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hands employed in manufacturing thefe articles of raw materials, which were formerly fhipped to Europe, and returned to us in a manufactured ftate. Of thefe may be mentioned iron, leather, barley, tobacco, and furs, which we now manufacture into nails and fteel, fhoes, boots, and faddlery, porter and beer, fnuff and hats, in quantities more than fufficient for our own confumption: a confiderable quantity of these and other articles, formerly imported are now manufactured by our own citizens, and form a refpectable part of our exports: among these may be enumerated, as the most important, beef, pork, butter, cheese, muftard, loaf fugar, chocolate, houshold furniture, carriages, foap, candles, hair-powder, ftarch, paper, and pafteboard. Upon an examination of the exports, many valuable articles will be found not enumerated: this arises from the fame cause, which prevents afcertaining the amount of dry goods: namely, the impoffibility of knowing either the value or contents of packages, which pay no duty or infpection; confequent'y are only entered in a general way, without any attention to their contents. Of goods under the laft defcription, the exportation is very great; being articles particularly demanded by the fouthern states, feveral of which receive their principal fupplies of thefe articles from this city; among them, the chief are, fhoes, boots, hats, gloves, printed books, and other ftationary, faddlery, copper, tin and brafs wares, and ship chandlery.

Number of veffels entered at the Custom-boufe, Philadelphia, in the years 1786 and 1787.

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From the foregoing lift of articles exported from the ftate, it is eafy to fee that her manufactures and agriculture have been already advanced to a degree of improvement fuperior to any of her fister states. The people called Quakers, and the Germans, have contributed their full proportions towards this improvement.

Since the introduction of the carding and fpinning machines,' fays a Philadelphian writer, it is found that jeans can be made fo as to underfell thofe imported from England, with the unavoidable charges of importation. Every public-fpirited man may be fupplied with this article at THE FACTORY, where the fale is very rapid, and purchases have been made by every description of the citizens of Pennsylvania, by the citizens of the adjacent ftates, and by fome foreigners of distinction.

Another article calls for the attention of the friends of American manufactures, and of every frugal man-thread, cotton, and worfted hofiery. Several gentlemen have made a careful and impartial examination of the ftockings manufactured in this city, in German-town, in the

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town and county of Lancaster, Bethlehem, and Reading, and they find that the thread stockings made in Pennsylvania, and fold generally at a dollar per pair, are of the fame fineness with imported stockings which are fold at 8s. 4d. and 8s. 6d. They alfo find that mixed ftockings of thread and cotton, made in Pennsylvania, are fold lower in proportion compared with thofe of Great-Britain. Besides this difference in price, it is a well known fact that three pair of Pennsylvania made ftockings will wear longer than four pair of thofe imported. There are now, (1788) about 250 ftocking looms in the different parts of the city and state, each of which makes on a medium, one pair and a half of stockings every day. These, deducting Sundays, will amount 117,375 pair per annum, which, at 7s. 6d. a pair, is £44015 12 6. The increase of wool and flax, the reduction of labor, provifions and rents, the cultivation of cotton in the fouthern states, and above all, the use of machines to card, spin, and twist cotton thread, will greatly promote this article, of which, at two pair to each person annually, the United States require a yearly supply of near fix millions of pairs-a capital domeftic demand, certain, and steadily increafing with our population. The charges of importing hofiery, under the general impost of five per cent. will be twenty-three per cent. exclufive of any profit to the importer or retailer. Should the adoption of the conftitution tempt any, either Americans or foreigners, to push manufactures here, this branch promises great profit, and will no doubt be among the first that will engage their attention.

As many as two-thirds of the Pennsylvanians fubfift by agriculture. The articles they raise have been enumerated in the lift of exports.

A gentleman in the vicinity of Philadelphia, in the year 1788, planted one acre of carrots, which yielded him thirty tons-alfo an acre of pumpkins, which produced the fame quantity. He fows his carrots with a drill plough, and plants his pumpkins between the 1ft and 10th of June. with thefe carrots and pumpkins only, he yearly fats a number of the best beeves that are driven to Philadelphia market,

The produce of the country east of the Susquehannah river is carried to Philadelphia in waggons drawn by horfes, except what is brought down the rivers in boats. The produce of the counties of York, Cumberland and Franklin, which is principally wheat, is generally carried to Baltimore in waggons. It is probable that Pennfylvania will continue to lose the trade of these three productive countries, till good roads are made to the Sufquehannah, and two free ferries established, one to Yorktown, and the other to Carlisle. Thefe inducements would probably turn the channel of the trade of thefe counties from Baltimore to Philadelphia, The produce of the counties weft of the Allegany mountains is principally purchased as a supply for the troops stationed in those parts, and for the numerous emigrants into the western country. Large herds of cattle are raised here with very little expence.

Curious Springs.] In the neighbourhood of Reading, is a spring about fourteen feet deep, and about 100 feet fquare. A full mill ftream issues from it. The waters are clear and full of fishes. From appearances it is probable that this fpring is the opening or outlet of a very confiderable river, which, a mile and an half or two miles above this place, finks into the earth, and is conveyed to this outlet in a fubterranean channel.

In the northern parts of Pennsylvania there is a creek called Oil creek, which empties into the Allegany river. It iffues from a fpring, on the top of which floats an oil, fimiliar to that called Barbadoes tar; and from which one man may gather feveral gallons in a day. The troops fent to guard the western pofts, halted at this fpring, collected fome of the oil, and bathed their joints with it. This gave them great relief from the Theumatic complaints with which they were affected. The waters, of which the troops drank freely, operated as a gentle purge.

Remarkable caves.] There are three remarkable grottos or caves in this ftate; one near Carlisle, in Cumberland county; one in the township of Durham, in Bucks county; and the other at Swetara, in Lancaster county. Of the two former I have received no particular descriptions. The latter is on the caft bank of Swetara river, about two miles above its confluence with the Sufquehannah. Its entrance is fpacious, and defcends fo much as that the furface of the river is rather higher than the bottom of the cave. The vault of this cave is of folid lime ftone rock, perhaps 20 feet thick. It contains feveral apartments, fome of them very high and fpacious. The water is inceffantly percolating through the roof, and falls in drops to the bottom of the cave. Thefe drops petrify as they fall, and have gradually formed folid pillars which appear as fupports to the roof. Thirty years ago there were ten fuch pillars, each fix inches in diameter, and 'fix feet high; all fo ranged that the place they enclosed resembled a fanctuary in a Roman church. No royal throne ever exhibited more grandeur than this lufus naturæ. The resemblance of feveral monuments are found indented in the walls on the fides of the cave, which appear like the tombs of departed heroes. Sufpended from the roof is the bell,' (which is nothing more than a ftone projected in an unusual form) fo called from the found that it occafions when ftruck, which is fimilar to that of a bell.

Some of the ftalactites are of a colour like fugar-candy, and others refemble loaf fugar; but their beauty is much defaced by the country people. The water, which percolates through the roof, fo much of it as is not petrified in its courfe, runs down the declivity, and is both pleafant and wholefome to drink. There are feveral holes in the bottom of the cave, defcending perpendicularly, perhaps into an abyfs below, which render it dangerous to walk without a light. At the end of the cave is a pretty brook, which, after a fhort courfe, lofes itfelf among the rocks. Beyond this brook is an outlet from the cave by a very narrow aperture. Through this the vapours continually pafs outwards with a ftrong current of air, -and afcend, refembling, at night, the fmoak of a furnace. Part of thefe

vapours and fogs appear, on afcending, to be condenfed at the head of this great alembic, and the more volatile parts to be carried off, through the aperture communicating with the exterior air before mentioned, by the force of the air in its paffage*.

Antiquities.] On a high hill, near the Tyoga river, a little to the fouthward of the line which divides New-York from Pennfylvania, are to be feen the remains of an ancient fortification. The form of it is circular, and it is encompaffed with an entrenchment. From appearances it

* Amer. Phil. Tranf. l'el. II. P. 177.

is conjectured that pits were funk in a number of places, and lightly covered over, fo as to decoy the affailants in cafe of an attack, and defeat their attempts in ftorming the works. The entrenchment only remains ; but it appears to have been formerly stockaded. The Indians are entirely ignorant of the origin of thefe works, but fuppofe they were erected by the Spanish Indians. The hill is an excellent ftation for a fort, and commands a delightful view of the country around it, which is low and fertile. There is a fortification, of a fimilar kind, at Unadilla, in the flat lands.

Conftitution.] By the prefent conflitution of Pennsylvania, which was established in September, 1776, all legislative powers are lodged in a fingle body of men, which is ftiled The general affembly of reprefentatives of the freemen of Pennsylvania.' The qualifications required to render a perfon eligible to this affembly is, two years refidence in the city or country for which he is chosen; no member of the house can hold any other office, except in the militia.

The qualifications of the electors, are, full age, and one year's refidence in the fate, with payment of public taxes during that time. But the fons of freeholders are intitled to vote for reprefentatives, without any qualification, except full age.

No man can be elected as a member of the affembly more than four years in feven.

The reprefentatives are chofen annually on the fecond Tuesday in October, and they meet on the fourth Monday of the fame month. A quorum of the house confifts of two thirds of the whole number of members elected; and the members, before they take their feats, are obliged to take an oath or affirmation of fidelity to the state; aud also subfcribe a declaration or teft, acknowledging their belief in one God, and the infpiration of the fcriptures of the Old and New Teftament. The house chufe their own speaker, who, in the transaction of business, never leaves the chair. A journal of the proceedings of the affembly is published regularly, and any member may infert the reasons of his vote upon the minutes of the houfe. To prevent hafty determinations on matters of importance, all bills of a public nature are printed before the last reading, and, except in cafes of neceffity, are not paffed into laws before the next feffion. The power of impeachment is vested in the general affembly.

The fupreme executive power is lodged in a prefident, and a council confifting of a member from each county. The prefident is elected annually by the joint ballot of the affembly and council, and from the members of council. A vice prefident is chosen at the fame time.

The counsellors are chofen by the freemen, every third year, and having ferved three years, they are ineligible for the four fucceeding years. The appointments of one third only of the members expire every year, by which rotation no more than one third can be new members. A counfellor is, by his office, a juftice of the peace for the whole state. The prefident and council form a court for the trial of impeachments.

The council meet at the fame time and place with the general affembly.

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The prefident and council appoint and commiffion judges of courts, naval officers, judge of the admiralty, attorney general, and other officers, the appointment of whom is not exprefsly vested in the people or general affembly. But the freemen chufe the juftices of peace, the colonels of militia, and the inferior military officers, and make a return of the perfons elected, to the prefident and council, who are empowered to commiffion them. The juftices of peace hold their commiffions for feven years, removeable however for misconduct by the general affembly. A juftice, while in office, cannot be a reprefentative in assembly, nor take any fees but fuch as shall be allowed by the legislature.

The judges of the fupreme court hold their office for seven years, and at the end of that term, may be re-appointed. They have a fixed salary, and are not permitted to take any fees or perquifites, or to hold any other office, civil or military.

Courts of common pleas, feffions and orphans courts, are held quarterly in each city and county.

The fupreme court, and courts of common pleas, have the powers of chancery courts, fo far as is neceffary for the perpetuating of teftimony, obtaining evidence from places out of the ftate, and the care of the perfons and estates of those who are non compotes mentis.

Sheriffs and coroners are chosen annually by the freemen; but they can ferve but three fucceffive years, at the end of which they are ineligible during four years.

A regifter's office for the probate of wills, and granting letters of administration, and an office for the recording of deeds, are kept in each city and county: The officers are appointed by the general affembly, removable at their pleasure, and commiffioned by the prefident and council.

The conftitution of this state ordains, that the legislature shall regulate entails in fuch a manner as to prevent perpetuities.

Any foreigner of a good character may purchafe and hold lands and other property, having first taken the oath of allegiance; and a year's refidence entitles him to the privileges of a natural born fubject; except that of being eligible to a feat in the legislature.

A Council of Cenfors, compofed of two members from each county, chofen by the freemen, on the fecond Tuesday of October every seventh year, is inftituted for the purpose of enquiring whether the conftitution has been preserved inviolate-whether the different branches of government have performed their duty as guardians of the people-whether the public taxes have been justly laid and collected, and in what manner the monies have been difpofed of--and also whether the laws have been duly executed. For these purposes, they have power to fend for perfons, papers and records-to pass public cenfures, order impeachments, and to recommend to the legislature the repeal of laws which they deem unconftitutional. They have power alfo to order a convention for the purpose of amending the conftitution; publishing the articles propofed to be amended fix months before the election of the delegates. These powers continue in the council of cenfors for one year.

The people of Pennsylvania have different political fentiments, according to their progress in industry and civilized life. The first clafs of

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