members, in fuch manner, and under fuch penalties as each houfe may provide.

Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punifh its members for diforderly behaviour, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member

Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the fame, excepting fuch parts as may in their judgment require fecrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either houfe on any question fhall, at the defire of one fifth of those present, be entered on the journal,

Neither houfe, during the feffion of Congress, shall without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houfes fhall be fitting.

Sec. 6. The senators and representatives fhall receive a compenfation for their fervices, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treafury of the United States. They fhall in all cafes, except treafon, felony, and breach of peace, be privileged from arreft during their attendance at the feffion of their refpective houfes, and in going to and returning from the fame; and for any speech or debate in either house, they fhall not be queftioned in any other place.

No Senator or reprefentative fhall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United Sates, which fhall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increafed during fuch time; and no perfon holding any office under the United States, fhall be a member of either house during his continuance in office.

Sect. 7. All bills for raifing revenue fhall originate in the house of representatives; but the fenate may propofe or concur with amendments as on other bills.

Every bill which fhall have paffed the houfe of reprefentatives and the fenate, fhall, before it becomes a law, be prefented to the prefident of the United States; if he approve he shall fign it, but if not he fhall return it, with his objections, to that houfe in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objection at large on their journal, and proceed to re-confider it. If after fuch re-confideration two-thirds of that house fhall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it fhall likewise be reconfidered, and if approved by twothirds of that house it shall become a law. But in all fuch cafes the votes of both houfes fhall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the perfons voting for and against the bill fhall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill fhall not be returned by the prefident within ten days, (Sundays excepted) after it fhall have been prefented to him, the fame fhall be a law, in like manner as if he had figned it, unless the Congress, by their adjournment, prevent its return, in which cafe it fhall not be a law.

Every order, refolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the Senate and Houfe of Reprefentatives may be neceffary except on a queftion of adjournment) fhall be prefented to the prefident of the United States; and before the fame fhall take effect, fhall be approved by him, or, being disapproved by him, fhall be re-paffed by two thirds of the Senate and Houfe

of

of Reprefentatives, according to the rules and limitations prefcribed in the cafe of a bill.

Sect. 8. The Congrefs fhall have power

To lay and collect taxes, duties, impofts, and excifes: to pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, impofts, and excifes fhall be uniform throughout the United States;

To borrow money on the credit of the United States:

To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several ftates, and with the Indian tribes;

To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the fubject of bankruptcies throughout the United States;

To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the ftandard of weights and measures;

To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the fecurities and current coin of the United States;

To establish poft offices and poft roads;

To promote the progrefs of fcience and ufeful arts, by fecuring, for limited times, to authors and inventors the exclufive right to their refpective writings and discoveries;

To conftitute tribunals inferior to the fupreme court;

To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offences against the law of nations.

To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprifal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water;

To raife and fupport armies, but no appropriation of money to that ufe fhall be for a longer term than two years;

To provide and maintain a navy;

To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces;

To provide for the calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the union, fupprefs infurrections, and repel invafions;

To provide for organizing, arming, and difciplining the militia, aud for governing fuch part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, referving to the ftates refpectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prefcribed by Congrefs;

To exercife exclufive legislation in all cafes whatfoever, over fuch dif trict not exceeding ten miles fquare) as may, by ceffion of particular ftates, and the acceptance of Congrefs, become the feat of government of the United States, and to exercife like authority over all places purchafed by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the fame fhall be for the erection of forts, magazines, arfenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings;-And

To make all laws which fhall be neceffary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vefted by this conftitution in the government of the United States, or in any department, or office thereof.

Sect. 9. The migration or importation of fuch perfons as any of the ftates now exifting fhall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by

the

the Congress prior to the year one thoufand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be impofed on fuch importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each perfon.

The priviledge of the writ of habeas corpus fhall not be suspended, unlefs when in cafes of rebellion or invafion the public fafety may require it. No bill of attainder or ex poft facto law fhall be paffed.

No capitation, or other direct tax, fhall be laid, unless in proportion to the cenfus or enumeration herein before directed to be taken.

No tax or duty fhall be laid on articles exported from any ftate.-No preference fhall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one ftate over thofe of another: nor fhall veffels bound to, or from, one state, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. No money fhall be drawn from the treafury, but in confequence of appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money fhall be published from time to time.

No title of the nobility shall be granted by the United States :-And no perfon holding any office of profit or truft under them, fhall, without the confent of the Congrefs, accept of any prefent, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign ftate.

Sect. 10. No state shall enter into any treaty, aliance, or confederation; grant letters of marque and reprifals; coin money; emit bills of credit; make any thing but gold, and tilver coin a tender in payment of debts; pafs any bill of attainder, ex poft facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility.

No ftate fhall, without the confent of the Congrefs, lay any impofts or duties on imports or exports. except what may be abfolutely neceffary for executing its infpection laws; and the net produce of all duties and impofts, laid by any state on imports or exports, fhall be for the use of the Treafury of the United States; and all fuch laws fhall be fubject to the revifion and control of the Congrefs. No ftate fhall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or fhips of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another ftate, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay.

ARTICLE II.

Sec. 1. The executive power fhall be vested in a prefident of the United States of America. He fhall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the vice-prefident, chofen for the fame term, be elected as follows:

Each state shall appoint, in fuch manner as the legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors equal to the whole number of fenators and representatives to which the ftate may be entitled in the Congrefs: but no fenator or reprefentative, or person holding an office of truft or profit under the United States, fhall be appointed an elector.

The electors fhall meet in their respective flates, and vote by ballot for two perfons, of whom one at leaft fhall be an inhabitant of the fame ftate with themselves. And they fhall make a list of all the perfons voted

for,

for, and of the number of votes for each; which lift they fhall fign and certify, and tranfmit fealed to the feat of the government of the United States, directed to the prefident of the fenate. The president of the fenate fhall, in the prefence of the fenate and houfe of reprefentatives, open all the certificates and all the votes fhall be then counted. The perfon having the greatest number of votes fhall be the prefident, if fuch number be a majority of the whole number of the electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have fuch majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the house of representatives fhall immediately chofe by ballot one of them for prefident; and if no person have a majority, then from the five higheft on the lift, the faid house shall in like manner choose the prefident. But in choofing the prefident, the votes fhall be taken by ftates, the reprefentations from each ftate having one vote; a quorum for this purpofe fhall confift of a member or members from two thirds of the ftates, and a majority of all the states shall be neceffary to a choice. In every cafe, after the choice of the president, the perfon having the greatest number of votes of the electors fhall be the vice-prefident. But if there fhould remain two or more who have equal votes, the fenate shall choose from them by ballot a vice-prefident.

The Congrefs may determine the time of choofing the electors, and the day on which they fhall give their votes; which day fhall be the fame throughout the United States.

No perfon, except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States, at the time of the adoption of this conftitution, shall be eligible to the office of prefident; neither fhall any perfon be eligible to that office who fhall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a refident within the United States.

In cafe of the removal of the prefident from office, or of his death, refignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the faid office, the fame fhall devolve on the vice-prefident, and the Congress may by law provide for the cafe of removal, death, refignation, or inability, both of the prefident and vice-prefident, declaring what officer fhall then act as prefident, and fuch officer fhall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a prefident shall be elected.

The prefident fhall, at ftated times, receive for his fervices a compenfation, which fhall neither be encreafed nor diminished during the period for which he fhall have been elected, and he fhall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them.

Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation:

"I do folemnly fwear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of prefident of the United States, and will to the beft of my ability, preferve, protect, and defend the conftitution of the United States."

Sect. 2. The prefident fhall be commander in chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several states, when called into the actual fervice of the United States; he may require the opinion in writing, of the principle officer in each of the executive departments, upon any fubject relating to the duties of their refpective offices, and he fhall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the United States, except in cafes of impeachment.

He

He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, to make treaties, provided two-thir is of the senators prefent concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and confent of the fenate shall appoint ambassadors, other public minifters and confuls, judges of the fupreme court, and all other officers of the United States, whofe appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law. But the Congrefs may by law veft the appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the president alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.

The prefident fhall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recefs of the fenate, by granting commiffions which shall expire at the end of their next feffion.

Sect. 3. "He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the ftate of the union, and recommend to their confideration fuch meafures as he fhall judge neceffary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occafions, convene both houses, or either of them, and in cafe of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to fuch time as he fhall think proper; he shall receive ambasfadors and other public ministers; he fhall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and fhall commiffion all the officers of the United States. Sect. 4. The president, vice-prefident, and all civil officers of the United States, fhall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.

ARTICLE III.

Sect. 1. The Judicial power of the United States fhall be vefted in one fupreme court, and in fuch inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the fupreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behaviour, and fhall, at stated times, receive for their fervices, a compenfation, which shall not be diminifhed during their continuance in office.

Sec. 2. The Judicial power fhall extend to all cafes, in law and equity, arifing under this conftitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; to all cafes affecting ambaffadors, other public ministers and confuls; to all cafes of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controverfies to which the United States shall be a party; to controverfies between two or more ftates, between a ftate and citizens of another state, between citizens of different states, between citizens of the fame ftate claiming lands under grants of different ftates, and between a ftate, or the citizens thereof, and foreign ftates, citizens, or fubjects.

In all cafes affecting ambaffadors, other public minifters and confuls, and thofe in which a state shall be party, the fupreme court fhall have original jurifdiction, In all the other cafes before-mentioned, the fupreme court fhall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with fuch exceptions, and under fuch regulations as the Congress shall make.

The trial of all crimes, except in cafes of impeachment, fhall be by jury; and fuch trial shall be held in the state where the faid crime fhall have been committed; but when not committed within any ftate, the trial fhall be at fuch place or places as the Congress may by law have directed.

Seft