tion, and consoles them. (32) He displays the utmost forbearance and respect towards the mother, wife, and children of Darius. (33) Parmenio, who has been sent out in pursuit, is invited to Damascus by the treacherous commandant of that city, who promises to give up, without resistance, all that King Darius has left there. (34) Parmenio undertakes this expedition, and obtains an immense quantity of booty (35), and a great many prisoners of distinction. The traitor, however, receives the due reward of his deeds, at the hand of one of the betrayed.

INTER haec Alexander, ad conducendum ex Peloponneso militem1 Cleandro cum pecunia misso, Lyciae Pamphyliaeque rebus compositis, ad urbem Celaenas exercitum admovit. Media illa tempestate moenia interfluebat_Marsyas amnis, fabulosis Graecorum carminibus inclitus. Fons ejus ex summo montis cacumine excurrens in subjectam petram magno strepitu aquarum cadit: inde diffusus circumjectos rigat campos, liquidus et suas dumtaxat undas trahens. Itaque color ejus placido mari similis locum poëtarum mendacio fecit: quippe traditum est, Nymphas amore amnis retentas in illa rupe considere. Ceterum quamdiu intra muros fluit, nomen suum retinet: at cum extra munimenta se evolvit, majore vi ac mole agentem undas Lycum appellant. Alexander quidem urbem destitutam a suis intrat, arcem vero, in quam confugerant, oppugnare adortus, caduceatorem praemisit, qui denuntiaret, ni dederent, ipsos ultima esse passuros. Illi caduceatorem in turrem, et situ et opere multum editam, perductum, quanta esset altitudo, intueri jubent, ac nuntiare Alexandro, non eadem ipsum et incolas aestimatione munimenta metiri: se scire inexpugnabiles esse; ad ultimum, pro fide morituros. Ceterum ut circumsideri arcem et omnia sibi in dies artiora esse vide

4

1 Greek mercenaries were usually enlisted in the Peloponnesus, and particularly in Arcadia. As to miles used in the singular in a collective sense, see Zumpt, § 364.

2 A city of Phrygia Major, the inhabitants of which were afterwards transplanted to the neighbouring town of Apamea. It is to this fact that the remark in the next clause refers: at that time' (illa tempestate) the Marsyas flowed through the middle of the city.' The Marsyas falls into the Maeander, which flows westward, and discharges itself into the Aegean Sea.

3 Supply arcem.

The more common form of the accusative is turrim, ablative turri; but turrem and turre are also used by classical writers. See Gram. $ 64, and Curt. iv. 19 and 26.

The adjective artus, confined, narrow, is originally, without doubt, a participle of the verb arcere. The word was neither pronounced nor written arctus, but, by the elision of the c, artus.

runt, sexaginta dierum inducias pacti, ut, nisi intra eos auxilium Dareus1 ipse misisset, dederent urbem: postquam nihil inde praesidii mittebatur, ad praestitutam diem2 permisere se regi. Superveniunt deinde legati Atheniensium, petentes, ut capti apud Granicum amnem redderentur sibi.3 Ille non hos modo, sed etiam ceteros Graecos restitui suis jussurum respondit, finito Persico bello.

Inter

2. Ceterum Dareo imminens, quem nondum Euphraten1 superasse cognoverat, undique omnes copias contrahit, totis viribus tanti belli discrimen aditurus. Phrygia erat, per quam ducebatur exercitus; pluribus vicis, quam urbibus frequens. Tunc habebat nobilem quondam Midae regiam: Gordium nomen est urbi, quam Sangarius amnis interfluit, pari intervallo Pontico et Cilicio mari distantem.5 haec maria angustissimum Asiae spatium esse comperimus, utroque in artas fauces compellente terram. Quae quia continente adhaeret, sed magna ex parte cingitur fluctibus, speciem insulae praebet, ac nisi tenue discrimen objiceret, quae nunc dividit, maria committeret. Alexander, urbe in dicionem suam redacta, Jovis templum intrat. Vehiculum, quo Gordium Midae patrem vectum esse constabat, aspexit, cultu haud sane a vilioribus vulgatisque usu abhorrens. Notabile erat jugum astrictum compluribus nodis in semetipsos implicatis, et celantibus nexus. Incolis deinde affirmantibus, editam esse oraculo sortem, Asiae potiturum,8

The Greek form of this word is Aapeios. As the Latins did not use the diphthong ei, they changed it in some words into i, in others into e; and this name is always written in the best manuscripts of Latin authors, Dareus.

2 Dies, feminine in the sense of an appointed day.

Most of the states of Greece had yielded to the supremacy of the Macedonians. Many Athenians, indignant at this, had entered the Persian service; and it is to those of this class who had been taken prisoners that the text refers. Alexander was not unmerciful: he gave the prisoners their liberty before the end of the war. See lib. iv. 34.

In reference to this Greek accusative of the words in es, which in Greek are declined by the first declension, genitive ov, but in Latin by the third, genitive is, see Gram. § 55, note 5.

A glance at the map shows that this is only roughly correct.

• This word is also written ditio, but it is derived from dicere, and the spelling with c is confirmed by the best manuscripts. The same may be said of condicio, which is usually, but incorrectly, written conditio.

Not very different in its outward appearance.' Abhorrere has not so strong a signification as its derivation from horreo might induce us to believe. It is frequently no more than diversum esse. As to potior with genitive, see Gram. $ 300, notė.

qui inexplicabile vinculum solvisset, cupido incessit animo1 sortis ejus implendae. Circa regem erat et Phrygum turba et Macedonum, illa expectatione suspensa, haec sollicita ex temeraria regis fiducia: quippe series vinculorum ita astricta erat, ut unde nexus inciperet, quove se conderet, nec ratione, nec visu perspici posset: solvere aggressus injecerat curam, ne in omen verteretur irritum inceptum. Ille nequicquam2 diu luctatus cum latentibus nodis, nihil, inquit, interest, quomodo solvantur: gladioque ruptis omnibus loris, oraculi sortem vel elucit, vel implevit.3

3. Cum deinde Dareum, ubicunque esset, occupare statuisset, ut a tergo tuta relinqueret, Amphoterum classi ad oram Hellesponti, copiis autem praefecit Hegelochum, Lesbum et Chium Coumque praesidiis hostium liberaturos. His talenta ad belli usum quingenta attributa: ad Antipatrum et eos, qui Graecas urbes tuebantur, sexcenta missa: ex foedere naves sociis imperatae, quae Hellesponto praesiderent. Nondum enim Memnonem vita excessisse cognoverat: in quem omnes intenderat curas, satis gnarus cuncta in expedito fore, si nihil ab eo moveretur. Jamque ad urbem Ancyram ventum erat, ubi numero copiarum inito, Paphlagoniam intrat huic juncti erant Heneti, unde quidam Venetos trahere originem credunt. Omnis haec regio paruit regi, datisque obsidibus tributum, quod ne Persis quidem tulissent,s pendere ne cogerentur, impetraverunt. Calas huic regioni

For construction of incedo, see Zumpt, § 387. Curtius also uses the accusative with incedere, iv. 10.

36 Without success.'

3 It came to the same thing: the yoke was freed from the beam. As to vel-vel, see Zumpt, § 339.

This island, near Halicarnassus and Cnidus, called in Greek Kas, is written in Latin both Cos and Cous, accus. Con and Coum, ablat. Co. See Zumpt, $ 52.

5' Which were to protect the Hellespont.' The name Hellespontus, though it properly applies to the strait between the Aegean Sea and the Propontis, is also given to the land on both sides, in which, on the European coast, is situated Sestos, on the Asiatic, Abydos.

A Greek of Rhodes, who had been a skilful and highly-trusted commander among the Persians.

Paphlagonia, a country on the Pontus, between the rivers Parthenius and Halys. In this country the Heneti are said once to have dwelt, who, according to a wide-spread tradition, emigrated in the Trojan times, and founded the tribe of the Veneti in Italy. In historical times there were no Heneti in Paphlagonia. Alexander's conquest of Paphlagonia was but superficial; its most complete subjugation was left to Calas. See iv. 23.

The subjunctive shows it to have been a statement of the Paphlagonians themselves. See Gram. § 354.

praepositus est; ipse, assumptis qui ex Macedonia nuper advenerant, Cappadociam1 petiit.

4. At Dareus, nuntiata Memnonis morte haud secus quam2 par erat motus, omissa omni alia spe, statuit ipse decernere: quippe quae per duces suos acta erant cuncta damnabat, ratus pluribus curam, omnibus abfuisse fortunam. Igitur castris ad Babylona' positis, quo majore animo capesserent bellum, universas vires in conspectum dedit: et circumdato vallo, quod decem milium armatorum multitudinem caperet, Xerxis exemplo numerum copiarum iniit. Orto sole ad noctem agmina, sicut descripta erant, intravere vallum. Inde emissa occupaverant Mesopotamiae campos, equitum peditumque propemodum innumerabilis turba, majorem quam pro numero speciem ferens. Persarum erant centum milia, in quis eques triginta implebat. Medi decem equitum, quinquaginta milia peditum habebant. Barcanorums equitum duo milia fuere, armati bipennibus levibusque scutis cetrae9 maxime speciem reddentibus: peditum decem milia equitum pari armatu1 sequebantur. Armenii quadraginta milia miserant peditum, additis septem milibus equitum. Hyrcani egregii, ut inter illas gentes, sex milia expleverant, additis equitibus militatura." Derbices quadraginta peditum milia armaverant: pluribus aere aut ferro praefixae13 hastae,

A large province in the interior of Asia Minor, beyond the Halys. The people inhabited unfortified towns, the principal of which were Mazaca and Comana.

2 Not otherwise than;' that is, not less than. See Zumpt, $283. Compare haud aliter ac, haud minus quam, aeque ac.

3

In Curtius we find igitur as often at the beginning of a sentence as after a word; whereas in Cicero it very seldom stands first. For this accusative, see Gram. § 70, note 2.

4

According to Herodotus, Xerxes numbered his forces in this way in Thrace, at Doriscus on the river Hebrus.

The army was very numerous, but it appeared more so than it really was.

"Particular descriptions of troops, as infantry, cavalry, &c., are usually expressed by the singular, in a collective sense.

A tribe otherwise little known, dwelling near the Hyrcani, on the Caspian Sea.

A leathern shield, without wood, similar to the Greek wiλrn. From this word cetra, the troops who in Greek are called Tλrαoraí, are called in Latin cetrati.

10 Armed like the cavalry.'

"Who were accustomed to fight associated with cavalry.

12 A tribe which appears nowhere else in Curtius, but which, according to other writers, was located east of the Hyrcani, towards the Oxus.

13 Tipped with brass or iron.' Compare, in reference to the use of praefixus, iii. 8, iv. 35.

quidam lignum igni duraverant. Hos quoque duo milia equitum ex eadem gente comitata sunt. A Caspio mari octo milium pedester exercitus venerat, ducenti equites. Cum his erant ignobiles aliae gentes: duo milia peditum, equitum duplicem paraverant numerum. His copiis triginta milia Graecorum mercede conducta, egregiae juventutis, adjecta. Nam Bactrianos et Sogdianos et Indos ceterosque rubri maris' accolas, ignota etiam ipsi gentium nomina, festinatio prohibebat acciri. Nec quicquam illi minus, quam multitudo militum defuit.

5. Cujus tum universae aspectu admodum laetus, purpuratis solita vanitate spem ejus inflantibus, conversus ad Charidemum Atheniensem, belli peritum, et ob exilium infestum Alexandro, quippe Athenis jubente eo fuerat expulsus, percontari coepit, satisne ei videretur instructus ad obterendum hostem? At ille, et suae sortis et regiae superbiae oblitus, Verum, inquit, et tu forsitan audire nolis, et ego, nisi nunc dixero, alias nequicquam confitebor. Hic tanti apparatus exercitus, haec tot gentium et totius Orientis excita sedibus suis moles, finitimis potest esse terribilis: nitet purpura auroque, fulget armis et opulentia, quantam qui oculis non subjecere, animis concipere non possunt. Sed Macedonum acies, torva sane et inculta, clipeis hastisque immobiles cuneos et conferta robora virorum tegit. Ipsi phalangem vocant, peditum stabile agmen: vir viro, armis arma conserta sunt: ad nutum monentis intenti, sequi signa, ordines servare didicerunt. Quod imperatur omnes exaudiunt: obsistere, circumire, discurrere in cornu, mutare pugnam,

6

1 The name Mare Rubrum applies to the whole of the great Southern or Indian Ocean, of which the gulf between Arabia and Egypt, which we call the Red Sea, is but a part. The latter is not meant here. 2 For prohibere with infinitive, see Zumpt, § 544.

3 Courtiers and statesmen of high rank were called purpurati, because their clothes were adorned with purple hems. Vanitas implies here stating as true what is doubtful;' it often signifies 'positive falsehood.'

4

Forsitan is usually followed by the subjunctive mood.

Immovable, unwavering columns (we may use this word instead of the literal translation, wedges'), and close bodies of strong men.' Robora virorum, a poetical and figurative expression, equivalent to robusti viri.

These are the regular military terms: obsistere, to form a front line; circumire, to wheel to the right or left, the soldier on the extreme right or left standing still, whilst the others march round him in a half circle; discurrere in cornu, when the men in the rear are brought forward, and extend the front line by placing themselves at the wings; mutare pugnam, to change the kind of battle, as, for instance, when the close lines were broken up and the soldiers fought singly.