fecero, viderisque me in medio ardore certaminis, ipse dextrum move,' et turbatis signa infer. Tu Antigene2 et tu Leonnate, et Tauron, invehemini in mediam aciem, et urgebitis frontem. Hastae nostrae praelongae et validae non alias magis quam adversus beluas rectoresque earum usui esse poterunt: deturbate eos, qui vehuntur, et ipsas confodite. Anceps genus auxilii est, et in suos acrius furit. In hostem enim imperio, in suos pavore agitur. Haec elocutus concitat equum primus; jamque, ut destinatum erat, invaserat ordines hostium, cum Coenus ingenti vi in laevum3 cornu invehitur. Phalanx quoque mediam Indorum aciem uno impetu perrupit.

49. At Porus, qua equitem invehi senserat, beluas agi jussit: sed tardum et paene immobile animal equorum velocitatem aequare non poterat. Ne sagittarum quidem ullus erat barbaris usus. Quippe longas et praegraves, nisi prius in terra statuerent arcum, haud satis apte et commode imponunt: tum humo lubrica, et ob id impediente_conatum,1 molientes ictus, celeritate hostium occupantur. Ergo spreto regis imperio (quod fere fit, ubi turbatis acrius metus quam dux imperare coepit), totidem erant imperatores, quot agmina errabant. Alius jungere aciem, alius dividere, stare quidam, et nonnulli circumvehi terga hostium jubebant. Nihil in medium consulebatur. Porus tamen cum paucis, quibus metu potior fuerat pudor, colligere dispersos, obvius hosti ire pergit, elephantosque ante agmen suorum agi jubet. Magnum beluae injecere terrorem, insolitusque stridor non equos modo, tam pavidum ad omnia animal, sed viros quoque ordinesque turbaverat. Jam fugae circumspiciebant locum paulo ante victores; cum Alexander Agrianos et Thracas leviter armatos, meliorem concursatione quam comminus militem, emisit in beluas. Ingentem hi vim telorum injecere et elephantis et regentibus eos. Phalanx quoque instare constanter territis coepit. Sed quidam avidius persecuti beluas in semet irritavere vulneribus. Obtriti ergo pedibus earum ceteris, ut parcius instarent, fuere documen

Put the right wing of the enemy in motion;' that is, 'attack it, and force it to retire.'

2 As to this vocative, see Gram. $ 70, 3.

3

According to what has gone before, it should be dextrum.

The strain;' namely, in drawing the bow.

5 Concursatio is when two parties rush furiously against one another; but it includes also a tumultuous rush back; whereas a fight hand-to-hand is a stabilis pugna.

tum. Praecipue terribilis illa facies erat, cum manu1 arma virosque corriperent, et super se regentibus traderent. Anceps ergo pugna nunc sequentium, nunc fugientium elephantos, in multum diei2 varium certamen extraxit; donec securibus (id namque genus auxilii praeparatum erat) pedes amputare coeperunt. Copidas vocabant gladios leviter curvatos falcibus similes, quis appetebant beluarum manus. Nec quicquam inexpertum non mortis modo, sed etiam in ipsa morte novi supplicii, timor omittebat.3

50. Ergo elephanti vulneribus tandem fatigati suos impetu sternunt, et qui rexerant eos, praecipitati in terram, ab ipsis obterebantur. Itaque pecorum modo magis pavidi, quam infesti, ultra aciem exigebantur; cum Porus, destitutus a pluribus, tela multo ante praeparata in circumfusos ex elephanto suo coepit ingerere, multisque eminus vulneratis, expositus ipse ad ictus undique petebatur. Novem jam vulnera hinc tergo, illinc pectore exceperat, multoque sanguine profuso languidis manibus magis elapsa, quam excussa tela mittebat. Nec segnius belua, instincta rabie, nondum saucia invehebatur ordinibus; donec rector beluae regem conspexit fluentibus membris omissisque armis vix compotem mentis. Tum beluam in fugam concitat, sequente Alexandro: sed equus ejus multis vulneribus confossus deficiensque procubuit, posito magis rege, quam effuso. Itaque dum equum mutat, tardius insecutus est. Interim frater Taxilis, regis Indorum, praemissus ab Alexandro, monere coepit Porum, ne ultima experiri perseveraret, dederetque se victori. At ille, quamquam exhaustae erant vires, deficiebatque sanguis, tamen ad notam vocem excitatus, Agnosco, inquit, Taxilis fratrem, imperii regnique sui proditoris et telum, quod unum forte non effluxerat, contorsit in eum: quod per medium pectus penetravit ad tergum. Hoc ultimo virtutis opere edito, fugere acrius coepit: sed elephantus quoque, qui multa exceperat tela, deficiebat. Itaque sistit fugam, peditemque sequenti hosti objecit. Jam Alexander

6

With the trunk ;' for the proboscis of the elephant was, from its use, called also manus.

2 See Gram. 275, a, 'for a great part of the day.'

3 The fear (which they had of the elephants) left no means untried, not only to kill them, but even to inflict in death some additional pain.' That the soldiers had any intention to inflict unnecessary pain upon the animals we cannot for a moment believe: this statement is a mere rhetorical exaggeration.

'He rather let the missiles slip out of his hands than threw them.' 5. With his limbs relaxed and powerless.'

consecutus erat, et pertinacia Pori cognita, vetabat resistentibus parci. Ergo undique et in pedites et in ipsum Porum tela congesta sunt: quis tandem gravatus labi ex belua coepit. Indus, qui elephantum regebat, descendere eum ratus, more solito elephantum procumbere jussit in genua: qui ut se submisit, ceteri quoque, ita enim instituti erant, demisere corpora in terram. Ea res et Porum et ceteros' victoribus tradidit.

51. Rex spoliari corpus Pori, interemptum esse credens, jubet, et qui detraherent loricam vestemque, concurrere; cum belua dominum tueri et spoliantes coepit appetere, levatumque corpus ejus rursus dorso suo imponere.2 Ergo telis undique obruitur, confossoque eo, in vehiculum Porus imponitur. Quem rex ut vidit allevantem oculos, non odio, sed miseratione commotus, Quae, malum, inquit, amentia te coëgit, rerum mearum cognita fama, belli fortunam experiri: cum Taxilis esset in deditos clementiae meae tam propinquum tibi exemplum 23 At ille, Quoniam, inquit, percontaris, respondebo ea libertate, quam interrogando fecisti. Neminem me fortiorem esse censebam. Meas enim noveram vires, nondum expertus tuas: fortiorem esse te, belli docuit eventus. Sed ne sic quidem parum felix sum, secundus tibi. Rursus interrogatus, quid ipse victorem statuere debere censeret. Quod hic, inquit, dies tibi suadet, quo expertus es, quam caduca felicitas esset.5 Plus monendo profecit, quam si precatus esset. Quippe magnitudinem animi ejus interritam, ac ne fortuna quidem infractam, non misericordia modo, sed etiam honore excipere dignatus est. Aegrum curavit haud secus, quam si pro ipso pugnasset; confirmatum contra spem omnium in amicorum numerum recepit; mox donavit

All the others as well as Porus.'

"When the faithful animal saw the enemies flocking towards Porus, supposed to be dead, it protected him, struck at those who were busying themselves about his body, and endeavoured to raise him up again, and set him upon its back.

Since you had in the case of Taxiles so near an instance of my clemency to those who submitted to me.' Exemplum here governs two genitives, Taxilis and clementiae. Taxilis is a genetivus epexegeticus, or explanatory, for Taxiles himself is the example. See Gram. 274.

What was his own opinion as to the fate that the conqueror should appoint for him.'

We should expect sit. But the Latin idiom is fond of the form of narration by the imperfect in dependent clauses. See Zumpt § 504, ad fin.

ampliore regno, quam tenuit. Nec sane quicquam ingenium ejus solidius aut constantius habuit, quam admirationem verae laudis et gloriae: simplicius tamen famam aestimabat in hoste, quam in cive. Quippe a suis credebat magnitudinem suam destrui posse, eandem clariorem fore, quo majores fuissent, quos ipse vicisset.

3 With less reserve or greater freedom from prejudice.'

But that it.' This but,' connecting two opposed predicates, is implied in the pronoun idem. See Zumpt, § 697.

LIBER IX.

(1) ALEXANDER offers sacrifices in gratitude for his decisive victory over Porus (beginning of May, 326 B. c.), orders a fleet to be built on the Hydaspes, and founds two cities on the banks of that river (Bucephala and Nicaea). King Abisares attempts to negotiate terms of submission. (2) Alexander crosses another river, passes through beautiful forests, then traverses a desert, and at last reaches the river Hyarotis, which he crosses. (3) The inhabitants of a great city (Sangala) defend themselves with chariots, but they are routed, and their town is taken. (4) The country is ravaged one city is taken, whilst its inhabitants are distracted by dissensions, and the other towns of the tribe (the Cathaei) are compelled to submit. (5) Sopithes, king of a nation distinguished for wisdom and physical beauty, surrenders. (6) Among the presents that he brings, there are hounds, which display astonishing agility and strength. Alexander advances to the Hyphasis, where Phegeus, the king of the country, submits. (7) Alexander obtains the information that beyond the Hyphasis, after eleven days' march through deserts, live the Gangaridae and Prasii, possessed of great military power, but governed by a contemptible king. The question suggests itself to him, whether the Macedonians may be disposed to follow him across the Hyphasis. (8, 9, 10) He convokes an assembly of the soldiers, and delivers a speech, in which he discusses the often-talked-of difficulties that lie in his way, representing them partly as exaggerated, and partly as not at all insurmountable by men who had already performed such exploits; and concludes by earnestly intreating them not to desert him in this last struggle. (11) The soldiers are silent; Alexander becomes enraged; the whole assembly melts into tears. (12) At last Coenus speaks; he represents to the king the weariness and exhaustion of the army, and proposes to him to give up the expedition to the east, and to march by a shorter routenamely, the southern-to the Indian Ocean, which it was his aim to reach. (13) The other generals and the whole army unite their intreaties. Alexander conquers his ambitious wishes, and on the third day yields to the desire of the army. He orders me. morials of his expedition to be erected; and marches back to the fleet which he had directed to be built. The army is considerably supplemented. Alexander, with a thousand ships, begins the long expedition-it occupied at least seven months-down the rivers Hydaspes, Acesines and Indus, to the Indian Ocean. (14) Near