o'clock. Their recreations (for they are to be indulged in nothing which the world calls play,) are gardening, walking, riding and bathing without doors, and within doors, the carpenters, joiners, cabinet-makers, or turners bufinefs. Suitable provifion is made for thefe feveral occupations, which are to be confidered, not as matters of drudgery and conftraint, but as pleasing and healthful recreations, both for the body and mind. Another of their rules, which though new and fingular, is favourable to the health and vigour of the body and mind, is, that the students fhall not fleep on feather beds, but on mattreffes, and each one by himself. Particular attention is paid to the morals and religion of the ftudents.

There are a few other literary inftitutions, of inferior note, in different parts of the state, and provifion is made for free-schools in most of the countries; though fome are entirely neglected, and very few carried on with any fuccefs: fo that a great proportion of the lower clafs of people are ignorant; and there are not a few who cannot write their names. But the revolution, among other happy effects, has roused the spirit of education, which is faft fpreading its falutary influences over this, and the other fouthern ftates.

Natural Curiofities.] There are feveral remarkable caves in the western part of this ftate, but particular and accurate descriptions of them have not been received.

Expences of Government and Taxes.] The annual expences of government are estimated at about £20,000 currency. The revenue arifes from duties and impofts on imports and exports, and taxes on real and perfonal property.

Conftitution.] The legislature is compofed of two diftinct branches, a Senate and Houfe of Delegates, and ftiled, The General Affembly of Maryland.

The fenators are elected in the following manner. On the first of September, every fifth year, the freemen choose two men in each county to be electors of the fenate, and one elector for the city of Annapolis, and one for the town of Baltimore. Thefe electors must have the qualifications neceffary for county delegates. They meet at Annapolis, or fuch other place as fhall be appointed for convening the legislature, nthe third Monday in September, every fifth year, and elect by ballot fteen fenators out of their own body, or from the people at large, Nine of these must be refidents on the western fhore, and fix on the eastern-they must be more than twenty-five years of age-muft have refided in the ftate more than three years next preceeding the election, and have real and perfonal property about the value of a thousand pounds. In case of the death, refignation, or inability of a fenator, during the five years for which he is elected, the vacancy is filled by the fenate. The fenate may originate any bills, except money bills, to which they can only give their affent or diffent.

The fenate choofe their prefident by ballot.

The houfe of delegates is compofed of four members for each county, chofen annually on the first Monday in October. The city of Annapolis and town of Baltimore fend each two delegates. The qualifications of a delegate, are, full, age, one year's refidence in the county where he is

chofen,

chofen and real or personal property above the value of five hundred pounds.

Both houses choose their own officers, and judge of the election of their members. A majority of each is a quorum.

The election of fenators and delegates is viva voce, and sheriffs the returning officers, except in Baltimore town, where the commiffioners fuperintend the elections and make returns. The ftated feffion of the le

giflature is on the firft Monday in November.

The qualifications of a freeman are full age, a freehold eftate of fifty acres of land, and actual refidence in the county where he offers to vote,property to the value of thirty pounds in any part of the ftate, and a year's refidence in the county where he offers to vote.

On the fecond Monday in November, annually, a government is appointed by the joint ballot of both houses, taken in each house respectively, and deposited in a conference room; where the boxes are examined by a joint committee of both houfes, and the number of votes feverally reported. The governor cannot continue in office longer than three years fucceffively, nor be elected until the expiration of four years after he has been out of office.

The qualifications for the chief magiftracy are twenty-five years of age, five years refidence in the ftate, next preceding the election, and real and perfonal eftate above the value of five thousand pounds, one thousand of which must be freehold eftate.'

On the second Tuesday of November, annually, the fenators and delegates elect by joint ballot, five able, discreet men, above twenty-five years of age, residents in the state three years next preceding the election, and poffeffing a freehold of lands and tenements above the value of a thousand pounds, to be a council for affifting the governor in the duties of his office.

Senator, delegates and members of council, while fuch, can hold no other office of profit, nor receive the profits of any office exercifed by

another.

Minifters of the gofpel are excluded from civil offices.

The governor, with the advice of his council, appoints the chancellor, all judges and juftices, the attorney general, naval and militia officers, regifters of the land office, furveyors, and all other civil officers, except conftables, affeffors and overfeers of the roads.

A court of appeals is established for the final determination of all causes, which may be brought from the general court of admiralty or of chancery.

This conftitution was established by a convention of delegates, at Annapolis, August 14, 1776.

Hiftory.] Maryland was granted by king Charles I. to Cecilius Calvert, baron of Baltimore, in Ireland, June 20, 1632. The government of the province was, by charter, vefted in the proprietary; but it appears that he either never exercifed thefe prowers alone, or but for a fhort time; for we find that in 1637, the freemen rejected à body of laws drawn up in

*In fome of the eastern states the legislature is called The General Court. In fome of the fouthern, the General Court is the Supreme Judicial Court. England,

England, and tranfmitted by his Lordship, in order to be paffed for the government of the province. In the place of thefe, they propofed fortytwo bills to be enacted into laws, by the confent of the proprietary. These were however never enacted; at least they are not on record.

The hon. Leonard Calvert, Efq; lord Baltimore's brother, was the first governor, or lieutenant general. In 1638, a law was paffed, conftituting the first regular House of Affembly, which was to confift of fuch reprefentatives, called Burgeffes, as fhould be elected pursuant to writs issued by the governor. These burgeffes poffeffed all the powers of the perfons electing them; but any other freemen who did not affent to the election, might take their feats in perfon. Twelve burgeffes or freemen, with the lieutenant general and fecretary, conftituted the affembly or legislature. This affembly fat at St. Mary's, one of the fouthern counties, which was the first fettled part of Maryland.

In 1642, it was enected that ten members of the affembly, of whom the governor and fix burgeffes were to be feven, fhould be a house; and if fickness fhould prevent that number from attending, the members present fhould make a houfe.

In 1644, one Ingle excited a rebellion, forced the governor to fly to Virginia for aid and protection, and feized the records and the great feal; the last of which, with most of the records of the province, were loft or deftroyed. From this period, to the year 1647, when order was restored, the proceedings of the province are involved in obfcurity.

In July 1642, the house of affembly, or more properly the burgeffes, requested they might be feperated into two benches-the burgeffes by themselves, with a negative upon bills. This was not granted by the lieutenant general at that time; but in 1650, an act was paffed dividing the affembly into two houses. The governor, fecretary, and any one or more of the council formed the Upper Houfe; the delegates from the fevaral hundreds, who now represent the freemen, formed the Lower House. At this time there were in the province but two counties, St. Mary's and the Isle of Kent; but Ann Arundel was added, the fame feffion. This was during the Adminiftration of governor Stone.

In 1654, during Cromwell's ufurpation in England, an act was paffed, reftraining the exercife of the Roman Catholic religion. This must have been procured by the mere terror of Cromwell's power, for the first and principal inhabitants were Catholics. Indeed the power of Cromwell was not established in Maryland without force and bloodfhed. His friends and foes came to an open rupture, an engagement enfued, governor Stone was taken prifoner and condemned to be hot. This fentence however was not executed, but he was kept a long time in confinement.

In March, 1658, Jofiah Fendall, Efq; was appointed lieutenant general of Maryland by commiffion from Oliver Cromwell. He diffolved the upper house, and furrendered the powers of government into the hands of the delegates.

Upon the restoration in 1660, the hon. Philip Calvert, Efq; was appointed governor; the old form of government was revived; Fendall, and one Gerrard, a counsellor, were indicted, found guilty and condemned to banishment, with the lofs of their eftates: but upon petition they were pardoned.

In 1689, the government was taken out of the lands of lord Baltimore by the grand convention of England; and in 1692 Mr. Copley was appointed governor by commiffion from William and Mary.

In 1692, the Proteftant religion was established by law.

In 1699, under the adminiftration of governor Blackifton, it was enacted that Annapolis fhould be the feat of government.

In 1716, the government of this province was restored to the proprietary, and continued in his hands till the late revolution, when being an abfentee, his property in the lands was confifcated, and the government affumed by the freemen of the province, who formed the conftitution now exifting. At the close of the war, Henry, Harford, Efq; the natural fon and heir of lord Baltimore, petitioned the legislature of Maryland for his eftate; but his petition was not granted. Mr. Harford estimated his lofs of quit-rents, valued at twenty years purchase, and including arrears, at L.259,488:50, dollars at 7s. 6d. and the value of his manors and referved lands at £.327,441 of the fame money.

LIST of the GOVERNORS, with the dates of their appointments. Hon. Leonard Calvert, Efq; appointed Governor

1637

Thomas Green, Efq;

1647

William Stone, Efq;

1649

The government remained in the hands of the parliament commiffioners during the time of Oliver Cromwell's ufurpation The commiffioners, by certain articles of agreement then entered

1654

into, delivered up the government into the hands of Jonah Fendale, Efq; then Governor

1658

Hon. Philip Calvert made Governor

1660

Charles Calvert, Efq;

1662

Upon the death of Cecilius, the government defcended to
Charles, Lord Baltimore, who came into the province
Thomas Notley, Efq; Governor

1675 1678

Who continued till his Lordship returned a fecond time to the

province in

1681

King William and Queen Mary took upon them the government, and appointed Lyonel Copley, Efq; Governor

1692

Francis Nicholson, Efq;

1694

Upon the death of Queen Mary, the government was altogether in the hands of king William III.

1696

Nathaniel Blackifton, Efq; Governor

1699

the

By the death of King William III. Queen Anne took upon her government-and the fame governor was continued

1701-2

Upon the death of Queen Anne, King George I. took upon him the government-and the fame Governor was continued

1715

The government was restored to Charles, Lord Baltimore, who

Samuel Ogle, Efq; Governor

F747

By the death of Charles, Lord Baltimore, the province defcended

to his fon Frederick.-Governor Ogle died the fame year

1751

Benjamin Tafker, Efq; Prefident

1751

Horatio Sharp, Efq; Governor

1753

Robert Eden, Efq; Governor

1769

Frederick, Lord Baron of Baltimore, died

1771'

Robert Eden, Efq; Governor

The lift of the governors of this state, with the times of their election into office, fince the revolution, has not been received.

1773

VIRGINIA *.

Miles.

Length 758
Breadth 224

36° 30′ and 40° North Latitude. The Meridian of Philadelphia, and 14* * Weft Longitude.

Boundaries.] B Pennfylvania and the river Ohio; weft, by the Miffi

OUNDED caft, by the Atlantic ocean; north, by.

fippi; fouth, by North Carolina.

Mr. Jefferson defcribes the boundaries more particularly, as follows; Virginia is bounded on the east, by the Atlantic; on the north, by a line of latitude, croffing the eastern fhore through Watkins's Point, being about 37° 57′ north latitude; from thence by a ftreight line to Cinquac. near the mouth of Patomak; thence by the Patomak, which is common to Virginia and Maryland, to the first fountain of its northern branch; thence by a meridian line, paffing through that fountain till it interfects a line running east and weft, in latitude 39° 43′ 42.4", which divides Maryland from Pennsylvania, and which was marked by. Meffrs. Mafon and Dixon; thence by that line, and a continuation of it weftwardly to the completion of five degrees of longitude from the eaftern boundary of Pennfylvania, in the fame latitude, and thence by a meridian line to the Ohio; on the west, by the Ohio and Missisippi, to

*In the following defcription of Virginia, what is included between inverted commas (except in the inftances where the reader is otherwife informed) is taken from the Hiftory of Virginia,' by THOMAS JEFPERSON, Efq. to which is prefixed a large whole fheet map of Virginia, drawn with the utmost accuracy.-Such readers as may wish for further information relating to Virginia, will find themselves highly gratified by the perufal of Mr. Jefferson's Hiftory.

latitude