, but are troubled with fears of a want of contented repose among the people in their several places. For when the people keep their several places, there will be no poverty; when harmony prevails, there will be no scarcity of people; and when there is such a contented repose, there will be no rebellious upsettings.

transaction to B. C. 483, or 482. 將有事

–lit., ‘is going to have an affair. 3. Conf. addresses himself only to K'ew, as he had been a considerable time, and very active, in the Ke @ervice. 4. It was the prerogative of the princes to sacrifice to the hills and rivers within their jurisdictions ;-here was the chief of

Chuen-yu, imperially appointed (the former king' is probably, the second emperor of the Chow dynasty) to be the lord of the Mung mountain, that is, to preside over the sacrifices offered to it. This raised him high above any mere ministers or officers of Loo. The mountain Mung is in the present district of Pe, in the department of E-chow. It was called eastern, to distinguish it from another of the same name in

'a minister of the altars to the spirite 之臣, ‘a

of the land and grain' To those spirits only, the prince had the prerogative of sacrificing. The chief of Chuen-yu having this, how dared an officer of Loo to think of attacking him? The is used of his relation to the emperor. Choo He makes the phrase=公家之臣 a minister of the ducal house, saying that the three families had usurped all the dominions proper of Loo, leaving only the chiefs of the attached states to appear in the ducal court. I prefer the former interpretation.

must be understood with reference to the Shen-se, which was the western Mung. 且 為 appears to be an expletive, unless we Ke. 在那域之中,this is mentioned, to conceive it joined with the 何, the two char

show that Chuen-yu was so situated as to give acters together being simply 'why' or 'how."

Loo no occasion for apprehension. 社稷| 5. 夫子, our ‘master'i, e, the chief of the

動析
析不

於能

而在蕭牆之内也

季孫之憂不在顓

動干戈於邦内吾惠

恐諶離 而ł

11. “So it is. Therefore, if remoter people are not submissive, all the influences of civil culture and virtue are to be cultivated to attract them to be so; and when they have been so attracted, they must be made contented and tranquil.

12. “Now, here are you, Yew and K'ew, assisting your chief. Remoter people are not submissive, and, with your help, he cannot attract them to him. In his own territory there are divisions and downfalls, leavings and separations, and, with your help, he cannot preserve it.

13. "And yet he is planning these hostile movements within our state.—I am afraid that the sorrow of the Ke-sun family will not be on account of Chuen-yu, but will be found within the screen of their own court."

Ke family. 6. Chow Jin is by Choo He simply called--'a good historiographer of ancient times. Some trace him back to the Shang dynasty, and others only to the early times of the Chow. There are other weighty utterances of his in vogue, besides that in the text. 7. Choo He ex

plaine 兕by野牛 a wild bull' The dict.

stand the people of Chuen-yu. 11. 來 is to be

says it is like an ox, and goes on to describe it understood with a hiphil force, to make to come,'

舞曲 ‘one-horned. The 本草獸部, says

that 兕 and 尾 are different terms for the

same animal, i. e., the rhinoceros. I cannot

think that

here is the living tortoise. That

would not be kept in a 櫃 or coffer, like

gem. Perhaps the term is, by mistake, for

a

9. The regimen of extends down to the end , as in XI.24. 爲之辭 is of the par.

the same idiom as 爲之宰,V.7.10.

Conf. uses the term患 here, with ref. to the 臺 in p. 8. 均, (equality; 謂各得其分,

|

to attract.’12. 不能來不能守,

are

五

諸下

諸侯出自諸侯出

下無道則禮樂征伐

禮樂征伐自天子出天

陶孔子日天下有道則

國命三世希不失

下有

子

有

臣夫蓋伐出道

天下有道則應人不善

在失陪大

大

自侯

議。夫天執出十自天則

CHAPTER II. 1. Confucius said, "When good government prevails in the empire, ceremonies, music, and punitive military expeditions, proceed from the emperor. When bad government prevails in the empire, ceremonies, music, and punitive military expeditions proceed from the princes. When these things proceed from the princes, as a rule, the cases will be few in which they do not lose their power in ten generations. When they proceed from the great officers of the princes, as a rule, the cases will be few in which they do not lose their power in five generations. When the subsidiary ministers of the great officers hold in their grasp the orders of the kingdom, as a rule, the cases will be few in which they do not lose their power in three generations.

2. "When right principles prevail in the empire, government will not be in the hands of the great officers.

3.

"When right principles prevail in the empire, there will be no discussions among the common people."

2. THE SUPREME AUTHORITY OUGHT EVER TO MAINTAIN ITS POWER. THE VIOLATION OF THIS RULE ALWAYS LEADS TO RUIN, WHICH IS SPEEDIER AS THE RANK OF THE VIOLATOR IS LOWER-In

these utterances, Conf. had reference to the

disorganized state of the empire, when the son of Heaven' was fast becoming an empty name,

the princes of states were in bondage to their

great officers, and those again at the mercy of

their family ministers. 1.有道無道, –compare XIV. 1.征伐 are to be taken

together, as in the transl. We read of four

E, i. e., expeditions,-cast, west, north, and south; and of nine i. e., nine grounds on

which the emperor might order such expeditions.

On the imperial prerogatives, see the 中庸

XXVIII., is here- 'generally

speaking,' as a rule 陪臣=家臣
‘family-ministers,'國命 are the same as the
previous 禮樂征伐, but having been
usurped by the princes, and now again snatched
from them by their officers, they can no longer
be spoken of as imperial affairs, but only as

國之事, ‘state matters.' 3. 議=私議

'private discussions;' i. e., about the said state of public affairs.

CHAPTER III. Confucius said, "The revenue of the state has left the ducal house, now for five generations. The government has been in the hands of the great officers for four generations. On this account, the descendants of the three Hwan are much reduced."

CHAPTER IV. Confucius said, "There are three friendships which are advantageous, and three which are injurious. Friendship with the upright; friendship with the sincere; and friendship with the man of much observation:-these are advantageous. Friendship with the man of specious airs; friendship with the insinuatingly soft; and friendship with the glib-tongued:these are injurious.

CHAPTER V. Confucius said, "There are three things men find enjoyment in which are advantageous, and three things they find enjoyment in which are injurious. To find enjoyment in the discriminating study of ceremonies and music; to find enjoyment in

3. ILLUSTRATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF THB (武), Ping (平), and Hwan (桓). See the death of duke Wán, his rightful heir was killed, 摭餘說III. XXVI.

LAST CHAPTER. In the year B.C. 608, at the

and the son of a concubine raised to the duke

dom. He is in the annals as duke Seven (宣) and after him came Shing, Seang, Ch'aou, and

4. THREE FRIENDSHIPS ADVANTAGEOUS, AND THREE INJURIOUS. In the it is said

Ting, in whose time this must have been spoken.三友下各友字俱作交字看

These dukes were but shadows, pensionaries of

their great officers, so that it might be said the 是我去友人,‘after 三友, the charrevenue had gone from them. Obs. that here and acter友 is always verbal and=交, ‘to have in the prec. ch., is used for 'a reign.' 'The intercourse with.' It is as well to translate the three Hwan' are the three families, as being all terin by‘friendship’throughout. 諒 is here descended from duke Hwan; see on II. 5.

故夫,‘therefore,' uttered with a sigh.–

Choo He appears to have fallen into a mistake

'sincere,' without the subtractions required in

XIV. 18, 3, XV. 36.便-here=習熟

in enumerating the four heads of the Ke family | ‘practised’善,柔一善柔之工,善 iw

who had administered the government of Loo

as Woo, Taou, Pring, and Hwan, as Taou (悼)

died before his father, and would not be said therefore to have the government in his hands.

skilfulness in being bland. 辟 as in XI. 17, 3.

5. THREE SOURCES OF ENJOYMENT ADVANTAGEOUS, AND THREE INJURIOUS. Here we have

The right enumeration is Wăn (文), Woo 樂 with three pronunciations and in three