cated directly to the believer's soul. In England the name of high churchman was first given to the Non-jurors, and is still chiefly appropriated to that party in the church which most nearly approaches to their views.

Hirschau, Congregation of, was established by William of Hirschau, in the diocese of Spire, in the eleventh century, and modelled after that of Clugny.-See CLUNIAC MONKS.

Histopedes (hung up by the heels), a name given to the Eunomians, because in their immersion, practised at baptism, they plunged the candidate into the water with his head down and heels upwards, head and bust alone being submerged. (Gothofred in Cod. Theodos., lib. xvi., lit. 5.)-See EUNOMIANS.

History of the Church.-This has been a favourite study from the days of Hegesippus and Eusebius downwards. It is not, or should not be, a dry collection of annals and details of heresies, but should show the growth of spiritual life, or its decay, and how the Church, dependent on its Lord, has realized or wrought out its commission in the work. Its outworks -its rites, government, discipline and controversies

are not to be overlooked, but its inner character should be fully developed; for it is Christ's representative and embodiment on the earthi. It is sad to see historians become polemical disputants, as Cæsar Baronius, or to find them totally blind to the spiritual relation of the Church to its Head, and treating it as a human institution or political machine. Modern writers have risen to a juster conception, such as Neander and Gieseler; and Mosheim is far better than he appears in Maclaine's translation. Separate periods have been well treated of by various authors, as in Wadding

ton, and D'Aubigne's History of the Reformation. Individual churches have had their annalists, who usually are apologists too. Nor have ecclesiastical biographies been wanting, as those by Cave; while treatises on the antiquities of the Church occupy a prominent place, such as those of Durand, Hospinian, Bingham, Rheinwald, Augusti, Siegel, Riddle, and Coleman.

Guericke divides church history into the following nine periods:-First Period-The apostolic Church, A.D. 1-100. Second Period-The Church persecuted as a sect; to Constantine, the first Christian emperor, A.D 100-311. Third Period-The Church in union with the GræcoRoman empire and amidst the storms of the great migration; to Pope Gregory I., A.D. 811-590. Fourth Period-The Church planted among the Germanic nations; to Hildebrand, A.D. 590-1049. Fifth Period-The Church under the papal hierarchy and the scholastic theology; to Boniface VIII., A.D. 1049-1294. Sixth Period-The decay of medieval Catholicism, and the preparatory movements of Protestantism, A.D. 1294-1517. Seventh Period-The evangelical reformation and the Roman Catholic reaction, A.D. 15171600. Eighth Period-The age of polemic orthodoxy and exclusive confessionalism, A.D. 1600-1750. Ninth Period-The spread of infidelity, and the revival of Christianity in Europe and America, from 1750 to the present time. Of the Greek histories; that of Sozomen extends from 323 to 423; that of Philostorgius, an Arian bishop, from 300 to 425; that of Theodoret from 325 to 429; that of Evagrius, continuator of Socrates and Theodoret, from 431 to 593. The following is a brief view of the earlier annals of the Church, with some characteristic events :

80

Domitian, d. 96.

Clement of Rome.

90

HISTORICAL EVENTS.

80. Consecration to church offices by imposition of hands.-The celebration of the Jewish Sabbath by the Jewish Christians continued.The yearly feasts of the Jews, as Passover and Pentecost, also continue among the Jewish Christians. -One of the presbyters usually presides in the college of presbyters

100. Reading of the New Testament Scriptures in the churches.

110. The communion connected with meetings for divine service, particularly with those on Sunday.Catechumens.--Preparation for bap tism by fasting and prayer.-Growing importance of the president in the college of presbyters.

120. The celebration of marriages brought into connection with the Church.-Voluntary offerings at the celebration of the communion.Traces of a separation of divine service into two parts.

130. In divine service the Scriptures explained by the minister -then simple celebration of the Supper. The deacons carry the elements to the absent members.

HISTORICAL EVENTS.

Summus sacerdos, Presbyteri Sacerdotes, Diaconi, or Clerici (generally) - Levitæ.

240. Infant communion in Africa, afterwards also in the East.-Clinic baptism. The laying of hands on the newly baptized regarded as the appropriate act of none but the bishop.-The communion extended to the sick and dying.-Frequent and large ecclesiastical edifices. -Provincial synods common in Africa and proconsular Asia - the whole body of the clergy and the people participate in them.-Contests of the bishops and presbyters in Rome and Africa.-Sub-deacons. Acolyths. Exorcists. Ostiarii. Doctores audientium in AfricaSometimes the advice of the whole church asked on ecclesiastical affairs.

250. Easter Sabbath a common fast-day in the Church.-The people take part in the elections to the

254. Origen, d. —

Sixtus II., Bishop of Rome, d. 258.

Dionysius, Bishop of Rome, d. 270. Sabellius.

Paul of Samosata, Bishop of Antioch, 265-269.

Commodianus.

Felix, Bishop of Rome, d. 275. Mani, d. 277.

Methodius, Bishop of Tyre.

Pierius and Theognostus, in Alexandria.

Caius, Bishop of Rome, d. 296.

280 Aurelius Carus, regent with Carinus, d. 283. Numerianus, d. 284. Diocletian with Maximian, from Pamphilus, pres. in Cæsarea. 286 to 305, regents for the em- Marcellinus, Bishop of Rome, d. 304. perors Galerius and Constan- Lucian and Dorotheus, pres. in Antine Chlorus.

290

306. Constantius Chlorus, d.

tioch.

Peter, Bishop of Alexandria, d. 311.
Marcellus, Bishop of Rome, d. 309.

300 Constantine, Maxentius, Maxi-Arnobius, orator in Sicca.
mianus, Galerius, Severus, and

Maximin, rulers.

election of bishops and presbytersPope, the title of illustrious bishops.Gregory Thaumaturgus permits banquets to be introduced into the festivals in honour of the martyrs.-252. Infant baptism at the council of Carthage declared to be necessary. Anointing at baptism required by Cyprian.

260. The practice of cheering the preacher during the delivery of his sermon.-The Lord's Supper a rite more complicated and splendid.

270. Fixed formularies for the administration of this rite are made. -Catalogues of the members of the church and of Christians that have died are kept.

280. Infant baptism common among the Persian Christians.

290. Pamphilus establishes a theological school in Cæsarea. — The ecclesiastical year begins with Easter festival.-Attempt to introduce images into the churches.

300. Peculiar dress of the clergy.Beginning of sacred hermeneutics. -The beginnings of the school of Antioch.-305. The council of Elvira forbids images in churches, enjoins sabbatical fasts, censures the irregularities in the keeping of vigils, and limits the festival of Whitsuntide to one day. In the Romish Church the beginning of an eightyfour years' Easter cycle.-The subterranean vaults in Rome (catacombs) used for Christian burialplaces.

310. The order of rural bishops in most places suppressed.- Regular division of the penitents into classes. -Easter cycle of nineteen years.

320. Establishment of the canonical age for bishops and of seven as the number of deacons.-Exclusion of such as had received clinic baptism from the rank of clergy.-Ecumenical synods.-Altars mostly of wood.-Constantine and his mother very active in building churches in Asia and Europe.-The church of St. Sophia built.-Law for the religious observance of Friday.-325. The Nicene council ordains a uniform celebration of the passover for the churches, and commits to the Alexandrians the calculation of Easter.

Paulinus, Bishop of Nola, d. 431. Innocent I., Bishop of Rome, d. 417. Atticus, Bishop of Constantinople. Prudentius.

380. Poor-houses and hospitals in Italy.-Baptisteries in or near the church.-Disagreement of Rome and Alexandria as to the celebration of Easter.-Images of the cross very frequent, and images of Christ still opposed.

390. Missions promoted by Chrysostom.-Laws of the empire to suspend ordinary business eight days before and eight days after Easter.

390. The Donatists oppose the festival of Epiphany.-The birth-day of Christ, as determined at Rome, generally adopted in the West.-Repasts for the poor take the place of the old love-feasts.-The custom of employing mourning women troduced into the Church.-Alms distributed in memory of the dead. -Images allowed in the East.

in

400-407. Defensors of the Church established. Bishops interred in the churches-Feasts at the graves of the dead, with many abuses accompanying them.

East.

414. Pulcheria Augusta.

NOTED BISHOPS, ECCLESIASTICAL OFFICERS, AND WRITERS.

Vigilantius, presb. in Barcelona. Theodosius IL, Victor of Antioch. d. 450. Nilus the monk. Pelagius and Cælestius. Joannes Cassianus, d. after 432. Cyril, Bishop of Alexandria, d. 444. Isidorus of Pelusium, d. about 440. Zosimus, Bishop of Rome, d. 418. Boniface I., Bishop of Rome, d. 422. Possidius, Bishop of Calama. Synesius, Bishop of Ptolemais. Philostorgius, ecclesiastical writer. Coelestinus, L., Bishop of Rome, d.

474. Leo II.soon 475. Romulus Au- succeeded by gustulus. his father Zeno.

The Western Empire divided into several new states.

Hilary, Bishop of Rome, d. 468. Simplicius, Bishop of Rome, d. 483. Peter the Fuller.

Sidonius Apollinaris, Bishop of Clermont.

Acacius, Bishop of Constantinople. Peter the Monk, Bishop of Alex

andria.

HISTORICAL EVENTS.

410-416. Office of the parabolani in Constantinople.-418. Increase of the parabolani to six hundred.Paulinus favours the use of images in churches and baptisteries, particularly for the instruction of the country people.-Contest in North Africa about the sabbatical fast.-In the Oriental churches candles lighted while the gospels are read.

420. In the East the people still take part in the church elections.Votive offerings in the churches, particularly in the chapels of the martyrs.425. Theatrical exhibitions on Sunday and on the high church festivals forbidden by the emperor.-In Egypt a separate cele bration of the festival of Christ's birth.

430. Office of the Apocrisiarii.— The celebration of the Quadragesimal fasts still different in different ecclesiastical provinces.

440, 441. The appointment of deaconesses forbidden in the West.Crosses upon the altar. - Altars richly ornamented.-Councils held in the baptisteries. Contentions about the Easter festival of the year 444.

450, 451 The office of œconomus established by law. The bishops have the spiritual oversight of the cloisters-Lectionarii in the Gallic

churches.

460. Canon Paschalis of Victorius Aquilanus introduced into Rome in 465.-Leo allows penitents the privilege of private confession previous to their being received again into the Church.-461. Council of Tours decrees that the bread be dipped in wine in the communion of the sick. -Burial-places in churches, particularly in those of the martyrs, considered as peculiarly holy.

Vigilius, Bishop of Tapsus.
Macedonius, Bishop of Constantin-
ople.

Felix III., Bishop of Rome, d. 492.
Flavian, Bishop of Antioch.
Gelasius I., Bishop of Rome, d. 496.
Anastasius II., Bishop of Rome, d.
498.

Avitus, Bishop of Vienna.

Symmachus, Bishop of Rome, d. 514.

491. Anastasius Boethius, d. 525. emperor until Epiphanius, the historian of the Church.

518.

Church holds strictly to a particular form of prayer.-Parents sponsors for their own children.-Rogation Days instituted at Vienna.

480, 489. Gelasius of Rome active in behalf of liturgies.

490. A special office instituted in Constantinople for enrolling the catechumens in the church books.Council of Agde orders that on Palm Sunday the catechumens shall publicly repeat the creed.-Consecration of altars.

500. Romish bishops bear, by way of eminence, the title of POPE.