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away many of the prejudices that have been entertained against its validity. The commencement of the wall was, in all probability, at the N.E. angle of the castle of David, or tower of Hippicus, because the ancient fosse, connected externally with the valley, still surrounds the north side. The wall then sank into the Tyropoon, and joined the hill of Acra at its S. W. curve, opposite the small or shallow depression, in which stood Calvary, and where it was joined by the central, or second wall of Josephus, at Genneth. Now, bearing in mind the crescentic, or semilunar form and position of the hill Acra, which just here has its convexity toward the west, we must of necessity carry the wall along the brow of what we are expressly told was the old or lower city of Jerusalem that occupied this hill alone. The bending of this (naturally surrounding the hill) brings us a little eastward; and at the Bab-el-Shem or Amud, (the Damascus gate,) are the remains of some old towers, the masonry, the construction, and the stones whereof demand particular attention, for they are similar to those in the northern wall of the enclosure of the Hareem Shereef referred to before. From this point it appears to me that the wall of ancient Jerusalem, long prior to the days of Herod Agrippa, was extended in a northeastern direction, still following the outline of Acra, and by tracing it in this direction, we shall be able to follow the course of Nehemiah's wall. From this northward was the district of Bezetha or Cenopolis, the part enclosed by the Roman governor; and that from David's castle to the Damascus gate must have been the ancient city wall, even in the days of the Jewish historian, which followed the natural course of the ground that I have laid down. From the Damascus gate, this wall proceeded to the tower Psephinus, up the gentle slope of Bezetha, in a N.W. direction. The historian tells us that it "then was so far extended till it came over against the monuments of Helena, which Helena was queen of Adiabne, the mother of Izates;" "it then extended (or was prolonged) farther to a great length, and passed by the sepulchral caverns of the kings;" or, to use a more critical translation, the royal caves, (onλawv Basilikŵv.) Now, here we come to another disputed point. Modern antiquaries not finding the monuments of Helena, must needs make the tombs of the kings, or royal caves, the places just referred to. This opinion was first proposed by Pococke, and it has

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since been adopted by Clarke and others, who not only endeavour to make the two places synonymous, but conduct the Bezethean wall beyond the royal caves, and enclose them within the circuit of the city; a line I do not think at all warranted, for we find these very monuments of the queen of Adiabne thus spoken of by Josephus. After the death of Helena and Izates, her son, Monobazus, "sent her bones, as well as those of Izates, his brother, to Jerusalem, and gave orders that they should be buried at the pyramids, which their mother had erected; they were three in number, and distant more than three furlongs from the city of Jerusalem;" evidently referring to the ancient or Nehemiahan wall. Now those pyramids were in existence up to the time of Eusebius, who, as well as Pausanius, Valesius, and others, mentions them; and the very fact of their destruction may be accounted for by their not being cut out of the rock, like the royal caves, but, being erected above ground, they would be plundered for their contents, or torn down to assist in constructing more modern works. The text of the historian is, I conceive, too plain to require a further refutation of this objection, for he expressly says, "it then extended to a great length, and passed by the royal caves," very properly leaving this burial-place outside the city wall. But, to resume, having passed the sepulchres, it "bent again at the tower of the corner, (or more correctly with a tower at the corner,) at the monument which is called the Monument of the Fuller, and joined to the old wall at the valley called the Valley of Kedron." Where the pathway leading towards Galilee and Samaria crosses this line of wall, we find the evident and decided traces of the foundation of what appeared a gate, and leading east and west from it the remains of masonry are distinguishable. I have, therefore, made this the most northern part of the wall, and marked it in the map "Ancient Remains." Other traces of this wall, south of the royal caves, were visible in the days of Pococke in 1778, toward the N.W. corner.

We have now completed the three walls of Josephus, by joining that last described to the ancient wall, at the valley of Jehoshaphat, or Kedron, near the ancient Fish-gate; but there is still a part of the city, on the east, unencompassed by Josephus-that is, from the Fish-gate to Ophel, the place from whence we commenced at the S. W. corner of the temple. One

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half of this wall he describes in another place, when speaking of the temple and its courts, as built by Solomon himself, upon the east side of it; all the rest of the house being at that time unenclosed. This refers, not to the walls of the temple itself, but to the enclosure made round the brow of Mount Moriah. From the northern point of that wall-that is, from the tower described at page 434, to the Fish-gate, where it met the wall of Agrippa-the historian seems to understand the "old wall," a term applied to it as well as to the second, or "middle,” or "broad wall" of Scripture.

Having thus completed the circuit of the city at the time of the Roman invasion and its destruction by Titus, let us take up the Scriptures, and see whether these walls, or any part of them, correspond to those repaired by Nehemiah, (chap. iii.) In the year B. c. 445, Artaxerxes, king of Babylon, to which country Judea was then tributary, gave permission to Nehemiah to rebuild the wall of Jerusalem, broken down by Nebuchadnezzar.

The inhabitants took this work in parts, and it is said finished it in the astonishingly short time of fifty-two days. "Then Eleazshib, the high-priest, rose up with his brethren the priests, and they builded the Sheep-gate."* This, from its position with regard to Bethesda, (John, v. 2.) and its being in the east wall, I think there can be now little doubt corresponded in situation to the present gate of St. Stephen (the Bab-es-Subat) to the north of the enclosure of the temple-and it may have received its name from being the gate at which the sacrifices were brought in; and this supposition is strengthened by its proximity to the site of the temple. From that, they sanctified it to the towers of Meah and Hananeel, which latter was in the north-east angle of the wall. Now in considering the expressions used in this third chapter of Nehemiah, we must remark, that some parts were

* Doctor Adam Clarke, perhaps the most learned and critical biblical scholar of our time, speaks thus upon our knowledge of this ancient wall in his day" We really know scarcely any thing about these gates, what they were, why called by these names, or in what part of the wall situated. All the places of Jerusalem, its temples, walls, and gates, are mere works of conjecture; and yet how learnedly have some men written on all these subjects!"

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built, some repaired and set up, and other parts were only sanctified; and from this we can absolutely trace the state of dilapidation of the different portions of the wall. From the tower of Hananeel, a small part of the wall was built as far as the Fishgate, by Zaccur and the men of Jericho. This gate appears to have been placed at the extreme angle of the eastern wall, and the north-eastern point of the northern horn of Acra, and its situation, if restored, would be about one hundred and fifty yards from the modern wall, just above a declivity that divided Acra from Bezetha. The gate was built by the sons of Hassenaah.*

Here we arrive at the northern brow of Acra, and must necessarily trace our wall along it, following the ravine I mentioned by the Fish-gate. This hollow still exists, and on its sides are several olives and fig-trees. Others completed the repairs up to the Old-gate, which was repaired by Jehoiada and Meshullam. This and the gate of Ephraim were the same; and it appears to have been placed in the northern quarter, and may have been the Damascus gate of that day. From the Old-gate we still follow the boundary of Acra, and here we arrive at the "Tower of the corner." This place, though not mentioned in this particular portion of Scripture, is very clearly marked out in several other parts, to be described hereafter.

From thence the wall was repaired by Melatiah, Jadon, and the men of Gibeon and Mizpah, "unto the throne of the governor on this side the river." This brings us somewhere

* Dr. Robinson has apparently fallen into many errors with regard to the position of the walls of Nehemiah-for example, making the eastern wall run, not above, but through the very valley of Jehoshaphat; and also by including the fountain of Siloam within the ancient boundary. To enter into a discussion regarding all these disputed points in the topography would be foreign to, and beyond the limits of a work of this descrip. tion and therefore, except in some remarkable places, I shall not enter upon the subject; I may add, that I have carefully perused and examined his very valuable work while correcting and revising this second edition, and that I still hold to the general description as I originally presented it to the public before Dr. Robinson's work appeared. The topographical dissertation given by Nehemiah is, however, scarcely alluded to by the American antiquary.

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near the antique masonry before noticed in the present gate of Damascus, where the wall of Agrippa springs off, and from hence to the tower of Hananeel; I have marked it in the map, "Nehemiah's wall." This governor was probably the person appointed by the Persian king over Jerusalem. Some difficulty arises here regarding the river mentioned in the 7th verse, none such now existing; but originally, when a ditch surrounded the walls, water may have been conveyed through it; especially as some way above this we find, within the present town, the large cistern called the Pool of Ezekiel, lying on the course of the fosse that was outside the ancient wall; and again, near the north-east corner of the present wall, we find a stream-way running into the brook Kedron, which in the rainy season, I was informed, becomes a river in the sense there understood. Nay more, Pococke mentions a pool in the streets, near the holy sepulchre, which was filled with water in his day, and supposed it to be connected with the upper pool of Gihon.

The next portion was repaired and fortified by Uzziel and Hananiah "unto the Broad Wall," which I consider to have been the second wall of Josephus, which meets the outer wall at this point opposite to Calvary. Rephaiah, Jedaiah, Hattush, Malchijah, and Hashub, carried forward the repairs to "the tower of the furnaces." This stood somewhere between the broad wall and the Castle of David. The remainder of the repairs on the north-west side of the city were completed by "Shallum and his daughters," to a point near the commencement of Mount Sion, where it is enclosed by the valley of Millo, or Tyropoon.

The sacred historian now turns to another point of the wall, which most likely was commenced at the same time as the Sheepgate, and continued in a south-west course round the hill of Sion. He says, the "Valley-gate repaired Hanun and the inhabitants of Zanoah." This gate was in the extremity of the Tyropoon, where the hill forms a natural curve above the fountain of Siloam. It was out of this gate the prophet rode on that memorable night, when he rose and viewed the desolation of the city, and in that part of the description the fountain of Siloam is called "the Dragon Well." (Neh. ii. 13.) A little further south was "the Dung-gate repaired by Malchiah"--this was also in the Tyropacon valley, and was the general outlet for the filth of the

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