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THE varieties among the human race, fays Dr. Percival, enume

rated by Linnæus, and Buffon, are fix. The firft is found under the polar regions, and comprehends the Laplanders, the Efqimaux Indians, the Samoeid Tartars, the inhabitants of Nova Zembla, the Borandians, the Greenlanders, and the people of Kamfchatka. The vifage of men, in these countries, is large and broad; the nose flat and fhort; the eyes of a yellowish brown, inclining to blacknefs; the cheek bones extremely high; the mouth large; the lips thick; and turning outwards; the voice thin and fqueaking; and the skin a dark grey colour, The people are short in ftature, the generality being about four feet high, and the tallest not more than five. Ignorance, ftupidity, and fuperftition are the mental characteristics of the inhabitants of these rigorous climates. Doze the grofs race. Nor fprightly jeft nor fong,

For here

Nor tenderness they know, nor aught of life,
Beyond the kindred bears that stalk without.

The Tartar race, comprehending the Chinese, and the Japanese, forms the fecond variety in the human fpecies. Their countenances are broad and wrinkled, even in youth; their nofes fhort and flat; their eyes little, funk in the fockets, and feveral inches afunder; their cheek bones are high; their teeth of a large fize, and feparate from each other; their complexions are olive, and their hair black. These nations, in general, have no religion, no fettled notions of morality, and no decency of behaviour. They are chiefly robbers; their wealth confifts in horses, and their skill in the management of them.

The third variety of mankind is that of the fouthern Afiatics, or the inhabitants of India. Thefe are of a flender fhape, have long, ftraight, black hair, and generally Roman nofes. These people are flothful, luxurious, fubmiffive, cowardly and effeminate.

-The parent Sun himself

Seems o'er this world of flaves to tyrannize;
And, with oppreffive ray, the rofeate bloom
Of beauty blasting, gives the blooming hue,
And features grofs: or worse, to ruthlefs deeds,
Mad jealoufy, blind rage, and fell revenge,
Their fervid fpirit fires. Love dwells not there,
The foft regards, the tenderness of life,
The heart-fhed tear, th' ineffable delight
Offweet humanity; thefe court the beam
Of milder climes; in felfifh fierce defire,
And the wild fury of voluptuous fenfe,
There loft. The very brute creation there

This rage partakes, and burns with horrid fire.

The negroes of Africa conftitute the fourth ftriking variety in the human fpecies: But they differ widely from each other; thofe of Guinea, for inftance, are extremely ugly, and have an infupportably offenfive fcent; while those of Mofambique are reckoned beautiful, and are untainted with any difagreeable fmell. The negroes are, in general, of a

black

black colour; and the downy foftnefs of hair which grows upon the skin, gives a smoothnefs to it, refembling that of velvet. The hair of their heads is woolly, fhort and black; but their beards often turn grey, and fometimes white. Their nofes are flat and fhort, their lips thick and tumid, and their teeth of an ivory whiteness.

The intellectual and moral powers of these wretched people are uncultivated; and they are fubject to the most barbarous defpotifm. The favage tyrants who rule over them, make war upon each other for hu man plunder! and the wretched victims, bartered for fpiritous liquors, are torn from their families, their friends, and their native land, and configned for life to mifery, toil and bondage. But how am I fhocked to inform you, that this infernal commerce is carried on by the humane, the polifhed, the chriftian inhabitants of Europe; nay even by Englishmen, whofe ancestors have bled in the cause of liberty, and whose breasts ftill glow with the fame generous flame! I cannot give you a more striking proof of the ideas of horror which the captive negroes entertain of the ftate of fervitude they are to undergo, than by relating the following incident from Dr. Goldfmith,

A Guinea captain was, by diftrefs of weather, driven into a certain harbour, with a fading of fickly flaves, who took every opportunity to throw themselves over-board, when brought upon deck for the benefit of freth air. The captain perceiving, among others, a female flave attempting to drown herfelf, pitched upon her as a proper example for the reft. As he fuppofed that they did not know the terrors attending death, he ordered the woman to be tied with a rope under the arm-pits, and let down into the water. When the poor creature was thus plunged in, and about half way down, fhe was heard to give a terrible fhrick, which at first was afcribed to her fears of drowning, but foon after, the water appeared red around her, the was drawn up, and it was found that a fhark, which had followed the fhip, had bitten her off from the middle.’

The native inhabitants of America make a fifth race of men. They are of a copper colour, have black, thick, ftraight hair, flat nofes, high cheek bones, and fmall eyes. They paint the body and face of various colours, and eradicate the hair of their beards and other parts, as a deformity. Their limbs are not fo large and robuft as thofe of the Europeans. They endure hunger, thirft, and pain with aftonishing firmnefs and patience; and though cruel to their enemies, they are kind and juft to each other.

The Europeans may be confidered as the last variety of the human kind. They enjoy fingular advantages from the fairnefs of their complexions. The face of the African Black, or of the olive-coloured Afiatic, is a very imperfect index of the mind, and preferves the fame fettled fade in joy and forrow, confidence and fhame, anger and defpair, fickness and health. The English are faid to be of the faireft of the Enropeans; and we may therefore prefume, that their countenances beft exprefs the variations of the paffions and viciffitudes of difeafe. But the intellectual and moral characteristics of the different nations, which compofe this quarter of the globe, are of much importance to be known. Thefe, however, become gradually lefs difcernible, as fashion, learning, and commerce prevail more univerfally.'

APPEN.

APPENDIX.

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HE following note will correct what was faid, page 87, in refpe&t to the state of our commerce with France.

A distinction must be made between the arret of 1785 and that of 1787. The first grants privileges in certain cafes to all neutrals, the fe cond is entirely in favour of the Americans. But both are for their advantage. Whenever they fhall enjoy a permanent and folid government, on whose measures fome reliance may be given, then it may be expected that the king of France will give effect to the difpofition which his majefty has conftantly harboured towards the United States. But no regulation can be folid which is not founded on reciprocal advantage. To obtain, a nation fhould be able to grant. That has not been the cafe with the United States towards France. They have not ever been able to make good the treaty of commerce on which their firft connection with France is grounded. Many grievances exist against the United States, where the few French navigators have been liable to many inconveniences from the ficklenefs and imperfection of the laws of individual states. Juftice must be the first bafis on which industry may repofe. France will always grant more than she may receive, but her fubjects muft find in the United States, protecting and folid laws. That will certainly be the effect of a wife and a general government. It may then be pronounced that the æra of the new conftitution will also be the era of a renewal of a lafting and useful connection between two nations, who have no motive for rivalship, and who have many natural reafons to be ftrongly connected besides. what fentiment may infpire.'

NOTE II.

The following Extract from the Journals of Mr. ELKANAH WATSON; a gentleman who has travelled extensively both in Europe and America, merits a place in a book of this kind; and would have been inferted in the body of the work, had the journals been timely received.

When the extent of America is confiderec, boldly fronting the old world-bleffed with every climate-capable of every production--abounding with the beft harbours and rivers on the globe, and already overfpread with three millions of fouls, moftly defcendents of Englithmen-irtheriting all their ancient enthufiafim for liberty, and enterprifing almost to a fault-what may be expected from fuch a people in fuch a country The partial hand of nature has laid off America upon a much larger fcale than any other part of the world. Hills in Ameri ca are mountains in Europe brooks are rivers, and ponds are welled into lakes. In fhort the map of the world cannot exhibit a country unit ing fo many natural advantages, fo pleasingly diverfified, and that offers, fuch abundant and easy refources to agriculture and commerce.

In contemplating future America, the mind is loft in the din of cities— in harbours and rivers clouded with fails-and in the immenfity of her population. Admitting her prefent population to be three millions, and calculating her progreffive increase to continue doubling once in twenty years, as has hitherto been the cafe, at the end of one hundred years there will be ninety-fix millions of fouls in United America; which is twothirds as many as there are at prefent in all Europe. And when we confider the probable acquifition of people, by foreign emigrations, and that the interior and unfettled parts of America are amply fufficient to provide for this number; the prefumption is strong, that this eftimation will not differ materially from the event.

Europe is already aware of the rifing importance of America, and begins to look forward with anxiety to her Weft India Islands, which are the natural legacy of this continent, and will doubtlefs be claimed as fuch when America fhall have arrived at an age which will enable her to maintain her right.

The northern and fouthern states differ widely in their cuftoms, climate, produce, and in the general face of the country. The middle states preferve a medium in all thefe refpects; they are neither fo level and hot as the ftates fouth; nor fo hilly and cold as those north and eaft. The inhabitants of the north are hardy, industrious, frugal, and in general well informed; those of the south are more effeminate, indolent, and imperious. The fisheries and commerce are the finews of the north; tobacco, rice, and indigo, of the south. The northern states are commodiously fituated. for trade and manufactures; the southern, to furnish provifions and raw materials; and the probability is, that the southern ftates will one day be fupplied with northern manufactures instead of European, and make their remittances in provisions and raw materials.'

ΝΟΤΕ ΙΙΙ.

The following obfervations on the fubject of the probable revenue that would refult to the United States from the impoft and excife, were communicated by a gentleman who, from his fituation in public life, from the attention he has paid to the fources of public revenue in this country, and from the pains he has taken to collect the facts on which the following eftimate is founded, is capable of giving as accurate information on the subject as the nature of the cafe will admit.

From the want of accurate documents of former collections under the ftate regulations, it is not poffible to determine with precision, the amount of the revenue which may he relied on from these fources, under the new form of government.-I am, however, clearly of opinion, from feveral returns I have seen of the former impoft and excife duties, in fome principal importing states, that after the regulations adopted by Congrefs, have had their complete operation, the produce of thefe duties, without encouraging contraband, or other frauds on the revenue, may be eftimated at 2,000,000 dollars.-This fum, it is true, will at prefent fall fhort of what is neceffary to defray the expences of the civil government, and to discharge the intereft of the foreign and domeftic debt.-But by the aids of a national bank properly organized, it will be eafy and perfectly fafe to borrow in anticipation, fuch fums as may be deficient, annually for thofe purposes, pledging the above revenue (which will conftantly en

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crease rapidly with the population of the country) as a fund of reimbursement. This is practised in other countries, under fimilar circumstances, in fupport of public credit, and may undoubtedly be done in this,-more efpecially, as the Capital of the domeftic debt will be constantly decreasing by a judicious difpofal of lands in the Western Territory, and means may be devised of inducing the domeftic creditors to agree to a reduction of the prefent rate of interest.

With refpect to direct taxes, I am of opinion, that in times of peace, little, if any, recourse need be had to them :-It is, however, absolutely neceffary that the general government fhould be invefted with the power of levying them, because in times of war, or the calamities to which all nations are fubjected, the fources of impost and excise may be fo diminished as not to be adequate to the means of national defence-and every government ought undoubtedly to have the means of preferving itself.

I know it has been faid, that on fuch great occafions, requifitions may be relied on; but past experience proves the fallacy of this obfervation; for if during a war, whofe object was to rescue the whole body of the peopie, from the most ignominious flavery, the earnest and repeated recommendations of Congrefs, could not draw forth from the ftates any contributions of money in the leaft degree proportionate to the public exigencies, what could be expected on future occafions? Nothing else than fubjecting the citizens of the ftates moft contigious to the scene of action to a ruinous depredation of property; whilft thofe in the distant states would not only be perfectly free of any burthen, but difpute, when the danger was over, the justice of reimbursement.-To fuch acts of violation of private rights, it is well known that the citizens of New York, Jersey, and Pennsylvania, were peculiarly fubjected, during the late war; and if they are wife, they will never again expose themselves to the fame hazard.” Number of Reprefentatives according to the return of the Cenfus now made from the several States, if the ratio of reprefentation established be of No. of Reprefentatives 1 for if 1 for if 1 for if I for

from
Vermont

New Hampshire
Maffachusetts

Rhode Island

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Connecticut

New-York

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New-Jerfey

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5

4

Pennsylvania

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Delaware

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Georgia

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And allowing South-Carolina, which state has made no return, upon a fuppofition 5 members, in every cafe, the total number of members in each cafe would then be

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