reverenced, they say; for as he now has the means of doing evil to mankind, so will be hereafter have the power of rewarding them. Next to Satan, but inferior to him in might and wisdom, are seven archangels, who exercise a great influence over the world; they are Gabrail, Michail, Raphail, Azrail, Dedrail, Azrapheel, and Shemkeel. Christ, according to them, was also a great angel, who had taken the form of man. He did not die on the cross, but ascended to heaven. They hold the Old Testament in great reverence, and believe in the cosmogony of Genesis, the deluge, and other events recorded in the Bible. They do not reject the New Testament, nor the Koran; but consider them less entitled to their veneration. Still they always select passages from the latter for their tombs and holy places. Mohammed they look upon as a prophet; as they do Abraham, and the patriarchs. They expect the second coming of Christ, as well as the re-appearance of Imaum Mehdi, giving credence to the Mussulman fables relating to him." They have four orders of priesthood, Pirs, or saints; Sheikhs, some of whom always Zabians.-See SABEANS. Ꮓ dwell in the tomb of the great Sheikh Adi; the Cawals, or preachers; and the Fakirs, who de the menial offices connected with their religion These offices are hereditary, and descend to women as well as to men. Yule, the old name signifying Christmas,See CHRISTMAS. Yule was apparently an old Gothic pagan feast. Various origins have been assigned to the term (See Jamieson's Scottish Dictionary). Many ancient or pagan superstitions, not unlike the saturnalia of the Romans, were connected with its observance, and from the feasting on such occasions, the term “joli”—jolly, from "jol"-yule, is said to be derived.-See PASCH. The religious keeping of Yule and Easter was one of the articles of Perth, which had been so strongly objected to.—See ARTICLES, FIVE. On the accession of William and Mary, the Scottish parliament discharged what was called the "Yule vacancy" of the Court of Session, and compelled the judges to attend court at that period. But in 1712 an act was passed re-enacting the Christmas recess. The act gave great offence to many Presbyterians in Scotland. nature as their source. Menasseh Ben Israel Zealots, a fanatical Jewish sect, very zeal-states it as the universal opinion of the Cabaous for the divine honour. They regarded them-lists, that the word Jehovah not only is the selves as the successors of Phinehas, took the law into their hands, and often committed nefarious acts of injustice and assassination toward the last days of the kingdom, and not long before the capture of Jerusalem by Titus. They were very busy and destructive in raising factions and tumults. In fact, their excesses hastened on the ruin of their country. In religion they differed not from the Pharisees. peculiar name of the divine essence, but also designates the Aziluthic world, or world of emanation, which contains the ten sephiroth The point of the letter jod, according to what he deems the proper mode of writing the word Jehovah, denotes the supreme crown, which some Cabalists also call the central point; the jod itself denotes wisdom; the first he, understanding; the vau, which is equivalent to six, denotes the next six numerations; and the final he, the tenth and last." Or to take another specimen, "Jehovah, our God, Jehovah: these are three degrees with respect to this sublime mystery, in the beginning God, or Elohim, created.' Zoharites, a Jewish sect, so called from its attachment to the book Zohar.-See CABALA. According to Tholuck this book is an interpolated writing of the Rabbi Moses Leon of the thirteenth century, though it follows more ancient traditions. The theology of the book is peculiar. Ac--There is an unity which is called Jehovah cording to it the first-born of the Infinite has, in his emanations, manifested his divinity in peculiar ways, and has sent forth from himself ten luminous streams, which are called sephi roth a word translated by some authors, numerations, and by others, splendours. The ten numerations or splendours are denominated Supreme Crown, Wisdom, Understanding, Mercy, Severity, Beauty, Victory, Glory, Stability, and Sovereignty. These are not like instruments used by an agent, distinct and separate from the hand which employs them, but essential instruments of divine communication, substantially existing in the divine nature, and proceeding from it through the medium of the first offspring of deity, as rays issuing from the sun are instruments of heat, of the same the first, our God, Jehovah: behold! they are all one, and therefore called one: lo! these three names are as one; and although we call them one, and they are one, but by the revelation of the Holy Spirit it is made known, and they are by the light of the eye to be known, that these three are one; and this is the mystery of the voice that is heard; the voice is one; and there are three things, fire and wind and water, and they are all one in the mystery of the voice, and they are but one: so here Jehovah, our God, Jehovah, these three modes, forms, or things, are one.* This sect was revived about 1750, by a man called Jacob Frank, a Polish Jew. Not long before Jacob Frank's time a Cabalistic sect had appeared in Podolia, assuming the somewhat arrogant designation of New Hassidim, or New Saints. The ground was thus prepared for seller of indulgences. The traffic in these 'RoFrank's work as a reformer, if such he may be man wares' roused the indignation of Zwingli, regarded. The leaders, however, of the num- and led to a keen exposure and a successful reerous Israelitish communities were in the main sistance. Luther's writings were, at the same hostile, and violently persecuted Frank and his time, largely circulated at the recommendation partizans. Denounced to the government, Frank of the reformer. The plague broke out, and, and his disciples were for a season imprisoned; during its continuance, though weak himself but were released, however, at the intercession from exhaustion, he assiduously tended the sick of the Bishop of Podolia, and of the Catholic and dying. His zealous labours grew in numclergy, who saw in the principles announced by ber and results, the simplicity of the Gospel was Frank a striking resemblance to the Catholic more distinctly apprehended by him; but the faith. Persecution having burst forth afresh, friends of the popedom were enraged, and Frank counselled the Zoharites to give external Zwingli was tried in January, 1523, on a charge adhesion to Christianity, and he was himself of heresy. Rome gained nothing by the trial. baptized. He continued, nevertheless, to pro- Zwingli presented sixty-seven propositions, and claim essentially the same ideas which had defended them from Scripture. The reformer gained him such hosts of proselytes. From a gathered courage with growing difficulties, and, second captivity, to which the implacable animo-in 1524, the council of Zurich remodelled the sity of his foes had condemned him, he was public worship according to the views and wishes delivered through the invasion of Poland by of Zwingli. Pictures, statues, and relics were the Russians. He now entered on missionary removed from the churches, and mass was abolabours in Germany, where some of his apostles | lished. Opposition to the reformed doctrines was had already appeared. At Vienna he assumed almost a regal pomp, and this led to his expulsion. From the Landgrave of Hesse he obtained permission to fix his residence at Offenbach, where he took the title of Baron, and set up a kind of court, the Zoharites from every quarter sending him immense sums. The Zoharites still exist. (Allen's Modern Judaism; Tholuck's Commentatio de ortu Cabbala, 1837.) Zurich Letters.-On the accession of Mary, more than a thousand of the Reformers sought refuge on the Continent, and many of them settled in Zurich. On the return of the Zurich exiles to England, at Elizabeth's accession in 1558, they naturally maintained a correspondence with the minister and magistrates of Zurich, who had so kindly welcomed them and given them shelter. A portion of these letters have been published by the Parker Society. They show the opinion of the day on those subjects which afterwards produced such agitation.-See PURITANS. Zwinglians, followers of Zwingli, the famous Swiss reformer. Zwingli "preached his first sermon in 1506, and was chosen pastor of Glaris. Here he remained ten years, and during that period he mingled in the strife of arms against the French. The young pastor, at the same time, devoted himself to the study of Greek and Hebrew, gradually made the Scriptures his sole and supreme rule of authority, and publicly expounded the gospels and the epistles. In 1516 he had been chosen preacher to the Abbey of Einsidlen, a famed spot of popish pilgrimage and superstition, and the year following he removed to a similar position in the cathedral of Zurich. The effect of his honest preaching of the Gospel soon became apparent in the city and country, and his general character and opinions produced a deep and universal sensation. While this state of transition was so marked, the crisis was hastened in 1518 by the arrival of Samson, the meanwhile gathering in the other cantons. The question arose, whether each canton was free to choose its own form of religion, or whether the confederation should interfere; Zurich contended for its individual liberty and independence, but was opposed by the Waldstettes, or the primitive democratic cantons of Schwytz, Unterwald, Urzug, and Lucerne. The triumph of the reformation at Berne and other places, threw those forest cantons into wilder commotion, and, in consonance with their views of their federal polity, they took up arms for Rome. Zurich, encouraged by Zwingli, called out its troops, and put itself into a posture of defence. Efforts were made to maintain peace, but it was of no long duration, and after various diplomatic negotiations, hostilities finally commenced. Zurich had also lost somewhat of its earlier evangelical purity, while the neighbouring states were conspiring for its ruin. In the awful emergency, when the public mind was alarmed by a series of omens and prodigies, the reformer maintained tranquillity. The war began. Zurich was cowardly, dilatory, and far from being prepared, but the horn of the enemy echoed among their hills, and the devoted Zwingli mounted his caparisoned horse, took farewell of his wife and children, and went forth as a patriot and warrior to share in the common danger. The Zurichers marched to meet the Waldstettes, but were defeated at Cappel with great slaughter, 11th October, 1531. Zwingli was found, after the battle, lying on his back, and his eyes upturned to heaven, with his helmet on his head, and his battle-axe in his hand. He had been struck near the commencement of the engagement, and then as he fell and reeled, he was several times pierced with a lance. He was living when discovered in the evening; but the infuriated fanatics soon despatched him. Next day his dead body was barbarously quartered and burnt. Thus perished this hero-martyr." Griffin's "but they speak of Calvin. I have brought from Cyclopædia of Universal Biography. Zwingli the fair his book on the Lord's Supper." Luther held that the bread and wine of the Eucharist were went in at once with the bookseller, took the only symbols of the Lord's body and blood, and book, sat down, and never quitted it till he had that the ordination was only commemorative in read it through. After he had finished it, its nature-that nature being described in these "Maurice," said he, “this man is pious and wise, six words, "This do in remembrance of me." and I would have entrusted all the matter to Calvin, on the other hand, maintained a real him. If Zwingli and Ecolampadius had spoken spiritual presence. The following anecdote is thus there could never have been any dispute." told of Luther, that, on his return on a Mon- Melanchthon made in the articles of the Augday in 1545 from a lecture which he had just burg Confession a change in the direction of given on the first chapter of Genesis, he Calvin. This modification was admitted by passed before the shop of the bookseller, Maurice, many; and at this day the most illustrious divines recently returned from the celebrated fair of of Germany profess, upon the Lord's Supper, books which was held at Frankfort. "Well, a doctrine similar to that of Calvin.-Se Maurice," asked he of the bookseller, "what are CONSUBSTANTIATION; EUCHARIST; MASS; people saying down at Frankfort? Are they REAL PRESENCE; SACRAMENT; SWITZERLAND, still speaking always of the monk of Wittem- CHURCHES IN; TRANSUBSTANTIATION. berg?" "Not much," answered the bookseller, 668 GLASGOW: PRINTED BY BELL AND BAIN, ST. ENOCH SQUARE. 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